Kraft recovery boiler smelt is shattered into small droplets by an impinging steam jet to prevent smelt-water explosions in the dissolving tank. Inadequate shattering increases the likelihood of dissolving tank explosions. While industry has not dedicated much effort to smelt shattering, the safety implications require smelt shattering to be studied in detail. An experimental set-up was constructed to simulate the shattering operation using a water-glycerine solution and air instead of smelt and steam respectively. The objective was to examine how physical properties and flow characteristics affect shattering. It was found that increasing shatter jet velocity greatly reduced droplet mean diameter. Increasing the liquid flow rate greatly increased droplet size, as expected. Shattering was not significantly affected by viscosity, unless a weak shatter jet was used on a highly viscous fluid. Increasing the proximity of the shatter jet nozzle decreased droplet size.

The labyrinth seal is a non-contact annular type sealing device used to reduce the internal leakage of the working fluid which is caused by the pressure difference between each stage in a turbomachine. Reducing the leakage mass flow rate of the working fluid through the labyrinth seal is desirable because it improves the efficiency of the turbomachine. The carry-over coefficient, based on the divergence angle of the jet, changed with flow parameters with fixed seal geometry while earlier models expressed the carry-over coefficient solely as a function of seal geometry. For both compressible and incompressible flows, the Reynolds number based on clearance was the only flow parameter which could influence the carry-over coefficient. In the case of incompressible flow based on the simulations for various seal geometries and operating conditions, for a given Reynolds number, the carry-over coefficient strongly depended on radial clearance to tooth width ratio. Moreover, in general, the lower the Reynolds number, the larger is the divergence angle of the jet and this results in a smaller carry-over coefficient at lower Reynolds numbers. However, during transition from laminar to turbulent, the carry-over coefficient reduced initially and once the Reynolds number attained a critical value, the carry-over coefficient increased again. In the case of compressible flow, the carry-over coefficient had been slightly increased if radial clearance to tooth width ratio and radial clearance to tooth pitch ratio were increased. Further, the carry-over coefficient did not considerably change if only radial clearance to tooth width ratio was decreased. The discharge coefficient for compressible and incompressible flows depended only on the Reynolds number based on clearance. The discharge coefficient of the tooth in a single cavity labyrinth seal was equivalent to that in a multiple tooth labyrinth seal indicating that flow downstream had negligible effect on the discharge coefficient. In particular, for compressible fluid under certain flow and seal geometric conditions, the discharge coefficient did not increase with an increase in the Reynolds number. It was correlated to the pressure ratio, Pr. Moreover, it was also related to the fact that the flow of the fluid through the constriction became compressible and the flow eventually became choked. At low pressure ratios (less than 0.7), Saikishan’s incompressible model deviated from CFD simulation results. Hence, the effects of compressibility became significant and both the carry-over coefficient compressibility factor and the discharge coefficient compressibility factor needed to be considered and included into the leakage model. The carry-over coefficient compressibility factor, phi, had two linear relationships with positive and negative slopes regarding the pressure ratios. This result was not associated with the seal geometry because the seal geometry ratios for each instance were located within the nearly same ranges. Further, the phi-Pr relationship was independent of the number of teeth regardless of single and multiple cavity labyrinth seals. The discharge coefficient compressibility factor, psi, was a linear relationship with pressure ratios across the tooth as Saikishan predicted. However, in certain flow and seal geometric conditions, Saikishan’s model needed to be modified for the deviation appearing when the pressure ratios were decreased. Hence, a modified psi-Pr relationship including Saikishan’s model was presented in order to compensate for the deviation between the simulations and his model.

No description available.

No description available.

Kraft recovery boiler smelt is shattered into small droplets by an impinging steam jet to prevent smelt-water explosions in the dissolving tank. Inadequate shattering increases the likelihood of dissolving tank explosions. While industry has not dedicated much effort to smelt shattering, the safety implications require smelt shattering to be studied in detail. An experimental set-up was constructed to simulate the shattering operation using a water-glycerine solution and air instead of smelt and steam respectively. The objective was to examine how physical properties and flow characteristics affect shattering. It was found that increasing shatter jet velocity greatly reduced droplet mean diameter. Increasing the liquid flow rate greatly increased droplet size, as expected. Shattering was not significantly affected by viscosity, unless a weak shatter jet was used on a highly viscous fluid. Increasing the proximity of the shatter jet nozzle decreased droplet size.

It is suitable to add practical illustrations of hydraulic tasks during teaching hydraulics and hydrology. These practical illustrations can be realized by mobile hydraulic circuit which is situated in the auditorium. This thesis is focused on constructional and project solution of the circuit which consists of a compensatory tank with sufficient capacity, pump aggregate and hydraulic measure flume. The construction of hydraulic flume must enable quick, simple and safety installation of a scaled down models of a hydro technical structures. The main requirements of a mobile teaching circuit are clearness of practical hydraulic illustrations, compact dimensions, comparatively low weight, mobility and simple control and manipulation. This diploma thesis also includes design of a scaled down models of a hydro technical structures, especially set of plate weirs, bed-crested weir, ogee-crested weir, culvert, Venturi flume, sluice and radial gate, pier and roughened bed. The hydraulic circuit drawing part also includes instrument carrier with level gauge. This diploma thesis includes theoretical text part, technical report of designed objects, hydraulic calculations and drawing part.

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-21T17:48:50Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T17:48:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Após o aumento de potência do reator IEA-R1 de 2 MW para 5 MW observou-se um aumento da taxa de corrosão nas placas laterais de alguns elementos combustíveis e algumas dúvidas surgiram com relação ao valor de vazão utilizada nas análises termo-hidráulicas. A fim de esclarecer e medir a distribuição de vazão real pelos elementos combustíveis que compõe o núcleo do reator IEA-R1, um elemento combustível protótipo, sem material nuclear, chamado DMPV-01 (Dispositivo para Medida de Pressão e Vazão), em escala real, foi projetado e construído em alumínio. A vazão no canal entre dois elementos combustíveis é muito difícil de estimar ou ser medida. Esta vazão é muito importante no processo de resfriamento das placas laterais. Este trabalho apresenta a concepção e construção de um elemento combustível instrumentado para medir a temperatura real nestas placas laterais para melhor avaliar as condições de resfriamento do combustível. Quatorze termopares foram instalados neste elemento combustível instrumentado. Quatro termopares em cada canal lateral e quatro no canal central, além de um termopar no bocal de entrada e outro no bocal de saída do elemento. Existem três termopares para medida de temperatura do revestimento e um para a temperatura do fluido em cada canal. Três séries de experimentos, para três configurações distintas, foram realizadas com o elemento combustível instrumentado. Em dois experimentos uma caixa de alumínio foi instalada ao redor do núcleo para reduzir o escoamento transverso entre os elementos combustíveis e medir o impacto na temperatura das placas externas. Dada a tamanha quantidade de informações obtidas e sua utilidade no projeto, melhoria e capacitação na construção, montagem e fabricação de elementos combustíveis instrumentados, este projeto constitui um importante marco no estudo de núcleos de reatores de pesquisa. As soluções propostas podem ser amplamente utilizadas para outros reatores de pesquisa. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o fluxo salivar, pH, capacidade tampão, concentrações de proteína total e ácido siálico, atividades das enzimas amilase e peroxidase e concentração dos íons sódio, potássio, cálcio, fósforo, zinco e magnésio em saliva total de indivíduos síndrome de Down com idade entre 1 e 25 anos. Nos indivíduos com idade entre 1 e 5 anos a saliva total foi coletada através de uma leve sucção, enquanto que nos outros indivíduos com idade entre 6 e 10, 11 e 15, 15 e 20, 21 e 25 a saliva total foi coletada com estimulação mecânica através da mastigação de parafilm, durante 10 minutos. O pH e a capacidade tampão foramdeterminadas usando um pHmetro digital. A capacidade tampão foi mensurada através de titulação com HCl a 0,01N. A concentração de eletrólitos foi determinada através de um espectrofotômetro de emissão atômica com fonte de excitação de argônio induzido. A proteína total foi mensurada através do reagente de Folin. A atividade da amilase foi mensurada através da produção de maltose e a atividade da peroxidase foi mensurada através da utilização de orto-dianisidina. Para a analise estatística os dados foram apresentados em media ± desvio padrão. Foi utilizado o teste “t” de Student para determinar as diferenças entre as medias dos indivíduos síndrome de Down e o grupo controle. Nenhuma diferença significante foi observada na concentração de ácido siálico, fósforo, zinco, magnésio e cálcio entre os indivíduos síndrome de Down e o grupo controle. A concentração de sódio, proteína total e a capacidade tampão demonstraram ser maior nos indivíduos com síndrome de Down em comparação ao grupo controle. Por outro lado, o fluxo salivar, a concentração de potássio, e a atividade das enzimas amilase e peroxidase foram menores no grupo síndrome de Down quando comparado ao grupo controle. Estes resultados sugerem que as pessoas com síndrome de Down apresentam alterações no metabolismo do ducto e/ou das células acinares das glândulas salivares. / The aim of this study was to measure the flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, sialic acid, total protein concentrations, amylase and peroxidase activities and sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, zinc and magnesium concentration whole saliva of individuals with Down syndrome aged 1 - 25 years. In individuals aged 1-5 years the whole saliva was collected under slight suction, while in the others individuals aged 6-10, 11-15, 15-20, 21-25 the whole saliva was collected with stimulation by chewing a piece of parafilm, for 10 minutes. The pH and the buffer capacity were determined using a digital pHmeter. The buffer capacity was measured by titration with 0.01 N HCl. Electrolyte concentrations were determined by inductively coupled argon plasma with atomic emission spectrometry. Sialic acid was determined by thiobarbituric acid assay. Protein was determined by the folin’s phenol reagent. Amylase was assayed measuring the maltose produced by the breakdown of starch and peroxidase with ortho dianisidine. For statistical analysis the date are presented as mean ± SD. Student’s “t” test was used to determine differences between the mean of the Down syndrome and control groups. No statistically significant differences were observed in sialic acid, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium and calcium concentration between the individuals with Down syndrome and control group. The sodium and total protein concentration and buffer capacity showed higher in the Down syndrome than in the control group. On the other hand the flow rate and potassium concentration, amylase and peroxidase activities were lower in the Down syndrome than in the control group. These results suggest that the Down syndrome persons present alteration in the metabolism of the duct and/or acinar cells of salivary glands.

The theme of this diploma thesis is fittings of heating systems and it is divided into three parts. The first part deals with this topic on theoretical level. In the second part, there is a calculations and drawings that deals with heating and water heating of the apartment building in Uherské Hradiště. This part is solved in two variants concerning hydraulic balancing and regulation of the heating system. The last part of the thesis is an experimental solution and processing of pressure loss results of selected valves. These results are compared with the values reported by the manufactures of the valve.

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the hydraulics of heating systems. The aim of the project is a design of the heating and hot water preparation system for an apartment building. The building has 6 above-ground floors and 2 underground floors. Two different options of heating systems were designed, comparison and results are presented in the thesis. In the first case the heat source during the winter season and for water heating, where chosen two gas condensing boilers, situated in separated room on the second underground floor. In the second case, each apartment has its own gas condensing boiler. The experimental part of the project deals with measurements of pressure losses in water armatures used in heating systems. The aim of this part is the determination of coefficients of added resistance for uncontrolled elements, which are normally presented as tabular value. In thesis are presented results for a ball valve, backflow preventer, filter, for slide valve and thermostatic valve. Measurements for thermostatic valve where done with different settings and results are compared with parameters listed in the datasheet.