Med skenade bunkerkostnader och överdimensionerade motorinstallationer har allt fler handelsfartyg börjat operera under benämningen slow steaming, vilket innebär att sotbränderna har ökat i avgaspannor/ekonomiser och i en del extrema fall har branden övergått till en vätgasbrand. Arbetet utreder främst dieselmotorer som använder restoljor som bränsle och opererar med en låg motorbelastning. Syftet med undersökningen var att se vad som leder till att oförbränt bränsle och cylinderolja ackumuleras i avgassystem samt beskriva vilka åtgärder som kan göras för att eliminera risken för att en brand uppstår i en avgaspanna alternativt en ekonomiser. Metoden som har används för undersökningen är en litteraturstudie genom datainsamling och facklitteratur inom området dieselmotorer och främst marina ångpannor. Resultaten som framkommit av undersökningen visar på svårigheten att köra en dieselmotor på ett lägre effektuttag då hela fartyget ofta är konstruerat för en drift med tjockolja där motorn belastas på ca 80% av sin effekt. Några av de slutsatser ur studien visar på att även när en felfri motor ej uppnått drifttemperatur sker en ofullständig förbränning av bränsle och smörjolja på grund av den låga temperaturen i förbränningsrummet. Detta kan medföra operativa risker genom att oförbränt bränsle och cylinderolja ackumuleras i avgassystem som blöta och sotiga beläggningar. Slutsatserna som kan dras utifrån de olika sotningsmetoder vilka har jämförts i resultatet har vattentvättning, ångsotning och rengöringsmedel med katalytisk verkan fungerat bäst på de flesta beläggningar. / With escalating bunker costs and oversized engine installations an increasing number of vessels have started to operate in a mode known as slow steaming. This means that the soot fires in exhaust gas boilers/economizers have increased and in some extreme cases led to hydrogen fires. This thesis focus on how diesel engines use residual fuels and operate with a low engine load. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether incomplete combustion caused by a low combustion temperature leads to the accumulation of unburned fuel and cylinder oil in the exhaust gas system and to describe which precautions eliminate the risk of a fire in the exhaust gas boiler or exhaust gas economizer. A literature review has been conducted and data has been collected in the field of diesel engine with priority given to marine steam boilers. The result of the study shows how difficult (problematic) it is to run a diesel engine at a lower power output, since the vessel often is designed for a heavy fuel oil operation when the engine load approximately 80 % output.                      Conclusions from the study show that even when a faultless engine has not reached operating temperature, incomplete combustion of fuel and lubricating oil occurs due to the low temperature in the combustion chamber. This can entail operational risks by accumulating unburned fuel and cylinder oil in exhaust systems such as wet and sticky carbon deposit. The result shows that water washing, steam cleaning and catalytic cleaning are the most efficient cleaning methods for most deposits in exhaust gas boilers and economizers.

No description available.

Demand for liquid fuels (i.e., petroleum products) has burdened the U.S. with major challenges, including national security and economic concerns stemming from rising petroleum imports; impacts of global climate change from rising emissions of CO2; and continued public health concerns from criteria and hazardous (i.e., toxic) air pollutants. Over the last decade or so, biofuels have been touted as a supply-side solution to several of these problems. Biofuels can be produced from domestic biomass feedstocks (e.g., corn, soybeans), they have the potential to reduce GHG emissions when compared to petroleum products on a lifecycle basis, and some biofuels have been shown to reduce criteria air pollutants. Today, there are numerous policy incentives—existing and proposed—aimed at supporting the biofuels industry in the U.S. However, the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program stands as perhaps the most significant mandate imposed to date to promote the use of biofuels. Overall, the RFS stands as the key driver in a transition to biofuels in the near term. By mandating annual consumption of biofuels, increasing to 36 bgy by 2022, the program has the potential to significantly alter the state of the U.S. liquid fuels sector. Fuel transitions in the transportation sector are the focus of this thesis. More specifically, the increasing consumption of biofuels in the transportation sector, as mandated by the RFS, is examined. With a well-developed, efficient, and expensive, petroleum-based infrastructure in place, many barriers must be overcome for biofuels to play a significant role in the transportation sector. Identifying and understanding the barriers to a biofuels transition is the objective of this thesis. Although fuel transitions may seem daunting and unfamiliar, the U.S. transportation sector has undergone numerous transitions in the past. Chapter 2 reviews major fuel transitions that have occurred in the U.S. liquid fuels sector over the last half century, including the phasing out of lead additives in gasoline, the transition from MTBE to ethanol as the predominant oxygenate additive in gasoline, and the recent introduction of ULSD. These historical transitions represent the uncertainty and diversity of fuel transition pathways, and illustrate the range of impacts that can occur across the fuel supply chain infrastructure. Many pertinent lessons can be derived from these historical transitions and used to identify and assess barriers facing the adoption of alternative fuels (i.e., biofuels) and to understand how such a transition might unfold. Computer models can also help to explore the implications of fuel transitions. In order to better understand the barriers associated with fuel transitions, and to identify options for overcoming these barriers, many recent research efforts have used sophisticated modeling techniques to analyze energy transitions. Chapter 3 reviews a number of these recent modeling efforts with a focus on understanding how these methodologies have been applied, or may be adapted, to analyzing a transition to biofuels. Four general categories of models are reviewed: system dynamics, complex adaptive systems, infrastructure optimization, and economic models. In chapter 4, scenarios created from a high-level model of the liquid fuels sector (the Liquid Fuels Transition model) are presented to explore potential pathways and barriers to a biofuels transition. The scenarios illustrate different pathways to meeting the requirements of the RFS mandate, and differ based on the overall demand of liquid fuels, how the biofuels mandate is met (i.e., the mix of biofuels), and the status of the ethanol blend limit in the motor gasoline sector. The scenarios are used to evaluate the infrastructure implications associated with a biofuels transition, and illustrate the uncertainty that exists in assessing such a transition. / text

This thesis attempts to describe the role of the British Admiralty&rsquo / s oil related naval policies from 1909 to 1914 in the formation of British oil diplomacy in the northern hinterlands of the Persian Gulf. On the basis of this attempt, it examines the precise beginning of oil security concerns of Britain and its articulation on the southwest Persian and Mesopotamian oil basins in light of the transition of the Royal Navy from coal to oil burning internal combustion engines. It delineates the interconnectedness of the issues relating to the significance of oil in British naval developments and naval supremacy and her clash of interests with the other Great Naval Powers, which had significant interest in oil rich Mesopotamia and southern Persia. By 1914, the Admiralty, through its exceptional relations with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the hinterlands of the Persian Gulf became an important actor in the government&rsquo / s involvement in the oil industry. This thesis, suggests that the Admiralty was the political demand channel in the processes of British imperial expansion under the spread of new imperialism in general, and in the consolidation of fuel oil security in particular. The study will be a contribution to the academic literature on the history of naval powers in Turkey.

The problems of rape seed methyl ester (RME) production process by-products utilization were analyzed, statistical data for the capacities of biodiesel production and by-products generation were presented, the prospects of biodiesel production expansion, properties and environmental impact, main production technologies, Lithuanian and foreign countries experience were described, the main aims and tasks of work were defined. The investigation of glycerol – major by-product of RME production process – utilization was accomplished. One of the new possible utilization methods was researched, when combusting glycerol with highly sulphurous (~ 2.0 %) heavy fuel oil to reduce SO2 emissions, which limit value in the flue gas can not exceed 1700 mg/Nm3 (according to EU Directive 1999/32EC and LAND 43-2001 „Norms for the exhaust of pollutants from large fuel burning equipment“). The heavy fuel oil – glycerol emulsion was prepared in the pilot plant operating in the laboratory conditions, the most optimal ratio (1:1) for heavy fuel oil emulsification was estimated, the dispersivity investigation of heavy fuel oil - glycerol emulsion samples was performed. The experimental heavy fuel oil and obtained emulsion combustion investigations were carried out in VGTU Institute of Thermal Insulation pilot plant and in the thermal oxidation boiler „UMISA-CR/11,9 (13)“ at JCS „Rietavo veterinarinė sanitarija“. The CO, NOx, SO2 and particulate matter concentration values for heavy fuel oil and... [to full text] / Baigiamajame darbe išnagrinėtos rapso aliejaus metilo esterio (RME) gamybos proceso šalutinių produktų utilizacijos problemos, pateikti statistiniai duomenys apie biodyzelino gamybos bei susidarančių šalutinių produktų apimtis, aprašytos biodyzelino gamybos plėtros perspektyvos, savybės bei poveikis aplinkai, pagrindinės gamybos technologijos, Lietuvos bei užsienio šalių patirtis šioje srityje, apibrėžti pagrindiniai darbo tikslai ir uždaviniai. Atliktas RME gamybos proceso pagrindinio šalutinio produkto – glicerolio – utilizacijos tyrimas. Išanalizuotas vienas iš naujų galimų utilizavimo būdų - deginti glicerolį kartu su sieringu (~ 2,0 %) mazutu, siekiant sumažinti SO2 emisijas, kurių nustatyta ribinė vertė dūmuose negali būti didesnė kaip 1700 mg/Nm3 (pagal ES Direktyvą 1999/32EC ir LAND 43-2001 „Išmetamų teršalų ir didelių kurą deginančių įrenginių normos“). Laboratorinėmis sąlygomis stendiniame įrenginyje paruošta mazuto-glicerolio emulsija, nustatytas optimaliausias mazuto emulgavimo gliceroliu santykis (1:1), atlikti mazuto emulsijos bandinių homogeniškumo tyrimai. Eksperimentiniai mazuto bei gautų emulsijų deginimo bandymai buvo atlikti VGTU Termoizoliacijos instituto eksperimentiniame stende bei UAB „Rietavo veterinarinė sanitarija“ termooksidaciniame katile „UMISA-CR/11,9 (13)“. Išmatuotos mazuto ir mazuto-glicerolio emulsijos CO, NOx, SO2 ir kietųjų dalelių emisijos bei palygintos su jų didžiausiomis leistinoms vertėmis. Remiantis gautais rezultatais pateiktos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

[pt] O conhecimento da concentração dos elementos traço em óleo lubrificante usado é útil para a avaliação de desgastes de componentes específicos de motores.Em óleo combustível, este monitoramento permite avaliar a qualidade do combustível e prever o potencial das emissões de metais no meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) para a determinação de elementos refratários em amostras de óleo. Desenvolveram-se metodologias para introdução dessas amostras orgânicas no ICP na forma de emulsões (com detergente e sem detergente). Diversos sistemas de nebulização de amostra foram testados, constatando flagrante vantagem do nebulizador do tipo Meinhard K3 acoplado a uma câmara de nebulização ciclônica. A deposição de carbono na extremidade superior do injetor e o sinal de fundo foram minimizados através da cuidadosa otimização da proporção das vazões de argônio e oxigênio no plasma. A otimização dos parâmetros experimentais e instrumentais permitiu a quantificação com curvas de calibração preparadas com padrões inorgânicos dos analitos em meio aquoso. Um padrão interno (Sc) foi usado para correção de efeitos da matriz de óleo lubrificante. Para as emulsões com Triton X-100, limites de detecção (LD- 3ó/m) na ordem de ng g-1 foram calculados para os elementos Ni, Mo, Cr, V e Ti. A metodologia foi validada com materiais de referência certificados do NIST (SRM 1084a, 1085a, 1085b e 1634b) e amostras de óleo diesel enriquecidas com os analitos. Recuperações entre 90 e 107 por cento foram obtidas. O desempenho analítico do método, em termos de parâmetros de mérito, foi comparável ao de metodologias de ICP OES já estabelecidas (decomposição ácida da amostra ou diluição direta com solvente orgânico), porém constatou- se, para o método otimizado, clara vantagem em termos de praticidade. / [en] The quantification of trace elements in used lubricating oil is useful for evaluating wearing of specific components of engines. In fuel oil, such monitoring allows the evaluation of the fuel quality and its potential for metal emissions in the environment. In the present work, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was used for the determination of refractory elements in oil samples. Methodologies were developed aiming the introduction of such organic samples into the ICP as emulsions (with detergent and detergentless). Several nebulization systems were tested with clear advantage for the Meinhard K3 coupled with a cyclonic chamber. The carbon deposition on the injector tip as well as the plasma background was minimized through a careful optimization of the argon and oxygen flows into the plasma. The optimization of experimental parameters allowed quantification using the calibration curve prepared with analyte inorganic standards. An internal standard (Sc) was used for correction of matrix effects for lubricating oil samples.For emulsions prepared with Triton X-100, limits of detection (LD-3ó/m)in the ng g-1 range were calculated for Ni, Mo, Cr, V e Ti. The methodology was validated through the analysis of certified materials from NIST (SRM 1084a, 1085a e 1085b, 1634b) and with analyte spiked diesel oil. Good recoveries were achieved. The performance of the analytical method, in terms of parameters of merit, were comparable with those of established ICP OES methodologies (sample acid decomposition or sample direct dilution in an organic solvent), however, clear advantages in practical terms were found for this developed methodology.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 793841 bytes, checksum: ee6c687009a5748f89407dde55951878 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-23 / The Six Sigma has been an important management tool used in several production and services sectors in order to increase processes efficiency and provide higher profit to the corporations. This work presents a successful case of the use of this methodology in a kraft pulp mill in order to reduce the fuel oil demand in a lime kiln. The project had a goal to reduce in 6% the oil consumption in the lime kiln, i.e., reduce from an average of 167 to 157 kg/t CaO. Implementing DMAIC tool (D-define, M-measure, A-analyzing, I-improve, C-control) was possible to achieve the project goal and this achievement represented an annual financial return equivalent to approximately U$ 1,4 million. / Na busca de um aumento de eficiência, do desempenho e uma maior lucratividade das empresas, a ferramenta Seis Sigma encontra-se bastante difundida e utilizada em diversos setores de produção e serviços. Baseado em resultados encontrados, e ciente dos inúmeros benefícios que a implantação dessa ferramenta oferece, este trabalho vem demonstrar uma experiência de aplicação da metodologia Seis Sigma para a redução do consumo de óleo combustível em um forno de cal de uma empresa de polpa celulósica kraft. O projeto teve como meta reduzir em 6% o consumo de óleo, passando de uma média de consumo de 167 para 157 kg/t de CaO. Com a implantação das etapas referentes à ferramenta (D-definir; M-medir; A- analisar; I-implementar; C-controlar) foi possível alcançar a meta do projeto. O alcance da meta gerou um retorno financeiro anual equivalente a R$ 3.24 milhões.

The scope of this diploma thesis of focused on processing and calculation of the technological scheme for combi-cycle power plant with piston engine using heavy fuel oil. There are analyzed demands of piston engine for HFO and design of technological process preparation. This thesis analyzes the suitable locations, service options and alternative solution - heating plant with piston engines. Benefits of each option are assessed in the economic model, assuming power as a source of base load and providing support services. The results are intended to assess feasibility of the investment project.

Liquefied Natural Gases (LNG) has been an alternative fuel in the marine industry for several years, but lately, the amount of ships that have been powered by methane has increased a lot. Some of the reasons for this is because LNG does not contain any sulfur and releases less nitrogen oxides than traditional maritime fuels. In this essay, LNG will be compared to diesel from an environmental perspective with focus on CO2 emissions and its equivalents. International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) requirements that adjusts how much CO2 is allowed in the exhaust gas per produced kilowatt-hour (kWh). However, these requirements will increase in intervals in the future, the next one is coming 2022 for specific ship types. The method that is used to compare the fuels is Mole-calculations for LNG as well as diesel, then calculate the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its equivalents they release. The results show that under optimal conditions, LNG was the superior choice. However, the maritime industry might have a problem with the requirements that will be introduced to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050. / Flytande Naturgas (LNG) har under flera år funnits som ett alternativt bränsle inom sjöfarten, men på senare tid så har skeppen som drivs av metan ökat markant. En anledning till detta är att LNG innehåller inget svavel samt släpper ut mindre NOX jämfört med traditionella bränslen. I denna uppsats så kommer LNG att jämföras mot diesel ur ett klimatperspektiv med fokus på koldioxidutsläpp och dess ekvivalenter. International Maritime Organisation (IMO) har infört Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) krav som justerar hur mycket CO2 man får släppa ut per kilowattimme (kWh), dessa krav kommer dessutom att öka i flertalet intervaller i framtiden, varav nästa intervall redan sker i 2022 för speciella fartygstyper. Metoden som användes för att jämföra bränslena var att beräkna mol-innehållet för både LNG samt diesel, sen från den beräknade data se hur mycket koldioxid (CO2) inklusive ekvivalenter de släppte ut. Resultatet visade att under optimala förutsättningar så var LNG ett klart bättre alternativ än diesel. Däremot så kan sjöfarten ha ett problem inom framtiden från de krav som berör växthusgaser som kommer att ställas från och med 2050.

Today, assessment of the health of coastal waters is recognized as being important for both the conservation of nature and well-being of humans. Anthropogenic pollution has been the focus of extensive research for some time and a variety of programs for the monitoring and assessment of environmental pollution have been developed. Determination of the levels of pollution in sensitive ‘sentinels’ such as mussels, allows monitoring of these levels in a given area over a prolonged period of time. Furthermore, the biological effects of pollution are reflected in a series of biomarkers, none of which provides a general picture of the sentinel’s state of health and all of which are individually specific for certain pollutants and influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. In an attempt to improve biomonitoring of marine pollution, we have developed two proteomic approaches here. In the first portion of the thesis, a proteomic analysis was performed on peroxisomes isolated from mussels exposed either to one of three model anthropogenic pollutants, or two different types of crude oil, or from mussels exposed to the Prestige oil spill. Application of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) provided protein expression signatures (PES) for exposure to these different pollutants.Furthermore, several individual protein components of these PES could be putatively identified. In the second portion of this work, such analysis of subproteomes was developed further in order to improve the applicability of this approach to biomonitoring. A simple fractionation procedure in combination with liquid chromatography and 2-DE provided samples from mussels residing in different regions of a pollution gradient around the harbor of Gothenburg, as well as from mussels exposed to two types of fuel oil similar to that of the Prestige that were suitable for environmental proteomics. In addition, we constructed a model for this approach that can be cross-validated in the future and applied to assess sources of fuel oil pollution in connection with biomonitoring programs.