Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.

Blocos sobre estacas ou blocos de coroamento são elementos estruturais usados para transferir as ações da superestrutura para um conjunto de estacas. São encontrados em infra-estruturas de pontes e edifícios. O conhecimento de seu real comportamento estrutural é de fundamental importância, pois são elementos estruturais que garantem a segurança de toda a estrutura. Ainda não há consenso pelo meio técnico quanto o seu real comportamento estrutural. O processo de cálculo usualmente empregado pelo meio técnico para a determinação das reações nas estacas é o método da superposição dos efeitos. Esse método não considera a interação do elemento estrutural com o tipo solo em que as estacas estão apoiadas, nem a altura do bloco. Com a ajuda de análise numérica feita em programa de computador baseado nos métodos dos elementos finitos (MEF) foram simulados blocos variando parâmetros como a altura do bloco e os tipos de vinculação das estacas (solo). Para que houvesse a interação da estrutura com o solo foram propostos dois tipos de solos: solo deformável e solo indeformável. Os blocos analisados foram submetidos as ações de força centrada e momentos variando as suas intensidades. Os resultados mostram que o tipo de vinculação das estacas e a variação da altura do bloco modificaram significativamente o comportamento estrutural do bloco. A situação mais crítica para o bloco foi aquela em que se consideravam as estacas apoiadas em solo do tipo indeformável, chegando-se a resultados de reações nas estacas com diferenças a mais de 200%. Foi possível perceber que mesmo com solo do tipo deformável as estacas na região central do bloco foram as mais solicitadas. E em função da análise numérica conclui-se que os resultados obtidos são de grande importância. / Piles caps are structural elements used to transfer actions of the superstructure to a group of piles. They are found in infrastructures of bridges and buildings. The knowledge of its real structural behavior presents fundamental importance, once piles caps are structural elements that guarantee the safety of all the structure. There is no consensus yet between specialists on its real structural behavior. The traditional calculation process usually used to determine piles reaction is the superposition effect method. This method does not consider the interaction of the structural element with the type of soil where piles are supported, nor the height of the cap. With the aid of numerical analysis made in computer program based on the finite elements method (FEM), caps have been simulated varying parameters as caps height and the types where piles are supported (soil). In order to have the interaction of the structure with the soil, two types of soil have been considered: compressible soil and incompressible soil. The caps analyzed were submitted the action where centered force and moments have been considered varying its intensities. The results show that the type of pile support and the variation of cap height significantly modified the structural behavior of the cap. The most critical situation for the cap was that one considering the piles supported in soil incompressible, reaching results of piles\' reactions with more than 200% of differences. The piles in the central region of the cap have been the most requested on compressible soil type. In function of the numerical analysis, we conclude that the results obtained are of great importance.

Shallow foundations are extensively used to support structures of all sizes and derive their support from near surface soils. Thus, they are typically embedded up to a few meters into the soil profile. Designers of shallow foundations are required to meet two limit states: overall failure of the soil beneath the foundation (bearing capacity) and excessive settlement. Existing bearing capacity design methods use an assumed shearing plane within the soil and perfectly plastic soil behavior to estimate the ultimate resistance available. The immediate settlement of a shallow foundation is typically approximated using an elasticity-based method that does not account for actual, nonlinear soil behavior. A load test database was developed from footing load tests reported in the literature to assess the accuracy and uncertainty in existing design methodologies for calculating bearing capacity and immediate settlement. The assessment of uncertainty in bearing capacity and immediate settlement was accomplished through the application of a hyperbolic bearing pressure-displacement model, and the adaptation of the Duncan-Chang soil constitutive model to footing displacements. The prediction of bearing capacity using the general bearing capacity formula was compared to the bearing capacity extrapolated from the load test database using a hyperbolic bearing pressure-displacement model. On average the general bearing capacity formula under-predicts the bearing capacity and exhibits a significant amount of variability. The comparison was used to develop resistance statistics that were implemented to produce resistance factors for an LRFD based design approach using AASHTO load statistics. The Duncan-Chang model was adapted to predict bearing pressure displacement curves for footings in the load test database and used to estimate governing soil parameters. Bearing pressure-displacement curves fitted to the observed curves were used to back calculate soil stiffness. The soil stiffness was used with an elasticity-based displacement prediction method to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Finally, the back-calculated modulus from the fitted Duncan-Chang model was used to assess the accuracy and uncertainty associated with the elasticity-based K-factor, a correlation based stiffness parameter. In general the comparisons indicate that the current design procedures over-predict the bearing pressure associated with a given displacement and exhibit a significant amount of uncertainty. / Graduation date: 2012

Strut-and-tie modeling (STM) is a versatile, lower-bound (i.e. conservative) design method for reinforced concrete structural components. Uncertainty expressed by engineers related to the implementation of existing STM code specifications as well as a growing inventory of distressed in-service bent caps exhibiting diagonal cracking was the impetus for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to fund research project 0-5253, D-Region Strength and Serviceability Design, and the current implementation project (5-5253-01). As part of these projects, simple, accurate STM specifications were developed. This thesis acts as a guidebook for application of the proposed specifications and is intended to clarify any remaining uncertainties associated with strut-and-tie modeling. A series of five detailed design examples feature the application of the STM specifications. A brief overview of each design example is provided below. The examples are prefaced with a review of the theoretical background and fundamental design process of STM (Chapter 2). • Example 1: Five-Column Bent Cap of a Skewed Bridge - This design example serves as an introduction to the application of STM. Challenges are introduced by the bridge’s skew and complicated loading pattern. A clear procedure for defining relatively complex nodal geometries is presented. • Example 2: Cantilever Bent Cap - A strut-and-tie model is developed to represent the flow of forces around a frame corner subjected to closing loads. The design and detailing of a curved-bar node at the outside of the frame corner is described. • Example 3a: Inverted-T Straddle Bent Cap (Moment Frame) - An inverted-T straddle bent cap is modeled as a component within a moment frame. Bottom-chord (ledge) loading of the inverted-T necessitates the use of local STMs to model the flow of forces through the bent cap’s cross section. • Example 3b: Inverted-T Straddle Bent Cap (Simply Supported) - The inverted-T bent cap of Example 3a is designed as a member that is simply supported at the columns. • Example 4: Drilled-Shaft Footing - Three-dimensional STMs are developed to properly model the flow of forces through a deep drilled-shaft footing. Two unique load cases are considered to familiarize the designer with the development of such models. / text

[pt] A tese Entrevistas com o assistente social - identidade, doença e estigma em uma enfermaria de adolescentes investiga a construção de identidades de três adolescentes atendidos em um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas entrevistas de assistentes sociais com esses adolescentes e suas mães. Buscou-se observar como os sentidos da doença, ou de suas conseqüências, relacionam-se com as construções identitárias em situação de interação face-a-face, a partir de categorias como posicionamento, alinhamento, enquadres interativos, pistas de contextualização e narrativa. Ancorando-se na Sociolingüística Interacional, a análise assume uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, com a utilização de conceitos de outras áreas das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, tais como a Psicologia Social e Estudos Culturais Foi observado como, em suas falas, os pacientes- adolescentes e suas mães lidam com as diferenças físicas e sociais a partir das enfermidades que esses adolescentes têm ou tiveram. Observamos também como, tendo em foco tais marcas, diferentes identidades dos adolescentes se constroem, em função de diferentes relações com o estigma. Assim, identidades e sentidos das doenças se constroem localmente, durante e pela situação de interação com os assistentes sociais. Acreditamos que a análise da construção do estigma, ao se valer das noções de posicionamento e alinhamento, contribui para os estudos do discurso, que investigam a relação entre linguagem, identidade e sociedade. Por outro lado, ao focalizar a questão do estigma, acreditamos também estar contribuindo para as discussões sobre o atendimento a adolescentes oriundos de classes populares, com dificuldades para integrar-se na sociedade, em conseqüência das marcas deixadas por alguma enfermidade. / [en] The dissertation Interviews with social workers - identity, disease and stigma in an adolescent ward investigates the construction of identities of three adolescents assisted at a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Through the analysis of social workers interviews with these adolescents, and their mothers, we aimed at observing how the disease and its consequences were linked to the identities constructed in a situation of face-to-face interaction. The categories used in the analysis were positioning, alignment, interactive frame, contextualization cues and narrative. From an Interactional Socilolinguistics perspective, we assume an interdisciplinary view, using concepts from other areas of the Humanities and Social Sciences, such as Social Psychology and Cultural Studies. The investigation reveals how adolescent-patients, and their mothers, deal with physical and social differences caused by diseases. The research findings point to the construction of different identities for those adolescents through their discourses, and their mothers´, according to the relation they had with the stigma. It was also observed how the meaning of the disease was built during the interaction situation with the social workers. The purpose of relating the construction of the stigma to participants´ positionings and alignments in the interaction made possible to observe how the adolescents and their families deal with the social construction of the disease. This kind of analysis may contribute to discourse studies which investigate the relation between language, identity and society. The study can also contribute to the discussion of services provided to working class adolescents, who have difficulties to integrate in social life, due to health problems.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the footing fixity effect on the lateral deflection of a bridge pier for different types of soil. Generally, the rotational restraint coefficient at top and bottom of pier (degree of fixity of the pier) is used to compute the effective length factor of pier which is in turn used to determine the pier deflection. The magnitude of the deflection is used to determine whether the p-delta force effect should be considered while designing the pier. However, the pier deflection is usually computed by assuming that the pier footing is completely fixed to the ground. In case of soil under footing, rotational restraint coefficient is taken as five for all types of soils. In this study, finite element analysis method was used to determine the pier deflection by providing three actual soil environments and compare the results with the traditional approach. Hence, the rotational restraint coefficient will be modified according to the deflection computed from the finite element analysis.

[pt] A maior parte dos bancos de dados existentes é projetada de maneira independente e, portanto, é geralmente implementada utilizando diferentes esquemas conceituais, criando um contexto de heterogeneidade em níveis sintático, estrutural e semântico. Não obstante, quando um conjunto de bancos de dados se refere a um mesmo domínio, eventualmente, surge a necessidade de integrá-los em um mesmo banco, ou de intermediar o acesso ao conjunto de bancos de forma transparente. Para tratar o problema da heterogeneidade, torna-se necessário o alinhamento dos esquemas de cada um dos bancos de dados envolvidos. Esse processo geralmente é feito por especialistas de domínio, mas tende a ser um trabalho muito tedioso e propenso a erros. Esta dissertação apresenta o CatalogMatcher, uma infra-estrutura de software para alinhamento de catálogos heterogêneos. Um catálogo armazena dados sobre um conjunto de objetos de um determinado domínio, tipicamente classificados por algum tipo de taxonomia ou tesauro. O CatalogMatcher contém componentes que implementam estratégias de alinhamento de catálogos heterogêneos utilizando abordagens baseadas em instâncias. / [en] Most databases are independently designed and, therefore, are usually implemented using different conceptual schemas, which creates a context of syntactic, structural and semantic-level heterogeneity. Nevertheless, when a set of databases refers to a common domain, it may become necessary to integrate them into a single database, or to intermediate access to the databases in a transparent way. To deal with the heterogeneity problem, it becomes necessary to align the conceptual schemas. This process is usually carried out by domain specialists, and tends to be tedious and error-prone. This dissertation presents the CatalogMatcher, a software infrastructure for catalog matching. A catalog stores data about a set of objects from a specific domain, typically classified by some sort of taxonomy or thesaurus. The CatalogMatcher contains components that implement instance-based alignment strategies.

Submitted by Fábio Visnadi Prado Soares null (fvps@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-28T12:38:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Soares, F V P - 2017 - VF - REPOSITORIO.pdf: 6006217 bytes, checksum: c8b6c04c1ed994f7a112e592011d919b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-02-28T17:41:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_fvp_me_bauru.pdf: 6006217 bytes, checksum: c8b6c04c1ed994f7a112e592011d919b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T17:41:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 soares_fvp_me_bauru.pdf: 6006217 bytes, checksum: c8b6c04c1ed994f7a112e592011d919b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O comportamento dos solos não saturados é um tema amplamente estudado, tanto por meio de ensaios de laboratório quanto de campo. Fenômenos como o colapso dos solos são relativamente bem explicados pelos modelos elastoplásticos existentes, dos quais o Modelo Básico de Barcelona é um dos mais utilizados e difundidos no meio acadêmico. Apesar dos avanços obtidos, ainda existe certa escassez de estudos que comparem o comportamento previsto por tais modelos a resultados de situações reais de engenharia. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo simular numericamente resultados de recalques devidos a carregamentos e inundação de provas de carga em placa e de protótipos de sapata construídas sobre solo natural e compactado em cava. Com os resultados buscou-se analisar a eficiência da técnica de compactação para mitigar o problema do colapso do solo. Para isso, ensaios de compressão triaxial e edométricos com sucção controlada, bem como ensaios de curva de retenção e condutividade hidráulica foram realizados para determinação dos parâmetros constitutivos hidráulicos e mecânicos do solo natural e compactado que foram utilizados no programa Code_Bright para simulação numérica dos resultados de campo. Os resultados demonstraram a capacidade do modelo em reproduzir o comportamento do solo no campo. Demonstraram também que o uso da compactação do solo que preconiza compactar em cava uma camada de espessura equivalente à largura da sapata é viável para redução da colapsibilidade, mas depende do nível das tensões atuantes nas fundações e da tolerância aos recalques. Tensões propagadas para a camada de solo natural superiores à tensão de pré-adensamento do solo natural saturado provocarão recalques por colapso quando o solo for umedecido. / The behaviour of unsaturated soils is a widely studied theme around the world, both by utilising laboratory and field tests. Phenomena like soil collapsibility are relatively well explained by the existing elastoplastic models, among which the Barcelona Basic Model is the most widely used in the academic field. Despite the recent advances, there is still a scarcity of papers that compare the behaviour predicted by constitutive models and results of real engineering problems. This research aims to numerically simulate the results of settlement due to loading and wetting of load tests built both on undisturbed and compacted soil. The results were analysed in order to study the efficacy of the soil compaction technique in mitigating soil collapse. Suction controlled triaxial compression and oedometer tests, as well as soil water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity experiments were conducted to determine the hydraulic and mechanic parameters used in the software Code_Bright to numerically simulate field results. The results highlight the capability of the model in reproducing the analysed field behaviour. They also show that the technique that involves compaction of the soil equal to the footing’s width is viable to reduce its collapsibility, but its efficacy will also depend on the tensions applied on the foundation and on the tolerable settlement values. Tensions that are propagated to the natural soil layer that are higher than its preconsolidation stress will cause collapse settlements and wetted.

Blocos sobre estacas ou blocos de coroamento são elementos estruturais usados para transferir as ações da superestrutura para um conjunto de estacas. São encontrados em infra-estruturas de pontes e edifícios. O conhecimento de seu real comportamento estrutural é de fundamental importância, pois são elementos estruturais que garantem a segurança de toda a estrutura. Ainda não há consenso pelo meio técnico quanto o seu real comportamento estrutural. O processo de cálculo usualmente empregado pelo meio técnico para a determinação das reações nas estacas é o método da superposição dos efeitos. Esse método não considera a interação do elemento estrutural com o tipo solo em que as estacas estão apoiadas, nem a altura do bloco. Com a ajuda de análise numérica feita em programa de computador baseado nos métodos dos elementos finitos (MEF) foram simulados blocos variando parâmetros como a altura do bloco e os tipos de vinculação das estacas (solo). Para que houvesse a interação da estrutura com o solo foram propostos dois tipos de solos: solo deformável e solo indeformável. Os blocos analisados foram submetidos as ações de força centrada e momentos variando as suas intensidades. Os resultados mostram que o tipo de vinculação das estacas e a variação da altura do bloco modificaram significativamente o comportamento estrutural do bloco. A situação mais crítica para o bloco foi aquela em que se consideravam as estacas apoiadas em solo do tipo indeformável, chegando-se a resultados de reações nas estacas com diferenças a mais de 200%. Foi possível perceber que mesmo com solo do tipo deformável as estacas na região central do bloco foram as mais solicitadas. E em função da análise numérica conclui-se que os resultados obtidos são de grande importância. / Piles caps are structural elements used to transfer actions of the superstructure to a group of piles. They are found in infrastructures of bridges and buildings. The knowledge of its real structural behavior presents fundamental importance, once piles caps are structural elements that guarantee the safety of all the structure. There is no consensus yet between specialists on its real structural behavior. The traditional calculation process usually used to determine piles reaction is the superposition effect method. This method does not consider the interaction of the structural element with the type of soil where piles are supported, nor the height of the cap. With the aid of numerical analysis made in computer program based on the finite elements method (FEM), caps have been simulated varying parameters as caps height and the types where piles are supported (soil). In order to have the interaction of the structure with the soil, two types of soil have been considered: compressible soil and incompressible soil. The caps analyzed were submitted the action where centered force and moments have been considered varying its intensities. The results show that the type of pile support and the variation of cap height significantly modified the structural behavior of the cap. The most critical situation for the cap was that one considering the piles supported in soil incompressible, reaching results of piles\' reactions with more than 200% of differences. The piles in the central region of the cap have been the most requested on compressible soil type. In function of the numerical analysis, we conclude that the results obtained are of great importance.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-23T11:57:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 liviafagundesneves.pdf: 905515 bytes, checksum: 72477510608354c79f0779775729268b (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Primeira letra de cada palavra chave em maiúsculo on 2016-07-02T11:33:02Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T10:19:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 liviafagundesneves.pdf: 905515 bytes, checksum: 72477510608354c79f0779775729268b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:11:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 liviafagundesneves.pdf: 905515 bytes, checksum: 72477510608354c79f0779775729268b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:11:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 liviafagundesneves.pdf: 905515 bytes, checksum: 72477510608354c79f0779775729268b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-28 / Esta dissertação apresenta um trabalho de pesquisa de cunho interacional e educacional. O objetivo foi verificar, em um contexto de sala de aula de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), os alinhamentos dos sujeitos e os delineamentos da interação. Dito de outro modo, o intuito foi analisar os momentos em que o enquadre institucional estava em destaque e os instantes em que ele se deslocava, dando lugar a um enquadramento pessoal. Em paralelo, buscou-se descrever quando os footings dos participantes se mantinham ou se mesclavam. Acreditava-se que, desvendando a dinâmica de interação daquele grupo, poderiam ser entendidos os anseios dos participantes e, dessa forma, seria possível vislumbrar estratégias de melhoria no ensino de EJA. A escolha pela modalidade decorreu da experiência de trabalho da pesquisadora e da necessidade de compreensão de uma realidade específica de aprendizagem. A metodologia de pesquisa adotada para cumprir esse objetivo foi o estudo de caso de natureza qualitativa. Foram realizadas gravações em vídeo das aulas de Língua Portuguesa da fase V (correspondente a 5ª série do Ensino Fundamental) de uma instituição Municipal de Juiz de Fora (MG). As aulas gravadas foram transcritas e, dessa forma, analisadas as transcrições e a filmagem. As bases teóricas que subsidiaram essa análise foram a Sociolinguística Interacional e a Análise da Conversação. Os conceitos utilizados do campo da Sociolínguística Interacional foram os de enquadre interacional e os de footing; já a contribuição da outra vertente refere-se aos estudos de turno de fala e de tópico conversacional. A expectativa durante a pesquisa era encontrar, nessa turma, sujeitos desinteressados que não fossem estimulados o bastante para manterem o enquadre institucional e, assim, esperava-se que a escolha por tópicos mais informais fizesse emergir, a todo o momento, o enquadre pessoal, o qual estaria sempre se sobrepondo ao institucional. Da mesma maneira, pensava-se que os footings dos participantes fossem mais dinâmicos. Mas a análise dos dados revelou que esse grupo de alunos estava mais interessado em garantir o sucesso do evento aula e contribuía para a manutenção do enquadre institucional. Eles também se mantinham nos seus alinhamentos (aluno e professor) a maior parte do tempo. O outro enquadramento também foi observado, bem como mudanças de footings, mas em menor escala. Esses casos foram também demonstrados nessa pesquisa. Ao contrário do esperado, esses estudantes de EJA estavam dispostos a estudar e a participar de uma interação institucional. Tal constatação é satisfatória no sentido de que se pode considerar que a modalidade tem grande probabilidade de ser bem sucedida e de garantir a milhares de jovens e adultos, que não estudaram enquanto crianças, a oportunidade de acesso e permanência no meio acadêmico. / This dissertation presents a research and educational interaction imprint. The objective was to verify, in the context of the classroom for Youth and Adults (EJA), the alignments of the subjects and designs of the interaction. In other words, the aim was to analyze the interaction frame in which the institution was highlighted and the moment when there is a shift, resulting in a more personal framing. In parallel, we attempted to describe when the footings of the participants were maintained and when they mingled. The choice for the EJA modality was due to the work experience of the researcher and the need for understanding this specific learning reality. It was believed that by unraveling the dynamics of interaction of the group, one could understand the desires of the participants, and thus possibly envision strategies to improve teaching in adult education. The research methodology adopted to achieve this goal was a case study of qualitative nature. Video recordings were made of Portuguese Language classes in Phase V (corresponding to the 5th grade of elementary school) of a university hall of Juiz de Fora (MG). The recorded lectures were transcribed, and transcripts and footage were analyzed. The theoretical foundations that supported this analysis were Interactional Sociolinguistics and Conversation Analysis. The concepts used in the field of interactional sociolinguistics were the interactional frame and the footing, whereas the contribution of the other part refers to studies of speech fragments and conversational topics. The expectation during the research was to find, for this class, unmotivated subjects who lacked enough encouragement to keep the institutional frame. Thus, it was expected that the choice for more informal topics would lead, at all times, to an overlap of personal frame over an institutional one. Likewise, it was thought that the footings of the participants to be more dynamic. But analysis of the data revealed that this group of students was more interested in ensuring the success of the event class and contributed to the maintenance of a institutional frame. They also remained in their alignments (student and teacher) most of the time. The other framework was also observed, as well as changes in footings, but on a smaller scale. These cases were also demonstrated in this study. Contrary to expectations, these EJA students were willing to study and participate in an institutional interaction. This finding is satisfactory in the sense that it is probable that the sport is likely to be successful and ensure thousands of young people and adults who have not studied as children, the opportunity to access and stay in the academic medium.