Les sens complémentaires en arabe sont multiples et variés. Outre les aspects syntaxiques, nous relevons des aspects sémantiques propres à chaque complément. L’introduction de l’un de ces sens dans la phrase l'enrichit et entraîne des précisions qui se rattachent au verbe. Les grammairiens classiques parlent des (mafûîät) ou encore des (manûübät) noms au cas accusatif, ils s'intéressent ainsi au traits formels des compléments. Les rhétoriciens soulignent les traits sémantiques. Ils insistent sur le sens de la restriction déterminative qu’exerce le complément sur le verbe. Une approche critique démontre que les compléments en arabe jouent un rôle important dans l'éclaircissement du sens de l’action. C’est donc le verbe qui sélectionne le sens complémentaire convenable. En arabe moderne (dans les écritures contemporaines) l’usage des compléments ne s’écarte pas loin de l'usage classique. Les auteurs sont soumis aux règles de la théorie grammaticale des premiers siècles. Toutefois, il existe certains aspects d'évolution qui reviennent, soit au choix libre de l’écrivain, soit à l’évolution interne de la langue elle-même. / The complements in arabic are multiple and various. Besides syntactic aspects, we put a spot light on the Semantic aspects of each complement. The insertion of such complement to the sentence enriches the meaning by adding precisions related to the verb. The classical grammarians talk about (mafülät) or (manlïlübäù) nouns that finish by the short vowel (a). They are also interested by the formal character of these complements. The rhetoricians highlight the Semantic character. They emphasize on the meaning of the deeming restriction that the complement exerts on the verb. A critical approach shows/proves that the complements in Arabic have an important role in the understanding of the action meaning. Consequently, it is the verb that selects the adequate complementary meaning. In modem Arabic, like in contemporary writings, the usage of complement does not differ from the traditional and classical usage. The authors are subject to the rules of grammatical theory of the early centuries. However, there are some aspects of evolution that are back either at the discretion of the writer, or at the internal evolution of the language itself.

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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá kritickou analýzou možností dané společnosti rozšíření na zahraniční trh – do Velké Británie. Hlavním cílem je tedy zjistit, jestli je toto rozšíření proveditelné a jestli může společnosti eventuelně generovat zisk. V teoretické části práce jsou shrnuty informace nezbytné k provedení dalších částí práce – analytické a praktické. Analytická část obsahuje analýzu Velké Británie jako potenciálního trhu a analýzu společnosti samotné. V praktické části je rozebrán souhrn aktivit, které společnost musí podstoupit, aby mohla úspěšně expandovat.

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The European battery market is in rapid growth and the industry actors are ramping up production as well as exploring international expansion opportunities. However, due to the relative novelty of the industry in Europe, there is a lack of benchmark companies and established frameworks for successful expansion. Existing studies in this field primarily focus on strategic solutions such as sourcing strategies and supplier relationship management, neglecting the utilization of supporting operative functions. Although some studies acknowledge the significance of these supporting functions, there is a lack of research providing models for their utilization. This research gap motivates the aim of this study to address this issue and contribute to the existing literature. The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive and adaptable expansion strategy that European battery manufacturers can employ when expanding their production facilities, while ensuring a high-quality procurement function. This was met by collecting qualitative data through interviews. The interviews were primarily with respondents from the case company, supplemented by inputs from relevant external participants. By conducting a case study focusedon the procurement department, valuable insights were gained, and the identified expansion strategy can serve as a valuable resource for industry practitioners. The main finding of this research is the battery manufacturers need for a structured expansion step model that outlines both the execution steps and their sequential order. The steps of the framework are: (1) Assure Management Support, (2) Create a Dedicated Expansion Team, (3) Adjust & Consolidate Systems, (4) Define Roles & Responsibilities, (5) Train & Incentives Employees, (6) Control Access Management, (7) Create & Maintain Master Data, and lastly, (8) Initial Supplier Contact. / Batterimarknaden i Europa växer snabbt. Företagen ökar sin produktion samtidigt som de undersöker möjligheter till att expandera internationellt. Vidare är marknaden i Europa relativt ny. Det innebär att det saknas större etablerade företag, riktlinjer och system att jämföra sig med om hur man expanderar på bästa sätt. Tidigare studier inom området har främst fokuserat på strategiska lösningar, såsom inköpsstrategier och hantering av leverantörer, men har förbisett utforskandet av hur man ska använda stödjande operativa funktioner. Även om vissa studier betonar vikten av dessa stödfunktioner är forskning som tillhandahåller modeller för användning av stödfunktioner bristfällig. Detta forskningsgap motiverar syftet med studien, vilken är att fokusera på modeller och bidra till den befintliga litteraturen. Målet med denna studie är att utveckla en omfattande och anpassningsbar expansionsstrategi som europeiska batteritillverkare kan använda vid expansion av sina produktionsanläggningar samtidigt som de säkerställer en högkvalitativ inköpsfunktion. För att uppnå detta har kvalitativa data samlats in genom intervjuer. Intervjuerna har främst genomförts med respondenter från det studerade företaget och har kompletterats med bidrag från relevanta externa deltagare. Genom att genomföra en fallstudie inom inköpsområdet har många värdefulla insikter erhållits, framför allt den identifierade expansionsstrategin som kan ses som en värdefull resurs för batteritillverkare. Det huvudsakliga resultatet av denna forskning är att batteritillverkarna har behov av en strukturerad stegmodell för expansion som tydligt anger både utförandestegen och deras sekventiella ordning. Stegen i ramverket är: (1) Säkra ledningens stöd, (2) Skapa en dedikerad expansionsgrupp, (3) Anpassa & konsolidera system, (4) Definiera roller & ansvar, (5) Utbilda & ge incitament till anställda, (6) Kontrollera åtkomst (7) Skapa & underhålla master data, och slutligen, (8) Initiera leverantörskontakt.

Intresset för samhällsfastighetssegmentet har ökat kraftigt de senaste åren. På grund av den demografiska utvecklingen i Sverige har behovet av bland annat äldreboenden, skolor och vårdfastigheter blivit allt större. Samtidigt har landets kommuner inte råd att bekosta behoven själva, vilket medför att denna typ av fastigheter säljs av till privata aktörer. Till följd av detta ges samhällsfastighetsbolagen stora expansionsmöjligheter och allt fler aktörer söker sig till segmentet. Samhällsfastigheter karaktäriseras av låg risk och stabila kassaflöden. Detta beror främst på långa hyreskontrakt och säkrade hyresgäster i form av kommun, stat och landsting. Fastighetsbolag och långivare ser fastigheterna som en trygg investering vilket medfört att aktörerna i segmentet haft en god tillgång på kapital. Fastighetssektorn är en kapitalintensiv bransch och samhällsfastigheter lämpar sig väl för högre skuldsättning eftersom tillgångarna är trygga och mindre konjunkturkänsliga. De allra största aktörerna med hög rating finansierar sig främst via kapitalmarknaden eftersom prissättningen på sådana skuldinstrument varit mer fördelaktig. Mindre bolag har inte samma tillgång till kapitalmarknaden och finansierar sig därför huvudsakligen med bankskuld. Rating har blivit allt viktigare för bolagen och de som hamnar inom Investment Grade tardel av mycket låga räntekostnader på sina skuldbärande kapitalmarknadsinstrument. Hybridobligationer har använts som ett medel för att uppnå en högre rating. Då hybriden kan räknas som eget kapital stärks balansräkningen och nyckeltalen. Många år av låg ränta har skapat gynnsamma marknadsförhållanden. Överskottet på kapital har gjort att investerarna jagar avkastning och företagen vänder sig i allt högregrad till obligationsmarknaden för finansiering. Skärpta kapitaltäckningskrav på bankerna gör samtidigt att banklån blir dyrare, vilket ytterligare bidrar till kapitalmarknadens tillväxt. De största bolagen besitter stordriftsfördelar och premieras av investerare, vilket leder till att dessa aktörer fortsätter dominera segmentet framöver. / The interest for the public property segment has increased substantially in recent years. Due to the demographic development in Sweden, the need for retirement homes, schools and nursing homes among others, has grown bigger. At the same time the country’s municipalities can’t afford to fund the needs themselves, which means that these properties are sold out to private companies. As a result, the public property companies are given great opportunities for expansion and even more companies are looking to invest in the segment. Public properties are characterized by low risk and stable cash flows. This is mainly because of long leases and secured tenants in the form of municipalities, state and county. Real estate companies and lenders see the properties as a safe investment, which has resulted in good access to capital for the operators in the segment. Real estate is a capitalintensive sector and public properties are suitable for higher indebtedness since the assets are secure and less sensitive to economic cycles. The very largest real estate companies with a higher rating are financed mainly through the capital market since pricing on such debt instruments have been more favorable. Smaller companies don’t have the same access to the capital market and are therefore mostly financed by bankloans. Rating has become increasingly important to the real estate companies and those within Investment Grade utilize very low interest rate costs on their debt bearing instruments from capital markets. Hybrid bonds have been used as a means to gain a higher rating. Ast he hybrid can be counted as equity, the balance sheets and key performance indicators are strengthened. Many years of low interest rates have created favorable market conditions. The excess of capital has made the investors chasing yield and the companies are turning to the bond markets for financing to greater extent. At the same time, stricter capital adequacy requirements for banks have made bank loans more expensive, which further contributes to the capital markets growing. The largest companies benefit from economies of scaleand are rewarded by investors. This leads to the companies remaining to dominate the segment ahead.

Microactuators are needed to convert energy into mechanical work at the microscale. Thermal microactuators can be used to produce this needed mechanical work. The purpose of this research was to design, fabricate, and test thermal microactuators for use at the microscale in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The microactuators developed were tested to determine the magnitude of their deflection and estimate their force. Five groups of thermal microactuators were designed and tested. All of the groups used the geometrically constrained expansion of various segments to produce their deflection. The first group, Thermal Expansion Devices (TEDs), produced a rotational displacement and had deflections up to 20 µm. The second group, Bi-directional Thermal Expansion Devices (Bi-TEDs) were similar to the TEDs. The difference, as the name implies, was that the Bi-TEDs deflected up to 6 µm in two directions. Thermomechanical In-plane Micromechanisms (TIMs) were the third group tested. They produced a linear motion up to 20 µm. The fourth group was the Rapid Expansion Bi-directional Actuators (REBAs). These microactuators were bi-directional and produced up to 12 µm deflection in each direction. The final group of thermal microactuators was the Joint Actuating Micro-mechanical Expansion Systems (JAMESs). These thermal microactuators rotated pin joints up to 8 degrees. The thermal microactuators studied can be used in a wide variety of applications. They can move ratchets, position valves, move switches, change devices, or make connections. The thermal microactuator groups have their own unique advantages. The TIMS can be tailored for the amount of deflection and output force they produce. This will allow them to replace some microactuator arrays and decrease the space used for actuation. The Bi-TEDs and REBAs are bi-directional and can possibly replace two single direction micro-actuators. The JAMESs can be attached directly to a pin joint of an existing mechanism. These advantages allow these thermal microactuator groups to be used for a wide variety of applications.

Access to affordable high-quality health care solutions is a global challenge, especially in emerging markets where health care systems are the most resource constrained. The socio-economic benefits of investing in health care are considerable, especially in terms of improvement of life quality and economic development. This creates a strong demand for efficient health care delivery models with good health outcomes. In particular, health programs targeting children in their formative years can have a longlasting effect on the children’s and their families’ lives. In India, which has one of the highest burdens of disease in the world, many states lack adequate school health programs. To address this need, the NICE Foundation has developed a school health program that provides free health care to over 200,000 children. The NICE Foundation has experienced a great interest in their school health model and thus aims to expand their operations. This study analyses the characteristics of the school health program in order to identify future opportunities and to provide strategic advice for the expansion of the NICE Foundation School Health Program. / Tillgång till prisvärd och högkvalitativ sjukvård är en global utmaning, i synnerhet i tillväxtländer där sjukvårdssystemen  är mycket  resursbegränsade.  De socio-ekonomiska  fördelarna  av att investera  i sjukvård  är avsevärda,  med förbättrad  livskvalitet  och ekonomisk  utveckling  som följd.  Det  finns  därför  en  stor  efterfrågan  på  effektiva  hälsomodeller  som  renderar  goda hälsoresultat.   Särskilt  hälsoprogram   som  är  inriktade  på  barn  i  deras  formativa  år  har dokumenterats ge långtgående positiva effekter för individerna och samhället. I Indien, som har en  av  de  högsta  nivåerna   av  sjukdomsbörda   i  världen,   saknar  många  av  delstaterna skolhälsoprogram.   För   att   addressera   detta   behov   har   NICE   Foundation   utvecklat   ett skolhälsoprogram   som  i  nuläget  erbjuder  gratis  sjukvård  för  över  200  000  barn.  NICE Foundation  skolhälsomodell  har  fått  mycket  positiv  respons  och  organisationen  ämnar  att expandera  programmet.  Denna  studie  analyserar  NICE  Foundation  skolhälsomodell  för  att identifiera framtida möjligheter samt för att tillhandahålla strategiska råd för expansion.

Culture, resource, and regulatory concerns are elevating the importance of business expansion inthe contemporary world. Everyone, including service providers, must overcome the obstacles.Change readiness assists individuals and organizations in accepting and embracing obstacles. This study seeks to evaluate the different types of services offered to the elderly as well as the obstacles that arise when attempting to expand them, taking into account the diverse cultural backgrounds of the country's population, the dearth of available resources, and regulatory hurdles. In this research, a qualitative method was undertaken, followed by an exploratory analysis. This thesis investigates the service offerings and problems of eleven Bangladeshi service providers using primary data gathered from semi-structured interview. This also utilizes previous scholarly articles and published data from other academic sources.The study's findings highlight service provider challenges and offer a research paradigm for theservice business, notably elderly care. The results indicate that the majority of aged care services provided by different institutions are identical. Healthcare, along with other services like social and recreational programs, and educational and training courses, are all part of this category. Italso demonstrates that cultural, resource, and regulatory constraints are major roadblocks to this industry's development. Furthermore, research finding shows, currently providers are not ready tomeet the incremental demand and subsequent changes will take place in the near future.This thesis contributes to the literature on business development by examining organizational readiness to change (ORC) and the challenges faced by business. Despite focusing on a singlenation, this research provides a comprehensive evaluation of the importance of organizational change preparedness for service growth. This study suggested a conceptual model that relates institutional care obstacles from the provider's perspective.

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