Thesis (M.Sc. (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Tomato is popularly consumed as fresh vegetable or processed product due to its nutritional and health benefits. However, due to its high perishability, tomato cannot be stored for longer duration. Therefore, the aim of this study was the determination of appropriate dipping times into different calcium chloride concentrations to preserve the postharvest quality, storage and the shelf-life of tomato fruit. 'Classic round' tomato fruit were harvested at their pink maturity stage. The experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design (CRD), factorial arranged as 4 × 3 × 8. Treatment factors were: 4 × CaCl2 (0, 0.0045, 0.01 and 0.03%), 3 × dipping times (0, 30 and 60 minutes) and 8 × shelf-life (0 - 7 days). Fruit were stored at 15⁰ C for 30 days, thereafter, held under room temperature for 0 - 7 days of shelf-life while collecting data. During shelf-life period, fruit were evaluated for weight loss, firmness, colour, TSS, TA, pH, physiological and pathological disorders. The interaction between the treatments and dipping times showed a significant effect on weight loss, firmness, colour parameters [L*, b*, chroma and hue angle (⁰)], total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, decay and black mould occurrence. However, significant interactive effects were not shown on a* colour component and chilling injury. In conclusion, calcium chloride (CaCl2) improved the quality and shelf-life of 'Classic round' tomato fruit. Calcium chloride concentration 0.01% was effective at 30 minutes dipping time, meanwhile, 0.03% CaCl2 was effective at 60 minutes dipping time. Therefore, 0.01 and 0.03% can be recommended for commercial preservation use for tomato fruit quality and shelf-life. / Agricultural Research Council-Tropical and Subtropical Crops (ARC-TSC) and National Research Foundation (NRF)

Milk fat composition determines specific rheological, sensory and physicochemical properties of dairy products such as texture, melting point, flavor, color, oxidation rates, and viscosity. Previous studies have shown that milkfats containing higher levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points and decreased solid fat contents which leads to softer-textured products. An increased risk of higher oxidation rates can be a disadvantage of high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Three different milkfat compositions were obtained through dietary manipulation of cows: high oleic content, high linoleic content and control milkfat. Ice cream and butter were processed from the treated and control milks. Butter and ice cream samples then were analyzed to measure differences in fatty acid profiles and firmness. High-oleic and high-linoleic milkfat had lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids, such as C 16:0. Conjugated linoleic acid content was increased in the high-linoleic milkfat. High-oleic milkfat resulted in a softer butter. Ice cream samples were analyzed to measure differences in viscosity, melting point, oxidation rate and sensory perception. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in the fatty acid profiles of milkfat, ice cream mix viscosity, peroxide values of ice cream after 3 to 5 months of storage, butter color, and butter firmness. Sensory analyses included a scooping test at -18°C to detect differences in texture. A difference test was conducted to determine oxidation flavor differences between the three ice cream treatments at extended storage times. No significant differences were found in the scooping test or the oxidation flavor difference. Manipulation of the cow's diet increased the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids. It also influenced firmness of butter and behavior of peroxide values during extended storage of high-linoleic ice cream. / Master of Science

This study compared chemical, physical and sensorial properties of wild and farmed fish. Farmed yellow perch fillets showed higher lipid contents (2.78% vs. 1.39%); softer texture (0.41 J/g vs. 0.53 J/g); whiter color (higher L* and lower b* values); different fatty acid profile (higher n-3/n-6 ratio), and mineral composition, when compared to their wild counterparts. Similar amino acid profiles and flavor were found between treatments. Dietary protein by itself influenced color and flavor of yellow perch fillets. Yellow perch fed the highest protein concentrations exhibited higher b* (yellow) values and overall flavor was significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) between fish fed a 45% and 55% crude protein (CP) diet. A 12-week feeding trial determined that southern flounder protein requirement to achieve maximum weight was around 50% CP. Farmed southern flounder were found to be higher in lipid content (3.04 % vs. 1.61%), softer (0.24 J/g vs. 0/33 J/g), different in color (lower a* [green to red]), mineral, fatty acid composition (higher n-3/n-6 ratio) and flavor, than wild. The effect of a crab meal-supplemented diet, on flavor and body composition of flounder was analyzed. The inclusion of crab meal as a flavor enhancer affected the flavor and also influenced color of the fillets (lower L* [lightness] and higher b* values). Wild, farmed and growth-enhanced transgenic coho salmon (market-size) were compared, regarding their body composition and nutritional value. All treatments showed highest lipid levels in the ventral frontal sections and lowest in the tail (p ≤ 0.05). Overall wild fish showed lower lipid levels and firmer values in the tail sections (p ≤ 0.05). The insertion of the growth hormone gene affected lipid deposition, texture and color, since transgenic fish showed firmer texture than farmed and similar lipid contents even when fed a high-energy diet. L*, a* and b* values were similar for wild and transgenic coho in most of the body zones. Fillet mineral and amino acid profiles were similar across all groups. No differences were observed in flavor between farmed and wild coho, while panelists preferred the appearance of farmed, when compared to transgenic coho. / Ph. D.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-03T12:45:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeMP_TESE.pdf: 4332703 bytes, checksum: e3baec2dfb0ab1f445aa9af24d9c5566 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-03T14:27:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeMP_TESE.pdf: 4332703 bytes, checksum: e3baec2dfb0ab1f445aa9af24d9c5566 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T14:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipeMP_TESE.pdf: 4332703 bytes, checksum: e3baec2dfb0ab1f445aa9af24d9c5566 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fruit flesh firmness has a close relation with the cell wall compounds, thus, a higher knowledge about the metabolism of such compounds is indispensable to aspects related to flesh texture change. In the case of melon, the study of flesh firmness is facilitated since it has a great variability, whose amplitude allows a better observation of differences between biochemistry phenomena of cell wall. For that reason, the present work aimed to evaluate the comportment of the varieties acidulus (access 16), momordica (access 2), inodorus (cv. Iracema) and cantalupensis (cv. Olympic), related to maturation and storage of the fruits. Therefore, two experiments were installed. At first one, about maturation, fruits were obtained from determined harvest times by flower anthesis, and a completely randomized design for each mentioned variety was set. In the second one, melons of acidulus, momordica and inodorus varieties were stored in cooler with humidity control (9±1 °C e 85±5%), and evaluated from fruit samples randomLy picked, on a determined time according to each variety durability. For both experiments, fruits were evaluated to physical and chemical characteristics; to the pectinases activity of pectin methylestarese, poligalacturonase and betagalactosidase; and pectin content in three solubilization levels: water soluble, chelate soluble and sodium carbonate soluble. The adequate harvest day for each melon was, 35 days after anthesis for cv. Iracema, 30 days for cv. Olympic, 30 days for access 16 and 20 days for access 2. During maturation, it was observed high flesh firmness of access 16, when compared to remain fruits evaluated, due to its low betagalactosidase activity, as well as its upkeep of chelate and sodium carbonate pectin. Access 2 showed a high decrease in firmness, followed by the tissue cracking at the end of maturation; such an event was consecutive of the water soluble pectin increase and decrease of the chelate and sodium carbonate soluble pectins, with a raise of all pectinases at the maturation ending. Access 16 and the yellow melon (cv. Iracema) has storage potential of 30 days, in refrigerated storage. Access 2, at same conditions, had durability of 10 days. The firmness loss of all studied melons types has been associated to the Betagalactosidase enzyme activity, and to the reduction of the chelate and sodium carbonate pectin fractions. Access 16 had high conservation, keeping flesh firmness until 32 days, with high pectin levels due to low pectinase levels. The access 2 fruits showed a high decrease on flesh firmness, what deteriorated the inner appearance of the fruit. Both pectinases activities as pectin dissolution contributed to the occurred / A firmeza da polpa tem estreita relação com a manutenção da estrutura da parede celular, dessa forma, um maior conhecimento sobre o metabolismo da parede celular é indispensável para análise de aspectos relativos à alterações na textura da polpa. No caso do melão, o estudo da firmeza da polpa é facilitado, uma vez que este apresenta uma elevada variabilidade, cuja amplitude permite observar melhor as diferenças entre fenômenos bioquímicos na parede celular. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento das variedades acidulus (acesso 16), momordica (acesso 2), inodorus (cv. Iracema) e cantalupensis (cv. Olympic), com relação à maturação e armazenamento dos frutos. Para tanto, dois experimentos foram instalados. No primeiro, foram estudadas as transformações que ocorrem durante a maturação dos melões, onde os frutos foram colhidos em 5 estádios de maturação, que foram pré-determinados pela antese floral; tendo utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No segundo, os melões das variedades acidulus, momordica e inodorus foram armazenados em ambiente refrigerado (9±1 °C e 85±5% de umidade relativa), por até 32 dias e avaliados em períodos determinados para cada variedade, de modo a constituir um delineamento inteiramente casualizado para cada tipo de melão. Em ambos os experimentos os frutos foram avaliados quanto às características físicas e químicas, à atividade das pectinametilesterase, poligalacturonase e betagalactosidase, e conteúdo de pectinas em três níveis de solubilização: solúveis em água, em quelato e carbonato de sódio. O ponto de colheita ideal para os melões foram de 35 dias após a antese para cv. Iracema, 30 dias para cv. Olympic, 30 dias para o acesso 16, e 20 dias para o acesso 2. Durante a maturação foi observada elevada firmeza da polpa do acesso 16, em relação aos demais frutos avaliados, que foi associada à uma baixa atividade da betagalactosidase, bem como a manutenção de elevadas concentrações de pectinas solúveis em quelato e carbonato de sódio. O acesso 2 apresentou uma elevada queda na firmeza, com rompimento do tecido do fruto ao final da maturação; tal acontecimento foi acompanhado da elevação da concentração de pectina solúvel em água e redução das concentrações de pectinas solúveis em quelato e carbonato de sódio, em conjunto com uma elevação da atividade das pectinases ao final da maturação. O acesso 16 e o melão amarelo (cv. Iracema) possuem potencial de armazenamento de 30 dias, em condições refrigeradas. O acesso 2, nas mesmas condições, teve vida útil pós-colheita de 10 dias. A perda da firmeza dos melões estudados está associada à atividade da enzima Beta-gal, e à redução das frações de pectina, solúveis em quelato e carbonato. O acesso 16 teve elevada vida útil, com manutenção da firmeza da polpa até 32 dias, mantendo elevados níveis de pectina, solúveis em quelato e carbonato de sódio, devido à baixa atividade das pectinases. Os frutos do acesso 2 apresentaram uma queda elevada na firmeza da polpa, fato que deteriorou a aparência interna do fruto. Tanto a atividade das pectinases quanto a dissolução das pectinas contribuíram para o ocorrido / 2017-07-03

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-02-21T16:25:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA190.pdf: 1373669 bytes, checksum: 074accc33ff5749510dc2122a394e623 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-21T16:25:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA190.pdf: 1373669 bytes, checksum: 074accc33ff5749510dc2122a394e623 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / FIEPE / This study was conducted with objective to identify maturation indices for the ideal point of apple picking of the new cultivar 'Venice' (Experiment 1) and the potential of post-harvest conservation of fruits of this cultivar subjected to different storage technologies (Experiment 2). Fruit for the first experiment were harvested, in Fraiburgo, SC, between 144 and 172 days after full bloom (DAFB), and stored for 240 days under an atmosphere of air (AA) at 0.5±0,5 °C, and 265 days under controlled atmosphere (CA, 1.5 kPa of O2 and 1.5 kPa of CO2) at 0.7 ± 0.5 °C. Fruits for the second experiment were harvested at 158 and 154 DAFB in February 2013 and 2014, respectively, in an experimental orchard located in Fraiburgo, SC. The apples were treated or not with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and stored for up to 300 days (10 months) in AA (0.5±0.5 °C and RH 85±5%) or CA (1.5 kPa of O2 and 1.5 kPa CO2) at 0.7±0.5 °C and RH 93 ±3%). The maturation and the quality of apples were analyzed one day after harveste, and after every two months of storage. According to the first experiment, when intended for immediate marketing, 'Venice' apples should be harvested 158-172 DAFB, due to the increased size and red color percentage in the skin in relation to early crops (144 and 151 DAFB). Maturity indices for the period 158-172 DAFB ranged from 15.3 to 16.5 lb for firmness, 12.9 to 13.4% for soluble solids (SS), 0.291 to 0.338% for titratable acidity (TA), from 8.2 to 9.0 to starch ratio (scale 1-9), and 3.7 to 4.3 for background color index (scale 1-5). The ideal point of apple picking 'Venice' intended for long storage periods occurred between 144 and 151 DAFB, by providing greater firmness after storage compared to fruits harvested 158-172 DAFB. Maturity indices for fruits harvested in the period of 144 and 151 DAFB ranged from 17.2 to 18.0 lb for firmness, 11.8 to 12.5% for SS, 0.350 to 0.356% for TA, of 3.0 to 5.5 for starch index and 2.1 to 3.1 for background color index. The second experiment results indicate the potential storage of apples is minimal (less than 6 months) when stored under AA without 1-MCP. In this storage condition, the apples have a higher incidence of rottenness and higher respiratory rate and ethylene production, as well as yellower skin color, less firmness and lower titratable acidity and soluble solids compared to other conditions of storage. 'Venice' Apple has a potential storage exceeding 8 months under AC regardless of treatment with 1-MCP, keeping firmness of 14 lb and low incidence of disorders even after 10 months / Este estudo foi realizado com objetivos de identificar índices de maturação para o ponto ideal de colheita de maçãs da nova cultivar ‘Venice’ (Experimento 1) e o potencial de conservação pós-colheita dos frutos dessa cultivar submetidas a diferente tecnologias de armazenagem (Experimento 2). Frutos para o primeiro experimento foram colhidos semanalmente, no município de Fraiburgo, SC, no período de 144 a 172 dias após a plena floração (DAPF), e armazenados por 240 dias sob atmosfera do ar (AA) a 0,5±0,5 °C, e por 265 dias sob atmosfera controlada (AC, 1,5 kPa de O2 e 1,5 kPa de CO2) a 0,7±0,5 °C. Frutos para o segundo experimento foram colhidos aos 158 e 154 DAPF em fevereiro de 2013 e de 2014, respectivamente, em um pomar experimental localizado no município de Fraiburgo, SC. As maçãs foram tratadas ou não com 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) e armazenadas por até 300 dias (10 meses) em AA (0,5±0,5 °C e UR de 85±5%) ou em AC (1,5 kPa de O2 e 1,5 kPa de CO2) a 0,7±0,5 °C e UR de 93±3%). A maturação e a qualidade das maçãs foram analisadas um dia após a colheita, e a cada dois meses de armazenagem. De acordo com o primeiro experimento, quando destinadas à comercialização imediata, maçãs ‘Venice’ devem ser colhidas de 158 a 172 DAPF, devido ao aumento do tamanho e do percentual de cor vermelha na epiderme em relação às colheitas precoces (144 e 151 DAPF). Os índices de maturação para o período de 158 a 172 DAPF variaram de 15,3 a 16,5 lb para firmeza de polpa, de 12,9 a 13,4% para sólidos solúveis (SS), de 0,291 a 0,338% para acidez titulável (AT), de 8,2 a 9,0 para índice de amido (em escala de 1-9) e de 3,7 a 4,3 para índice de cor de fundo (em escala de 1-5). O ponto ideal de colheita de maçãs ‘Venice’ destinadas a longos períodos de armazenagem ocorreu entre 144 e 151 DAPF, por proporcionar maior firmeza de polpa após o armazenamento em relação aos frutos colhidos de 158 a 172 DAPF. Os índices de maturação para frutos colhidos no período de 144 e 151 DAPF variaram de 17,2 a 18,0 lb para firmeza de polpa, de 11,8 a 12,5% para SS, de 0,350 a 0,356% para AT, de 3,0 a 5,5 para índice de amido e de 2,1 a 3,1 para índice de cor de fundo. Resultados do segundo experimento indicam que o potencial de armazenagem das maçãs é mínimo (menor de 6 meses) quando armazenadas sob AA, sem 1-MCP. Nessa condição de armazenagem, as maçãs apresentam maior incidência de podridões e maiores taxas respiratória e de produção de etileno, bem como uma coloração da epiderme mais amarela, menor firmeza de polpa e menor acidez titulável e teor de sólidos solúveis em comparação a demais condições de armazenagem. Maçãs ‘Venice’ apresentam potencial de armazenagem superior a 8 meses sob AC, independentemente do tratamento com 1-MCP, mantendo firmeza superior a 14 lb e baixo índice de distúrbios mesmo depois de 10 meses

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / One of many problems that worry the cashew farmers is the very short post-harvest conservation of the peduncle, due to the fast firmness lost, negatively affecting the sales of this product. The use of growth regulators may be an alternative to improve the peduncle quality (keep flesh firmness), avoid waste (reduce the pre-harvest fall), increase the harvest time (reduce the seasonality), this way, dropping production costs in the cashew farming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AVG and GA3 spraying in pre-harvest, concerning the quality and production of pseudo fruits of dwarf cashew tree clones CCP 76 and 189, produced in the Northeast Brazilian Region. Thereunto, it was made five experiments, which the replications was the harvests times, for each treatment. The first was carried in randomized block, with two plants per unit and 10 fruits per plant, with following treatments (doses) for the CCP 76 clone: AVG 0 mg L-1 (water sprayed); AVG 40 mg L-1; AVG 80 mg L-1; AVG 120 mg L-1; GA3 40 mg L-1; GA3 80 mg L-1; and GA3 120 mg L-1. The studied characteristics was power of hydrogen (pH), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), SS/AT relation, soluble sugar (AS), vitamin C (VC), total carotenoids (CT), total anthocyanins (ANT) and extractable polyphenols (PE). The second and the third experiments were carried in randomized blocks, with two plants per unit and 15 fruits per plant and two clones (CCP 76 and BRS 189). These experiments include the following treatments (doses): AVG and GA3 0 mg L-1 (water sprayed); 60 mg L-1, 120 mg L-1, 180 mg L-1 of AVG and 60 mg L-1, 120 mg.L-1, 180 mg.L-1 of GA3. For both clones the characteristics evaluated was break between spray and harvest, fruit fall before harvest, peduncle size, peduncle basal diameter, peduncle top diameter, cashew total mass, peduncle mass, nut mass and peduncle flesh firmness. The fourth and fifth experiments had same treatments and experimental set of the second and third. However the evaluated variables, for both clones, was: SS, AT, SS/AT relation, AS and VC. In the first experiment it was observed that the GA3 120 mg L-1 dose could be a alternative for the early dwarf cashew clone CCP 76, because it improved the commercial quality attributes of the peduncles. In the experiments two and three GA3 increased the break between the spraying and the harvest, the size and firmness of clones peduncles studied. In the two last experiments the GA3 increased the SS/AT relation of the peduncles of CCP 76 and BRS 189 early dwarf cashew clones. Therefore, besides it detain the maturation time, the growth regulators also improved some quality attributes of the peduncles, what is well wished due to the fact that the improvement of such attributes is predominantly made by genetic improvement, and this process, in the current conditions, takes a lot of time to be concluded. / Um dos vÃrios problemas que preocupam os cajucultores, especialmente os que pretendem atuar no comÃrcio de caju in natura, à a conservaÃÃo pÃs-colheita demasiadamente pequena dos pedÃnculos, atribuÃda à rÃpida perda de firmeza dos mesmos, afetando negativamente a venda desse pseudofruto. O uso de reguladores de crescimento pode ser uma alternativa para melhorar a qualidade do pedÃnculo (manter a firmeza da polpa), evitar o desperdÃcio (diminuir a queda prÃ-colheita), aumentar o tempo de colheita (abreviar a sazonalidade), desse modo, reduzindo custo de produÃÃo na cajucultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicaÃÃo de AVG e GA3 em prÃ-colheita, sobre a qualidade e produÃÃo dos pseudofrutos dos clones de cajueiro-anÃo-precoce CCP 76 e BRS 189, cultivados na regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil. Para tanto, foram realizados cinco experimentos, sendo as repetiÃÃes as datas de colheita, para cada tratamento. O primeiro foi realizado em blocos casualizados, com duas plantas por parcela e 10 frutos por planta, com os seguintes tratamentos (dosagens) para o clone CCP 76: 0 mg L-1 de AVG e GA3 (pulverizaÃÃo com Ãgua); 40 mg L-1 de AVG; 80 mg L-1 de AVG; 120 mg L-1 de AVG; 40 mg L-1 de GA3; 80 mg.L-1 de GA3; e 120 mg.L-1 de GA3. As caracterÃsticas analisadas foram: potencial hidrogeniÃnico (pH), sÃlidos solÃveis (SS), acidez titulÃvel (AT), relaÃÃo sÃlidos solÃveis/acidez titulÃvel (SS/AT), aÃÃcares solÃveis (AS), vitamina C (VC), carotenoides totais (CT), antocianinas totais (ANT) e polifenois extraÃveis (PE). O segundo e terceiro experimentos foram realizados em blocos casualizados, com duas plantas por parcela, 15 frutos por planta e dois clones de cajueiro (CCP 76 e BRS 189). Esses experimentos abrangeram os seguintes tratamentos (dosagens): 0 mg L-1 de AVG e GA3 (pulverizaÃÃo com Ãgua); 60 mg L-1 de AVG; 120 mg L-1 de AVG; 180 mg L-1 de AVG; 60 mg L-1 de GA3; 120 mg.L-1 de GA3; e 180 mg.L-1 de GA3. As caracterÃsticas analisadas, para ambos os clones, foram: intervalo entre a aplicaÃÃo e colheita, queda de frutos em prÃ-colheita, comprimento do pedÃnculo, diÃmetro basal do pedÃnculo, diÃmetro apical do pedÃnculo, massa total do caju, massa do pedÃnculo, massa da castanha e firmeza da polpa do pedÃnculo. O quarto e quinto experimentos tiveram os mesmos tratamentos e delineamento experimental do segundo e terceiro. Contudo as variÃveis analisadas, para ambos os clones, foram: SS, AT, relaÃÃo SS/AT, AS e VC. No primeiro experimento verifica-se que a dosagem de 120 mg L-1 de GA3 pode ser uma alternativa ao clone de cajueiro-anÃo-precoce CCP 76, pois melhora os atributos de qualidade comercial dos pedÃnculos. Nos experimentos dois e trÃs o GA3 aumentou o intervalo entre a aplicaÃÃo e colheita, tamanho e a firmeza dos pedÃnculos dos clones estudados. Nos dois Ãltimos experimentos o GA3 aumentou a relaÃÃo SS/AT dos pedÃnculos dos clones de cajueiro-anÃo-precoce CCP 76 e BRS 189. Portanto, alÃm de terem retardado o tempo de maturaÃÃo, os reguladores de crescimento tambÃm aprimoram alguns atributos de qualidade dos pedÃnculos, o que à bastante desejÃvel devido ao fato de que a melhoria de tais atributos à feita predominantemente via melhoramento genÃtico, e este processo, nas atuais condiÃÃes, leva muito tempo atà ser concluÃdo.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ferraz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T01:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_FrancianeColares_M.pdf: 1587143 bytes, checksum: 6d3f8b92958d413b9d8e978f6b292226 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A cultura do figo (Ficus carica L.) no estado de São Paulo iniciou-se no começo do século XX na região de Campinas e Valinhos, e desde 1990 vem ganhando destaque na região, responsável por 90% da produção nacional de figos de mesa, e tem conseguido espaço no mercado europeu no período de entressafra. O figo 'Roxo de Valinhos' é altamente perecível, com curta vida útil em condições ambientais, de 1 a 3 dias, razão pela qual deve ser comercializado rapidamente. Como não são aplicadas técnicas para conservação do figo, para que chegue em condição aceitável na Europa, a solução encontrada pelos produtores foi antecipar sua colheita, colhendo-o no estádio verde, bem mais cedo que o utilizado para o figo destinado ao mercado interno, prejudicando seu sabor e aparência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da atmosfera modificada ativa na qualidade e vida útil do figo 'Roxo de Valinhos¿. Utilizou-se o figo no estádio meio maduro (rami), armazenado com atmosfera modificada passiva (AMP) e atmosfera modificada ativa (AMA) com 20% de CO2 e 6,5% de O2, acondicionado em filme de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 30µm, e armazenado durante uma semana sob quatro regimes térmicos (RT), com umidade relativa de 90±5%. Os RT avaliados foram temperatura constante de 20ºC±1ºC (RT1), temperatura constante de 10ºC±1ºC (RT2), temperatura de 20ºC±1ºC nas primeiras 48 horas de armazenamento seguida de um degrau negativo de 10ºC a partir o terceiro dia (RT3) e temperatura de 10ºC±1ºC no primeiro dia de armazenamento, seguidas por um degrau positivo de 10ºC no segundo dia, com diminuição para 10ºC do terceiro dia até o final do armazenamento (RT4). Para avaliação do desempenho das condições de atmosfera e regimes térmicos na qualidade do figo foram realizadas medidas de temperatura da polpa do figo, concentração gasosa nas embalagens (CO2, O2 e etileno), perda de massa, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, firmeza de polpa e aparência. As embalagens com AMA não mantiveram a concentração inicial de CO2 em 20%, devido à alta taxa de permeabilidade do filme a esse gás. A partir do quarto dia, a concentração de CO2 apresentou tendência de equilíbrio para os tratamentos com AMP e AMA, sem alterações significativas até o final do armazenamento. Os tratamentos com AMP e AMA mantiveram baixos índices de perda de massa, próximos a 1,5%, boa aparência e melhores índices de firmeza até o final do armazenamento, enquanto as frutas do tratamento testemunha não apresentaram condições de comercialização a partir do quarto dia. Foi evidenciado que o RT1 apresentou a pior condição para armazenamento do figo, favorecendo a perda de massa e ocorrência de podridão das frutas, e não foi observada diferença entre as frutas armazenadas com AMP e AMA / Abstract: The production fig (Ficus carica L.) began in the state of São Paulo at the beginning of XX century in the area of Campinas and Valinhos, and since 1990 this production is getting prominence as responsible for 90% of the national production of fresh figs, including exports to Europe. The ' Roxo of Valinhos' fig is highly perishable, lasting 1 to 3 days in room conditions, and therefore it shall be marketed quickly. Since conservation techniques are not usually applied in figs, the solution found by the producers for the product arrive in acceptable condition in Europe was to anticipate harvest, picking it in the green stadium, much earlier than used for the fig destined to the internal market, harming its flavor and appearance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of an active modified atmosphere in quality and shelf life of the 'Roxo of Valinhos' fig. Figs were harvested at the middle stadium of ripening, stored with passive modified atmosphere and active modified atmosphere (20%CO2 and 6,5%O2), wrapped with low density 30µm polyethylene film (LDPE), and stored during one week under four thermal regimes (RT), with relative humidity of 90±5%. Thermal regimes (TR) used were constant temperature of 20ºC±1ºC (TR1), constant temperature of 10ºC±1ºC (TR2), temperature of 20ºC±1ºC in the first 48 hours of storage followed by a negative step of 10ºC in the third day (TR3) and temperature of 10ºC±1ºC in the first day of storage, followed for a positive step of 10ºC in the second day, with decrease for 10ºC of the third day to the end of the storage (TR4). For evaluation of the performance of the combination of atmosphere conditions and thermal regimes in the quality of the fig, there were performed measurements of pulp temperature, gaseous concentration in the packages (CO2, O2 and C2H4), weight loss, soluble solids, titritable acidity, pulp firmness and appearance. The packages with active modified atmosphere didn't maintain the initial concentration of CO2, due to the high diffusion rate of the film to that gas CO2 concentration achieved equilibrium at the fourth day for both of the treatments with passive and active modified atmosphere, without significant changes until the end of storage period. The treatments with modified atmosphere showed low indexes of weight loss, good appearance and little changes in firmness index till the end of storage, while the fruits of the control treatment didn't present marketable conditions at the fourth day. TR1 resulted in worst condition for storage of the fig, favoring weight loss and decay occurrence. No difference was observed among fruits stored with active and passive modified atmosphere / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:42:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Renata_Moura.pdf: 1199257 bytes, checksum: 4b297b3ad55986f2356439eb56d1010c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / The apple (Malusxdomestica), from Europe and Asia, belongs to the family Rosaceae, sub-family pomaceas. The apple is a temperate fruit of commercial importance, especially in its fresh state. Among the main apple cultivars grown in Brazil, we are Fuji and Gala, as the most preferred by consumers in Brazil, produced fruits with good sensory characteristics such as appearance, crisp and juicy pulp. However, these attributes are quickly lost during storage under refrigeration (AR). Among the main problems encountered during cold storage, are the decrease in firmness and the occurrence of mealy pulp. Several studies have shown that these physiological disorders are related to ethylene, and its mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In order to seek further explanation of the molecular mechanisms of interaction of these events with the ethylene, this work proposes a comprehensive analysis of the system using proteomics to study methods. In this context, the objective was to identify and characterize differentially expressed proteins during storage, linking them to the action of ethylene and with changes in fruits of cv. Gala - Baigent clone. In the gels from two-dimensional electrophoresis were detected using the PDQuest program, 565 spots in the sample of apples at 8 months of RA in fruit treated with MCP-1, 452 sample spots for eight months without an RA in fruits - MCP, 348 spots corresponding to sample the fruits at harvest. In a quantitative analysis, when comparing treatments with and without 1-MCP, and considering only the proteins present in both treatments, 120 of them increased or decreased in intensity. Moreover, it was found that 62 spots were detected only in samples treated or not treated with the MCP-1, 160 spots were detected only in samples corresponding to the crop or the samples treated with 1-MCP, and 80 spots were detected only in samples corresponding to the collection or to samples not treated with 1-MCP. The identification and study of their functions are the next steps in the work. / A macieira (Malusxdomestica), originária da Europa e Ásia, pertence à família Rosaceae, sub-família da pomáceas. A maçã é um fruto de clima temperado de importância comercial, principalmente em seu estado in natura. Dentre as principais cultivares de macieira produzidas no Brasil, destacam-se a Fuji e a Gala, como a mais preferida pelos consumidores brasileiros, por apresentar frutos com boas características sensoriais como aparência, polpa crocante e suculenta. Porém, esses atributos são rapidamente perdidas durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (AR). Dentre os principais problemas detectados durante o armazenamento refrigerado, estão a diminuição da firmeza de polpa e a ocorrência de polpa farinhenta. Vários estudos demonstraram que estes distúrbios fisiológicos têm relação com o etileno, sendo que seus mecanismos ainda não foram elucidados. Com o intuito de se buscarem mais explicações sobre os mecanismos moleculares da interação destes eventos com o etileno, este trabalho propoe uma análise global do sistema, utilizando a proteômica como métodos de estudo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e caracterizar proteínas diferencialmente expressas durante o armazenamento, associando-as à ação do etileno e com as mudanças ocorridas nos frutos da cv. Gala clone Baigent. Nos géis obtidos a partir de eletroforeses bidimensionais foram detectados, utilizando o programa PDQuest, 565 spots na amostra de maçãs aos 8 meses de AR em frutos que foram tratados com 1-MCP, 452 spots para amostra com 8 meses AR em frutos sem 1-MCP, e 348 spots para amostra correspondente aos frutos por ocasião da colheita. Numa análise quantitativa, ao se compararem os tratamentos com e sem 1-MCP, e se considerando apenas as proteínas presentes em ambos os tratamentos, 120 delas aumentaram ou diminuiram de intensidade. Além disso, se verificou que 62 spots foram detectados apenas nas amostras tratadas ou nas não tratadas com 1-MCP; 160 spots foram somente detectados nas amostras correspondentes à colheita ou às amostras tratadas com 1-MCP; e, 80 spots foram somente detectados nas amostras correspondentes à colheita ou às amostras não tratadas com 1-MCP. A identificação e o estudo das respectivas funções constituem as etapas futuras do trabalho.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Avocado ‘Hass’ fruit characteristically change skin colour from green to deep purple or black during ripening. However, there is an ongoing debate about the use of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit skin colour change as an indicator for ripening and whether pre- and post-harvest factors can alter this relationship. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of harvest season, harvest time, ripening temperature and ripening days on ‘Hass’ avocado fruit skin colour change during ripening. The experiment was carried out as 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 factorial with three replicates. The experiment consisted of four treatment factors: 2 x harvest season (2014 and 2015), 3 x harvest time (May-early, June-mid and July-late), 3 x ripening temperature (16, 21 and 25°C) and 5 x ripening days (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8). Fruit were stored at industry recommended temperature of 5.5°C. After storage, fruit were ripened at 16, 21 and 25°C, therefore, evaluated at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days for subjective and objective skin colour, fruit firmness, ripening percentage and chilling injury. Harvest season, harvest time, ripening temperature and ripening days had a significant effect (P<0.001) on ‘Hass’ avocado fruit skin subjective colour development during ripening. However, amongst the treatment factors; harvest time, ripening temperature and ripening days were the predominant factors in skin subjective colour development variation. Hence, late harvest fruit showed an improved skin colour development at higher temperature (25°C) at day 4 to ripening when compared with early and mid-harvest fruit. Moreover, skin lightness showed a decreasing trend during all harvest time and ripening temperature throughout days to ripening during 2014 and 2015 harvest season. Furthermore, ripening at higher temperature (25°C) resulted in rapid decrease on fruit firmness when compared with lower temperature (16°C), irrespective of harvest season and harvest time. In addition, mid-season fruit showed significantly higher chilling damage during the 2014 harvest season. In conclusion, the study showed that harvest season, harvest time, ripening temperature and ripening days factors had a significant influence on ‘Hass’ avocado fruit skin colour development, firmness and susceptibility to chilling injury. / Agricultural Sector Education Training Authority (AgriSeta) and Postharvest Innovation Programme (PHI)

Thesis (MscAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The South African table grape industry is under great pressure to produce table grapes of the best quality for the export markets. Quality defects such as poor colour, inadequate berry firmness, browning and soft tissue breakdown cause great losses in export. The firmness of table grapes is one of the major factors determining the eating quality of grapes. Consumers prefer grapes with a firmer flesh above those with soft flesh. Firmer berries are commonly accepted to have better eating quality and longer cold storage capacity. Factors that promote and maintain berry firmness are only speculated about; therefore producers cannot effectively control the development of firmer berries by managerial practises or by applying specific sprays. The study was done on Redglobe and two Waltham Cross clones (the firmer Clone 8 and softer Clone 13). The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly the cellular and ultracellular differences between the tissues of firm and soft berries were determined. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3), synthetic cytokinin (CPPU) and bunch applied calcium sprays on the cellular and ultracellular structure of berry tissues were also under investigation. Secondly, the effects of GA3, CPPU and bunch directed calcium sprays on berry firmness, eating quality and storage capacity were determined. To determine the cellular and ultracelular structure of berry tissues, light microscope (LM) and transmission electron (TEM) studies were done. In order to investigate the effect of different sprays on berry firmness, 20 mg/L GA3 (GA3 treatment) was applied at 10mm average berry size; 20 mg/L GA3 plus 3 mg/L CPPU (CPPU treatment) was applied at 10 mm average berry size; and a mixture of 8 L/ha Stopit® and 5 L/ha Caltrac® (calcium treatment) was applied directly to the bunches every two weeks from berry set till veraison for the calcium treatments. The control received no plant bioregulators (PBR’s). The treatments were the same for both cultivars. Grapes were stored three weeks at 0 °C and one week at 10 °C after which it was evaluated for loose berries, botrytis infections, rachis browning and berry split. Afterwards it was tasted by an independent tasting panel. Firm berries were found to have an opaque coloured flesh while soft berries had a gel-like translucent flesh. For berries with normal firmness, the opaque flesh is limited to the outer mesocarp of the berry. Extremely firm berries’ whole mesocarp consisted of the opaque coloured flesh while soft berries’ mesocarp consisted of mostly the gel-like translucent flesh with, in some cases, a very thin layer of opaque flesh just under the skin. Berry firmness was not related to cell size as the cell size of the tissues in the firm and soft berries were identical. Cell shape seems to play an important role in berry firmness. The cells in the opaque coloured flesh of the outer mesocarp are more turgid and oval than those in the gel-like flesh of the inner mesocarp. Berry firmness is therefore determined by the thickness of the outer mesocarp with the opaque coloured flesh that contains turgid cells. The thickness of cell walls between the different tissues did not differ. There was however a difference between the cell contents and the plasmalemmas of the inner and outer mesocarp. The plasmalemma and tonoplast of the outer mesocarp cells was more intact than those of the inner mesocarp. The membranes in the inner mesocarp are more subtracted form the cell wall than in the outer mesocarp. Both the PBR’s and calcium treatments cause a delay in sugar accumulation in the case of Redglobe and Waltham Cross. The CPPU treatment results in significantly bigger and firmer berries for both cultivars. In the case of Redglobe, this treatment cause bigger cells in the outer mesocarp suggesting a correlation between berry firmness and cell size. In the case of Waltham Cross, however, cell size did not play a role in berry size and firmness; instead the rate of cell division earlier in berry development. The CPPU treatment was the only treatment that maintains berry firmness during cold storage for Redglobe while GA3 and CPPU did so in the case of Waltham Cross. PBR’s seems to have no effect on cell wall thickness. In the case of Redglobe, the calcium treatments resulted in significantly thinner cell walls, but this can not be explained. Calcium and GA3 treatments had a negative effect on grape quality after cold storage of both Redglobe and Waltham Cross. The Waltham Cross CPPU treatment results in better taste and colour as observed by the tasting panel, while in the case of Redglobe, the tasting panel preferred the control. It is found that the use of CPPU in combination with GA3 had the best effect on the eating quality, storage capacity, berry size and firmness. When a producer decides to use the CPPU treatment in order to improve berry firmness, he must realize that it can cause delayed ripening which can affect the export of the fruit.