Orientador: Maria Rita Caetano Chang / Banca: André Celligoi / Banca: Didier Gastmans / Banca: José Luiz Albuquerque / Banca: Marcos Massoli / Acompanha CD-ROM com os anexos da obra / Resumo: A gestão dos recursos hídricos, com vistas a garantir o suprimento de água em quantidade e qualidade suficientes para atender às necessidades da sociedade, da mesma forma que as questões ambientais em geral, deve ser sempre conduzida sob um enfoque sistêmico, considerando uma grande diversidade de parâmetros. Nesse sentido, com vistas à avaliação do uso atual e potencial das águas subterrâneas do Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) no Estado de São Paulo, buscou-se levantar uma larga gama de informações sobre sua utilização e ocorrência. Assim, foram utilizados dados coletados em 1.389 poços que explotam o SAG, para os mais diversos tipos de usos, bem como informações constantes de relatórios oficiais sobre o sistema de abastecimento público nos municípios distribuídos no Estado de São Paulo. Para armazenagem, manipulação, visualização e análise de dados espaciais, utilizou-se o sistema de informações geográficas (SIG). Cerca de 65% dos poços cadastrados são utilizados para o consumo humano (público e doméstico). Em termos volumétricos, o consumo público representa 67% do total extraído, seguido pelos usos industrial, doméstico, rural e recreacional, com 21,7%, 6,1%, 2,8% e 0,6%, respectivamente. Em 2007, havia um total de 5.058.041 habitantes consumidores efetivos do SAG, que explotavam um volume anual estimado de aproximadamente 563 milhões de m3. Para a análise potencial do uso do SAG, foram simulados dois cenários. No primeiro, as projeções indicam que em 2020 os consumidores do sistema aquífero serão cerca de 5.830.011 habitantes, e sua explotação se dará a um volume aproximado de 6,4 x 108 m3/ano, ou 45% acima da reserva subterrânea ativa. No segundo cenário, simulado para as zonas ZA (zona de afloramentos) e ZC (zona de confinamento próxima à área aflorante), as projeções indicam uma população de 2.506.905 habitantes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The management of groundwater resources needs a systemic analysis of variables to succeed. In this way, the evaluation of the current and potential usages of waters from Guarani Aquifer System (SAG) in São Paulo State, was based on a large amount of data from drilling wells and official reports.. The analysis was accomplished using information collected from a survey of 1.389 wells including the different types of water usages and from municipal records of groundwater production. The geographic information system (GIS) was used for storage, manipulation, visualization and analysis of georeferenced data. About 65% of water wells is presently used for human consumption (public and domestic usages); Volumetrically, public consumption peaks to 67%, remaining 21.7%, 6.1%, 2.8% and 0.6% for industrial, domestic, rural and recreational usages, respectively. About 5058041 inhabitants directly makes use of water produced from GAS with a consumption of approximately 563 million m3 of water/year. For the analysis of the potential use of waters from GAS two scenarios were simulated. In one, the projections indicate that by 2020 consumers of the aquifer will be 5830011, and the aquifer system will be exploited to a volume of about 6.4 x 108 m3/year, or 45% above its groundwater active reserve. The other scenario was simulated for the zones ZA (outcrop zone) and ZC (confinement zone close to ZA): the results indicate a population of 2506905 that will consume a volume of 4.1 x 108 m3 by 2020 or nearly 95% of all estimated active reserve of the aquifer. / Doutor

The increasing demand of mankind by use of water quality and sufficient volume to meet their needs in their different uses, shows that water resources must be managed and preserved. A watershed is the physical unit that integrates the entire flow of water that makes up the hydrological cycle, but its use is being carried out in a disorderly way, without complying with the compliance of their characteristics and fragilities. Brazil has a very advanced legislation regarding the environment, especially related to water, and a growing awareness of the need to demarcate areas in order to safeguard the different ecosystems found in this vast territory. In Brazil, many of the areas selected to include environmental protection within its boundaries major resources stocks. However, deforestation and poor land use along these water resources may affect and jeopardize the supply and quality of water throughout their watersheds, affecting populations downstream. The purpose of this paper is to present an Integrated Information System, embodied in a Geographic Information System (GIS), which adds the elements required for management and conservation of water resources in protected areas. In the development of GIS will be used the new structure and Geographical Data Vector (EDGV) and the Geospatial Metadata Profile of Brazil (MGB), approved in 2008 by the National Cartography (Conc), aiming to standardize the structures spatial data, facilitating data sharing, interoperability and rationalization of resources among data producers and users of geospatial information. In the proposed system shows that the systematic organization into a Geographic Information System (GIS) of water resources and the various elements and factors about them impacting facilitates the analysis and subsequent management of water resources conservation units (CUs). Through these spatial analysis and comparative data were obtained as a result of the making of a final map containing an indication of inharmonious elements in the area. Indicated the best places to collect water in order to assess its quality and, eventually, we proposed a new limit for the conservation unit. The final map will serve as support for management to operate and monitor the areas according to their real possibilities and implement corrective measures and mitigation. Additionally, information based on the database associated with the GIS will enable the integration of various public and private entities that deal with specific issues, enabling interoperability and cooperation between them, as well as confirming that the use of Geotechnology is an appropriate option for the best management of the areas involved. The techniques and procedures used can be applied in the management of water resources from other areas. We used the União Biological Reserve - Rebio Union - located in the State of Rio de Janeiro, as a case study.

O presente estudo desenvolve uma metodologia que agrega os produtos do sensoriamento remoto, em especial imagens provenientes de satélites de alta resolução espacial, como é o caso do satélite IKONOS, com os recursos dos sistemas de informações geográficas - SIG, para planejamento de Engenharia de Transportes. O parâmetro considerado é a acessibilidade. As cidades brasileiras, notadamente as de grande e médio porte, a partir da segunda metade do século passado até os dias atuais, vêm passando por uma expansão urbana rápida, crescente e desordenada, devido à ausência do planejamento urbano. Em virtude disso ocorrem sérios problemas sociais e econômicos. As medidas de acessibilidade podem ser utilizadas pelo administrador público para promover um adequado planejamento urbano dos municípios, principalmente o planejamento da infraestrutura viária e dos sistemas de transporte público coletivo. O objetivo é apresentar um arcabouço metodológico que se vale dos produtos de sensoriamento remoto e análises em ambiente SIG, para a extração e obtenção dos dados necessários para a determinação do índice de acessibilidade do setor empresarial do município de Osasco, localizado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. A partir de uma classificação baseada em objetos da imagem do município adquirida pelo sensor multiespectral do satélite IKONOS II, extraiu-se informações pertinentes quanto à localização das atividades comerciais e industriais do município, bem como sua posição em relação ao sistema viário da cidade. Os dados são convertidos e manipulados em um ambiente SIG. Após essa manipulação a medida de acessibilidade referente aos estabelecimentos comerciais e industriais de Osasco pode ser determinada. Tem-se, portanto, o índice de acessibilidade da atividade comercial e industrial do município. Índice esse, útil, por exemplo, para futuros investimentos e empreendimentos nesse setor para o município. A proposição desta metodologia se justifica, pois a detecção remota dos dados diminui o custo e o tempo despendidos em pesquisas de campo e atualizações de dados cadastrais. Desta forma, ela é uma alternativa interessante e bastante conveniente para localidades que não possuam dados em cadastro ou estes estão desatualizados. A validação desse método se verifica com o cálculo dessa mesma acessibilidade pelo método convencional, ou seja, com os dados do cadastro da Prefeitura do Município de Osasco, partindo da hipótese de que esses dados são corretos e confiáveis. Ao se comparar essas duas acessibilidades pode-se concluir sobre a aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta. Ao final, é possível verificar que a metodologia proposta pode ser aplicada, e é uma alternativa viável para localidades que não possuam dados cadastrais passíveis de serem usados para a determinação do índice de acessibilidade. / Considering the continuous urban growth, the lack of urban planning produces serious consequences whatever the subject. The accelerated and disordered urban sprawl faced by Brazilian cities since the 1950\'s has levered serious social and economic problems. In this context, the accessibility measures can be used as one of the several indicators to promote urban planning, mainly the highway network infrastructure and the public transportation system planning. This paper addresses a methodology for getting an accessibility index based on Remote Sensing and GIS technologies. Thus, objects of interest are detected from high resolution satellite images and then computed using GIS tools in order to refine the contextual classification process. Moreover, based on these objects as well as those based on the existing transportation road system, an accessibility index map is generated. Metrics of accessibility have been employed to validate the effective use of the proposed methodology for transportation planning. The accessibility measures are described and analyzed through a case of study in the city of Osasco, in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. The proposed methodology consists in using the IKONOS II images to extract all the information needed to estimate accessibility. In order to do this, the first step is to do an object-based classification of the IKONOS II images. The goal of this classification is to find the commercials and industrial establishments located in the study area, and to extract the highway network of the city. These spatial data are analyzed within a GIS environment and an accessibility index is calculated using the parameters mined from the satellite images. This index is called Commercial and Industrial (C&I) accessibility, and it can be compared with C&I accessibility of other localities. The use of this methodology can be justified based on the fact that there are places with no recorded data or with outdated recorded data (highway network or C&I establishments). In this case, Remote Sensing Technologies can provide support for estimating the accessibility map index. Moreover, Remote Sensing can offer a significant reduction in cost and time for getting the database. The validation of this method is done by calculating the C&I accessibility index of the same study area through recorded data available in the Osasco municipality. These two accessibility index are compared, so it is possible to conclude about the efficiency of the proposed methodology. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be applied and it leads to satisfactory results.

A presente dissertação traz a questão da aderência de viagens de veículos em monitoramentos inteligentes com sistemas Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) que operam em rotas rodoviárias. Uma viagem é considerada como uma série de \"passadas\", que correspondem ao tempo em que o veículo está em movimento, mas excluindo os tempos gastos em paradas para atividades como carregamento/descarregamento entre outras. A partir de dados históricos coletados via Global Positioning System (GPS) pelo sistema AVL, uma metodologia de filtragem e aplicações estatísticas para geração das passadas é apresentada. Além disso, são propostos métodos para geração de padrões de viagem de referência, baseados em tempos de viagem e velocidades, desvios padrões, locais de descontinuidades entre outros parâmetros. A geração desses padrões em conjunto com procedimentos operacionais permite o monitoramento eficiente do progresso de viagens de frotas de veículos, para finalidades logísticas e de segurança. O progresso de um veículo ao longo de uma rota é analisado diante dos padrões de viagem de referência obtidos a partir de suas viagens prévias, de veículos similares na mesma rota ou de viagens em rotas de mesma classe, dependendo do que for mais adequado. A geração de padrões é um processo dinâmico que gera conhecimento sobre o veículo e comportamento da rodovia ao longo do tempo. Desenho do processo de monitoramento do progresso de viagem é apresentado, no qual, a cada nova coleta de dado GPS ou a cada instante solicitado pelo usuário, a aderência é medida, eventuais descontinuidades (saídas da rota, paradas ou mudança de sentido) são identificadas e avisos são gerados. Tal aderência é definida por índice de desempenho que considera os desvios de tempo em relação a valores de referência e respectivas tolerâncias. Para experimentação da metodologia, foi realizada simulação de viagem na rodovia BR116 na ligação São Paulo - Rio de Janeiro, sobre base com cerca de 130.000 registros de dados GPS associados. Com integração em Geographic Information System (GIS) para suporte de funcionalidades, foram gerados os padrões de viagem e simulado o processo de monitoramento com sucesso. / This dissertation addresses the question of vehicle travel adherence in intelligent monitoring with Automatic Transportation Location (AVL) operating in a regional environment. A trip is considered as series of runs, corresponding to time in movement but excluding time spent on activities such as loading/unloading and others. Based on historic data collected from AVL/GPS a statistical data filtering method to generate the runs is presented. Furthermore, statistical methods are proposed to generate travel patterns based on travel time, speed, standard deviation and other parameters. The pattern generation together with operational procedures allows effective monitoring of large fleets in logistics and safety. The progress of a vehicle along a route is evaluated face to the statistical patterns of its previous successful trips or against statistical patterns of similar vehicles on the same route, whichever appropriate. The generation of patterns is a dynamic continuous process that generates knowledge on vehicle and road behavior along time. A broad outline of the travel monitoring process is presented. Whenever the requested by user, the process calculates the travel adherence, identifies abnormalities and generates alarms. That adherence is defined by a performance index, which considers the travel time deviations from the reference values and the respective tolerances. Successful experimentation was carried out on the Rio de Janeiro - São Paulo motorway, with 130.000 Global Positioning System (GPS) positional data relayed from trucks to a Geographic Information System (GIS) based monitoring system in Brazil.

Indicadores são ferramentas capazes de simplificar informações sobre fenômenos complexos e melhorar, com isso, o processo de comunicação. Também permitem o resumo de grande quantidade de informações relacionadas a um aspecto, auxiliando no diagnóstico e prognóstico ambiental. Alguns cuidados devem ser tomados na seleção e construção dos indicadores para que as medidas utilizadas sejam adequadas, pois influenciam a tomada de decisão. Indicadores inconsistentes fornecem informações imprecisas e enganosas sobre o que está sendo medido. Um dos propósitos desta ferramenta é auxiliar na implementação de mecanismos de proteção, recuperação e uso racional de recursos hídricos. As bacias hidrográficas têm sido usadas como uma das principais unidades de planejamento e gestão integrada por permitirem a visualização da dinâmica dos vários elementos dos meios físico e agentes naturais atrelados à ação humana. Além disso, são áreas expostas a impactos ambientais provenientes da urbanização, exploração intensa de recursos, uso e ocupação inadequados e emissão de efluentes nos cursos d\'água. Por esses motivos, o presente estudo visou abordar o uso de indicadores ambientais para o diagnóstico do potencial de degradação por erosão nas bacias hidrográficas do município de São Carlos – SP como suporte à gestão dos recursos hídricos municipais, possibilitando o melhor aproveitamento destas áreas com menor impacto ambiental possível. O modelo Pressão-Estado-Resposta (PER) foi escolhido para orientar a coleta, organizar as informações e ajudar na interpretação e comunicação dos resultados por ser um dos mais utilizado para divulgar estatísticas e indicadores ambientais. A análise de Agrupamentos e a Matriz de Vulnerabilidade foram os métodos empregados para integrar os indicadores e disponibilizar as informações às partes interessadas como suporte à tomada de decisão. Utilizou-se o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) ArcGIS® como ferramenta computacional básica para ponderar e agregar os indicadores por meio dos métodos escolhidos e, posteriormente, gerar os mapas analíticos. A partir da análise de agrupamentos as bacias foram divididas em cinco grupos de acordo com a semelhança entre elas, evidenciando a diversidade de cenários relacionados à erosão no município de São Carlos. Já a matriz de vulnerabilidade categorizou as bacias em cinco classes de potencial de degradação por erosão que apontou o menor potencial nas bacias das Gabirobas e Mogi-Guaçu e o maior na bacia do Monjolinho. A diferença entre estes métodos consiste no modo de sintetizar a informação, porém, ambos convergem para auxiliar na elaboração de estratégias de gestão. / Indicators are tools that simplify information about complex phenomena and improve, therefore, the process of communication. They also allow to summary a lot of information related to one aspect, assisting in the environmental diagnosis and prognosis. Care should be taken in the selection and construction of indicators, as they influence the decisionmaking and therefore it is important that the measures used are appropriate. Inconsistent indicators provide inaccurate and misleading information about what is measured. A purpose of this tool is to assist in the implementation of water resources protection mechanisms, recovery and rational use. Watersheds are been used as major planning and integrated management units for allowing the visualization of the dynamics of the various physical elements and natural agents wattled to human action. In addition, these areas are exposed to environmental impacts from urbanization and intensive resource exploitation, inadequate use and occupation and effluents emissions into waterways. For these reasons, this study aimed to address the use of environmental indicators to diagnosis the erosion\'s degradation potencial in São Carlos\' (SP) river basins to support the local water resources management, enabling better use of these areas with less possible environmental impact. The Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model was chosen to guide the information collection and organization and help in the interpretation and communication of the results because it is one of the most used metodology to disseminate statistics and environmental indicators. The Cluster Analysis and Vulnerability Matrix were the methods employed to integrate the indicators and provide information for stakeholders to support decision making. The Geographic Information System (GIS) ArcGIS® was used as computational tool to weight and aggregate indicators through the chosen methods and subsequently generate analytical maps. From the cluster analysis the basins were divided into five groups according to the similarity between them, showing the diversity of scenarios related to erosion in São Carlos. The vulnerability matrix categorized the basins in five erosion degradation potencial classes that pointed out the basins of Gabirobas and Mogi-Guaçu as less potential and Monjolinho as higher. The difference between these two methods is the way to synthesize information, but both converge to assist in decision making and management strategies development.

O crescente desenvolvimento de aplicações utilizadas por dispositivos móveis que fazem uso das tecnologias de posicionamento via satélite e comunicação móvel, juntamente com a popularização destes dispositivos, sejam eles celulares ou GPSs (Global Positioning System) automotivos reforçam ainda mais a necessidade de representação e o entendimento a cerca das entidades móveis retratadas nestes dispositivos e incentivam estudos que forneçam um significado maior do que a simples representação posicional destas entidades. Considera-se neste trabalho, que estas entidades móveis são veículos rastreados via satélite que fornecem sua posição espacial, determinada por um par de coordenadas geográficas (latitude e longitude), coletadas em intervalos de tempo regulares para sistemas AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location) que são responsáveis pelo monitoramento do estado destes veículos. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas funções para a previsão da localização e geração de padrões dos veículos monitorados por sistemas AVL. Para tanto, as paradas efetuadas pelos veículos irão definir regiões comuns de parada ocorridas durante um intervalo de tempo passado e serão consideradas como um padrão de localização, enquanto que as trajetórias serão utilizadas para definir o padrão de movimentação. Os relacionamentos topológicos que estes padrões possuem irão definir por meio de condições espaciais/direcionais e temporais quais serão as regiões de paradas consideradas como prováveis destinos, a partir de outra região de parada, considerada como origem e, permitirão a geração de matrizes com valores de frequências relativas que consideram o número de visitas que uma região recebe a partir da outra. O que possibilita extrair valores de probabilidade condicional para cada destino provável. Portanto, a metodologia proposta e as funções desenvolvidas que foram validadas em experimentos, que utilizaram dados reais de rastreamento, fornecem uma camada inicial de inteligência aos sistemas AVL, que proporciona aos controladores destes sistemas utilizarem consultas preditivas, identificarem mais facilmente anomalias de comportamento, que possam evidenciar alguma ocorrência incomum na movimentação do veículo, além de aumentar a segurança dos veículos que possuem um dispositivo de rastreamento por meio da definição de padrões inerentes ao veículo. / The increasing development of applications used by mobile devices that make use of the technologies of satellite positioning and mobile communications, along with the popularity of these devices, whether cell phones or GPS\'s (Global Positioning System) automotive further reinforce the need for representation and understanding about the mobile entities represent in these devices and encourage studies that provide a greater meaning than the simple positional representation of these entities. It is considered in this work that these entities are tracked vehicles that provide satellite spatial position, determined by a pair of coordinates (latitude and longitude), collected at regular time intervals for systems AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location) that are responsible for monitoring the state of these vehicles. In this work, functions have been developed to predict the location and pattern generation of vehicles monitored by AVL systems. Accordingly, these stops will define common regions of the stop occurred during a period of time past and will be considered as the pattern location, while the trajectories are used to define the pattern of movement of the vehicle. The topological relationships that have these patterns define conditions through spatial/directional and temporal, which are stops regions considered as probable destinations from another stop region, regarded as origin and allow the generation of matrices with values of frequencies on considering the number of visits that region receives from the other. What makes it possible to extract values of conditional probability for each likely destination. Therefore, the proposed methodology and functions developed that been validated in experiments using real data to tracking provide a initial layer of intelligence to the AVL system that gives drivers of these systems use predictive queries, more easily identify behavioral abnormalities that may show some unusual occurrence in moving the vehicle, in addition to increasing the safety of vehicles which have a tracking device by setting patterns relating to the vehicle.

A growing number of scientists are investigating applications of landscape ecology principles to marine studies, yet few coral reef scientists have examined spatial patterns across entire reefscapes with a holistic ecosystem-based view. This study was an effort to better understand reefscape ecology by quantitatively assessing spatial structures and habitat arrangements using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). Quantifying recurring patterns in reef systems has implications for improving the efficiency of mapping efforts and lowering costs associated with collecting field data and acquiring satellite imagery. If a representative example of a reef is mapped with high accuracy, the data derived from habitat configurations could be extrapolated over a larger region to aid management decisions and focus conservation efforts. The aim of this project was to measure repeating spatial patterns at multiple scales (10s m2 to 10s km2) and to explain the environmental mechanisms which have formed the observed patterns. Because power laws have been recognized in size-frequency distributions of reef habitat patches, this study further investigated whether the property exists for expansive reefs with diverse geologic histories. Intra- and inter-reef patch relationships were studied at three sites: Andavadoaka (Madagascar), Vieques (Puerto Rico), and Saipan (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). In situ ecological information, including benthic species composition and abundance, as well as substrate type, was collected with georeferenced video transects. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) surveys were assembled into digital elevation models (DEMs), while vessel-based acoustic surveys were utilized to empirically tune bathymetry models where LiDAR data were unavailable. A GIS for each site was compiled by overlying groundtruth data, classifications, DEMs, and satellite images. Benthic cover classes were then digitized and analyzed based on a suite of metrics (e.g. patch complexity, principle axes ratio, and neighborhood transitions). Results from metric analyses were extremely comparable between sites suggesting that spatial prediction of habitat arrangements is very plausible. Further implications discussed include developing an automated habitat mapping technique and improving conservation planning and delimitation of marine protected areas.

Cette thèse porte sur le développement facilité d'applications de cartographie et de transport, plus particulièrement sur la génération de réseaux piétonniers pour des applications telles que la navigation, le calcul d'itinéraires, l'analyse d'accessibilité et l'urbanisme. Afin d'atteindre ce but, nous proposons un modèle de données à deux couches qui cartographie l'espace public dans une hiérarchie d'objets géospatiaux sémantisés. A bas niveau, la géométrie 2D des objets géospatiaux est représentée par une partition planaire, modélisée par une structure topologique d'arrangement 2D. Cette représentation permet des traitements géométriques efficaces et efficients, ainsi qu'une maintenance et une validation aisée au fur et à mesure des éditions lorsque la géométrie ou la topologie d'un objet sont modifiées. A haut niveau, les aspects sémantiques et thématiques des objets géospatiaux sont modélisés et gérés. La hiérarchie entre ces objets est maintenue à travers un graphe dirigé acyclique dans lequel les feuilles correspondent à des primitives géométriques de l'arrangement 2D et les noeuds de plus haut niveau représentent les objets géospatiaux sémantiques plus ou moins aggrégés. Nous avons intégré le modèle de données proposé dans un framework SIG nommé StreetMaker en complément d'un ensemble d'algorithmes génériques et de capacités SIG basiques. Ce framework est alors assez riche pour générer automatiquement des graphes de réseau piétonnier. En effet, dans le cadre d'un projet d'analyse d'accessibilité, le flux de traitement proposé a permis de produire avec succès sur deux sites un graphe de réseau piétonnier à partir de données en entrées variées : des cartes vectorielles existantes, des données vectorielles créées semi-automatiquement et des objets vectoriels extraits d'un nuage de points lidar issu d'une acquisition de cartographie mobile.Alors que la modélisation 2D de la surface du sol est suffisante pour les applications SIG 2D, les applications SIG 3D nécessitent des modèles 3D de l'environnement. La modélisation 3D est un sujet très large mais, dans un premier pas vers cette modélisation 3D, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la modélisation semi-automatique d'objets de type cylindre généralisé (tels que les poteaux, les lampadaires, les troncs d'arbre, etc) à partir d'une seule image. Les méthodes et techniques développées sont présentées et discutées / This thesis addresses easy and effective development of mapping and transportation applications which especially focuses on the generation of pedestrian networks for applications like navigation, itinerary calculation, accessibility analysis and urban planning. In order to achieve this goal, we proposed a two layered data model which encodes the public space into a hierarchy of semantic geospatial objects. At the lower level, the 2D geometry of the geospatial objects are captured using a planar partition which is represented as a topological 2D arrangement. This representation of a planar partition allows efficient and effective geometry processing and easy maintenance and validation throughout the editions when the geometry or topology of an object is modified. At the upper layer, the semantic and thematic aspects of geospatial objects are modelled and managed. The hierarchy between these objects is maintained using a directed acyclic graph (DAG) in which the leaf nodes correspond to the geometric primitives of the 2D arrangement and the higher level nodes represent the aggregated semantic geospatial objects at different levels. We integrated the proposed data model into our GIS framework called StreetMaker together with a set of generic algorithms and basic GIS capabilities. This framework is then rich enough to generate pedestrian network graphs automatically. In fact, within an accessibility analysis project, the full proposed pipeline was successfully used on two sites to produce pedestrian network graphs from various types of input data: existing GIS vector maps, semi-automatically created vector data and vector objects extracted from Mobile Mapping lidar point clouds.While modelling 2D ground surfaces may be sufficient for 2D GIS applications, 3D GIS applications require 3D models of the environment. 3D modelling is a very broad topic but as a first step to such 3D models, we focused on the semi-automatic modelling of objects which can be modelled or approximated by generalized cylinders (such as poles, lampposts, tree trunks, etc.) from single images. The developed methods and techniques are presented and discussed

This master thesis focuses on the development of the GIS in the Jinačovice municipality, particularly on the land use. The core data used for the research has been gathered by aerial photography since 1950. Other data sources include other types of maps, especially Cadastral map, ZABAGED data and statistical data. An analysis of the Land use has been carried out as well as additional analyses of the area. The research has been conducted specifically for the Jinačovice municipality.

In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird gezeigt, dass es möglich ist mittels öffentlich zugänglicher Daten der Landesämter Paläooberflächen im Zentrum einer Großstadt zu modellieren. Auf der Suche nach dem anthropogen unbeeinflussten Georelief des heutigen Stadtgebietes Leipzigs ist nicht nur die Rekonstruktion ursprünglicher, natürlicher Gegeben-heiten das Ziel, sondern auch die Auseinandersetzung damit, wie der Mensch seine Umwelt in diesem Gebiet bis heute formte und strukturierte. Die Thematik vereint verschiedene geographische Disziplinen, wie z. B. Geomorphologie, Geoarchäologie und Geoinformatik, indem das verbindende Element der Untersuchungsraum in der Innenstadt von Leipzig ist. Zur Rekonstruktion der Erdoberfläche als Digitales Geländemodell (DGM) vor etwa 1.000 Jahren (DGM 1015) und 11.000 Jahren (DGM BASIS) sind hauptsächlich Daten des Sächsischen Landesamtes für Archäologie und des Sächsischen Landesamtes für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie ausgewertet worden. Um die heterogenen Ausgangsdaten mit Hilfe von Leitprofilen verarbeiten zu können, erfolgt vorab das Aufstellen von Arbeitshypothesen. Alle Daten sind so aufbereitet, dass sie in einer Gesamtdatenbank zusammengefasst dargestellt und in einem Geographischen Informationssystem (GIS) auswertbar sind. Ausgehend von der Gesamtdatenbank fand auf Grundlage der Arbeitshypothesen die Generierung von Teildatenbanken statt. Demnach entspricht der Aufschlussansatzpunkt dem rezenten Relief (DGM HEUTE) und die erste anthropogen unbeeinflusste Sedimentschicht bzw. die Schicht mit den ältesten Siedlungsspuren dem Paläorelief vor ca. 1.000 Jahren (DGM 1015ROH bzw. DGM 1015). Des Weiteren präsentiert die Basis der holozänen Sedimente das Paläorelief vor ca. 11.000 Jahren (DGM BASIS). Basierend auf den Modellen DGM 1015ROH und DGM HEUTE findet eine Evaluierung der Datengrundlagen und der Methodik statt. Dafür erfolgt eine Gegenüberstellung des DGM HEUTE mit dem auf LiDAR-Daten basierendem DGM 2 des Staatsbetriebes Geobasisinformation und Vermessung Sachsen. Denn es besteht in der vorliegenden Dissertation die Annahme, dass es möglich ist, ein DGM 1015 bzw. DGM BASIS zu erstellen, wenn es gelingt mit denselben Daten das DGM 2 annähernd zu reproduzieren. Nach der »Observed vs. Predicted Analyse« besteht offensichtlich ein von der Datenherkunft unabhängiger, signifikanter, monotoner Zusammenhang, zwischen dem DGM HEUTE und dem DGM 2, welcher nicht zufällig ist. Folglich ist es möglich, mit den Daten und der Methodik auch ein DGM 1015 bzw. DGM BASIS zu erstellen. Weiterhin konnte mit Hilfe von multivariater Statistik nachgewiesen werden, dass die Heterogenität der Datengrundlagen in Bezug auf das Jahr der Datenerhebung und die Art der Koordinatenbestimmung (xi, yi, zi) einen vernachlässigbaren Einfluss auf die Abweichung zwischen dem DGM HEUTE und dem DGM 2 im Testdatensatz haben. Nachdem die Datengrundlagen evaluiert und teilweise u. a. mit Hilfe der Leitprofile, historischen Aufnahmen und dem DGM 2 an umgebende Profile angepasst wurden, findet die Extraktion der finalen Teildatenbanken DGM 1015 und DGM BASIS aus dem Gesamtdatensatz statt. Der Vorteil dieses für Leipzig entwickelten Untersuchungsdesigns liegt darin, dass durch den Vergleich zwischen dem DGM HEUTE und dem DGM 2 eine Evaluierung der Datengrundlagen messbar wird und nicht ausschließlich auf qualitative Kriterien zurückzuführen ist. Es wird somit auch quantitativ bewiesen, dass diese Methodik zur Paläoreliefmodellierung für die Innenstadt von Leipzig sehr gut angewendet werden kann. Prinzipiell ist es nicht möglich abschließend eine Realität der interpolierten Paläooberflächen zu präsentieren, sondern es können lediglich verschiedene Realitäten und deren Wahrscheinlichkeiten vorgestellt werden. Neben geostatistischen Methoden kommen auch deterministische Interpolationsverfahren zum Einsatz. Zur Quantifizierung der Ergebnisse erfolgt u. a. eine Kreuzvalidierung, auf deren Grundlage die Auswahl der finalen Interpolationsdarstellungen stattfindet. Das DGM BASIS und DGM 1015 stellen die Ausgangssituation der Reliefverhältnisse bei der Siedlungsgründung Leipzigs dar. Grundsätzlich ist es mit der vorliegenden Arbeit gelungen eine neue, fundierte Perspektive zur kritischen Diskussion der Landschafts- und Siedlungsgenese im Untersuchungsgebiet bereitzustellen. Neben einer detailgetreuen Abbildung der geomorphologischen und geologischen Gegebenheiten im heutigen Zentrum Leipzigs im Jahr 1015 und zu Beginn des Holozäns, ist es möglich, den Flurabstand zwischen den DGM zu bestimmen, um Veränderungen zu quantifizieren. In diesem Kontext ist es weiterhin möglich natürliche von anthropogenen Prozessen zu trennen und diese zeitlich aufzuschlüsseln. Auf dieser Basis können detailliertere Aussagen zum Relief zwischen Weiße Elster- und Parthetal um das Jahr 1015 gemacht werden. Des Weiteren lassen die Paläomodelle Rückschlüsse auf die raumbezogenen Gunstfaktoren bei der Siedlungsplatzwahl und -gestaltung zu. Zudem existiert das Potenzial zur Entwicklung einer visuell reizvollen Grundlage, um geowissenschaftliche und geoarchäologische Sachverhalte im Bildungsbereich für die Öffentlichkeit zu nutzen. Die Thematik hat durch den Charakter einer Fallstudie zunächst einen lokalen Bezug zu Leipzig (Sachsen). Das dabei entwickelte Untersuchungsdesign eröffnet jedoch eine neue, fundierte und transparente Möglichkeit zur Paläoreliefrekonstruktion in weiteren Untersuchungsgebieten.:Bibliografische Daten I Zitat II Danksagung III Zusammenfassung IV Abstract VI Abbildungs- & Tabellenverzeichnis XII Abkürzungsverzeichnis XVIII 1. Einleitung 1 1.1 Fragestellung und Zielführung 1 1.2 Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsgebietes 3 1.3 Grundlagen 7 1.3.1 Fachliche Einordnung der Thematik 7 1.3.2 Begriffe und Definitionen 9 1.3.2.1 »Natürlich gewachsener Boden« 9 1.3.2.2 Zeitangaben 9 1.3.2.3 Digitale Erdoberflächenmodelle 12 1.3.2.4 Lage- und Höhenbezugssystem 13 1.3.2.5 Unsicherheiten und Fehler 13 1.4 Forschungsgeschichtlicher Überblick 16 1.5 Ähnliche Forschungen außerhalb Leipzigs 24 2. Stand des Wissens im Untersuchungsgebiet 26 2.1 Naturräumliche Einordnung 26 2.1.1 Klima 29 2.1.2 Geologie 31 2.1.2.1 Leitprofil der Leipziger Tieflandsbucht 31 2.1.2.2 Geologischer Aufbau des Untersuchungsgebietes 34 2.1.3 Boden 36 2.1.4 Vegetation 40 2.1.5 Gewässernetz 41 2.1.5.1 Auengenese der Weißen Elster 43 2.1.5.2 Auengenese der Parthe 47 2.1.5.3 Zusammenfluß der Weißen Elster und Parthe 49 2.2 Siedlungsgeschichtliche Einordnung 50 2.2.1 Allgemeiner Überblick 51 2.2.2 Die im Jahr 1015 erwähnte »urbs Libzi« 56 2.2.3 Die Zwillingssiedlung der »urbs Libzi« 59 2.2.4 Wasserbauliche Einschnitte im Untersuchungsgebiet 63 3. Methodik 67 3.1 Generierung der Datenbasis 71 3.1.1 Formulieren der Arbeitshypothesen 72 3.1.2 Datengrundlagen und deren Aufbereitung 75 3.1.3 Zusammenfassung: Gesamtdatenbank 77 3.2 Zwischenergebnisse »DGM 1015ROH« und »DGM HEUTE« 78 3.2.1 Generierung der Teildatenbanken 78 3.2.2 Interpolation und qualitative Auswertung der Zwischenergebnisse 78 3.2.3 Definition von Teiluntersuchungsgebieten 82 3.3 Evaluation der Methodik 82 3.3.1 Deskriptive Statistik 83 3.3.2 »Observed vs. predicted Analyse« 84 3.3.3 Multivariate Statistik 86 3.3.4 Validation der Methodik 91 3.4 Evaluation der Datengrundlagen und Generierung der finalen Teildatenbanken 92 3.4.1 Evaluation der Datengrundlagen 94 3.4.2 Finale Teildatenbanken »DGM 1015« und »DGM BASIS« 95 3.4.3 Interpolation und qualitative Auswertung der Ergebnisse 95 3.4.4 Validation der Datengrundlage 96 3.5 Geostatistische Auswertung des »DGM 1015« und »DGM BASIS« 96 3.5.1 Objektive Auswahl der Rasterzellengröße 98 3.5.2 Simulation und Analyse der Paläooberflächen 102 3.5.3 Simulation und Analyse der Fließgewässer 104 3.5.4 Evaluation der vorhergesagten Unsicherheiten 105 3.6 Abschließende Interpolation und räumliche Validierung 106 3.6.1 Weitere Interpolationsmöglichkeiten und finale Modelle 106 3.6.2 Flurabstandsberechnungen zwischen den DGM 110 3.6.3 Anstehende geologische Substrate der finalen DGM 111 4. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 114 4.1 Generierung der Datenbasis 114 4.1.1 Arbeitshypothesen 114 4.1.2 Datengrundlagen 114 4.1.2.1 Höhenfestpunkte 114 4.1.2.2 LiDAR Daten 118 4.1.2.3 Historische Archive 120 4.1.2.4 Leitprofile 123 4.1.2.5 Geologische Aufschlüsse 126 4.1.2.6 Archäologische Dokumentationen 131 4.1.3 Zusammenfassung: Gesamtdatenbank 141 4.2 Zwischenergebnisse »DGM 1015ROH« und »DGM HEUTE« 143 4.2.1 Generierung der Teildatenbanken 143 4.2.2 Interpolation und qualitative Auswertung der Zwischenergebnisse 144 4.2.3 Definition von Teiluntersuchungsgebieten 150 4.3. Evaluierung der Methodik 152 4.3.1 Deskriptive Statistik 152 4.3.2 »Observed vs. Predicted Analyse« 154 4.3.3 Multivariate Statistik 157 4.3.4 Validation der Methodik 163 4.4. Evaluierung der Datengrundlagen 166 4.4.1 Evaluation und ggf. Anpassung der Datengrundlagen 168 4.4.1.1 Geologische Aufschlüsse 168 4.4.1.2 Archäologische Dokumentationen 169 4.4.1.3 Fallbeispiel: Teiluntersuchungsgebiet Matthäikirchhof 173 4.4.2 Finale Teildatenbanken »DGM 1015« und »DGM BASIS« 176 4.4.3 Interpolation und qualitative Auswertung der Ergebnisse 179 4.4.4 Validation der Datengrundlage 182 4.5 Geostatistische Auswertung des »DGM 1015« und »DGM BASIS« 184 4.5.1 Objektive Auswahl der Rasterzellengröße 184 4.5.2 Simulation und Analyse der Paläooberflächen 186 4.5.3 Simulation und Analyse der Fließgewässer 193 4.5.4 Evaluation der vorhergesagten Unsicherheiten 197 4.6 Abschließende Interpolation und räumliche Validierung 198 4.6.1 Weitere Interpolationsmöglichkeiten und finale Modelle 199 4.6.2 Flurabstandsberechnungen zwischen den DGM 207 4.6.3 Anstehende geologische Substrate der finalen DGM 210 4.7 Landschafts- und Siedlungsgenetische Interpretation der Paläomodelle 218 5. Synthese und Ausblick 233 6. Literaturverzeichnis 248 7. Anlagen i / In search of the anthropogenically undisturbed palaeo-surface of the city of Leipzig, the main goals are the reconstruction of the specific natural conditions during the Holocene and a deduction about how the environment has been shaped and structured by humans in this area over the last 1,000 years. In the present doctoral thesis, the possibility to model palaeo-surfaces for the central part of a big city by means of publicly accessible data of the state offices is demonstrated. The topic combines various geographical disciplines with a focus on the interface between Geosciences and Archaeology (often termed Geoarchaeology). For the reconstruction of the earth's surface as a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) about 1,000 years ago (DEM 1015) and 11,000 years ago (DEM BASIS) mainly data from the Archaeological Heritage Office Saxony and the Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology have been evaluated. The qualitative data are linked by using GIS through surveying techniques. To be able to process the heterogeneous data, working hypotheses are established in advance. According to them, the elevation of the top of a geological drill or archaeological excavation represents the current surface (DEM HEUTE). In addition, the first anthropogenically undisturbed layer of a geological drill or the layer with the oldest settlement trace of an archaeological excavation represents the data basis for the DEM 1015ROH and the DEM 1015, respectively. Furthermore, the basis in transition to Holocene sediments represents the palaeo-relief approximately 11,000 years ago (DEM BASIS). All data are summarized in an overall database. Hence, the data can be analyzed in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Based on the models DEM 1015ROH and DEM HEUTE the data basis and the methodology are evaluated. For this purpose, a comparison between the DEM HEUTE and another recent DEM, which was generated with LiDAR data provided by the State Operation Geobasisinformation and Surveying Saxony (DEM 2), is conducted. Therefore, it is assumed that it is possible to create a DEM 1015 or DEM BASIS, if it is possible to reproduce approximately the DEM 2 with the same data. The Observed vs. Predicted Analysis shows, that between the DEM HEUTE and the DEM 2 a non-data-independent, significant, monotonic relationship exists, which is not random. Consequently, based on the mentioned assumption above, it is possible to use the data and methodology to create a DEM 1015 or DEM BASIS. Furthermore, the multivariate statistic for the data set demonstrated, that the heterogeneity of the data bases in relation to the year of data collection and the type of coordinate determination (xi, yi, zi) had a negligible influence on the deviation between the DEM HEUTE and the DEM 2. Nevertheless, a check and, if necessary, a correction of the original data is necessary. If there are anomalies, the correction of the original data will be adapted to the surroundings by means of representative soil profiles, historical recordings and the DEM 2. After the data basis and methodology are validated the final sub databases DEM 1015 and DEM BASIS are extracted from the overall database. By means of the developed investigation design the comparison between the DEM HEUTE and the DEM 2 can be based on a quantitative evaluation of the data basis and not exclusively to qualitative criteria. Thus, it is also proved quantitatively that the methodology to model the palaeo-surface works very well for the inner city of Leipzig. However, models represent only a limited picture of reality. In principle, there is no unique interpolation result. That´s why, it is mandatory to present different realities of the palaeo-surfaces and their probabilities. Therefore, in addition to geostatistical interpolation methods, deterministic methods are also used. To quantify the results, among other things, a cross validation is performed. On this basis the selection of the most likely interpolation for the final representation takes place. The DGM BASIS and DGM 1015 show the highest possible approximation of the palaeo-surfaces. In general, the present dissertation has succeeded in providing a new, well-founded perspective for the critical discussion of landscape and settlement genesis in the study area. In addition to a detailed mapping of the geomorphological and geological conditions in the center of Leipzig at the time of 1015 and at the beginning of the Holocene, it is possible to determine the differences between the DEMs to quantify changes. In this context, it was also possible to separate natural from anthropogenic processes and to date the changes. On that basis, more detailed statements about the relief between the river valleys of Weiße Elster and Parthe around the year 1015 can now be made. In addition, the palaeo-models allow conclusions on the space-related favorable factors in settlement site selection and design. Finally, there is the possibility to represent the palaeo-surfaces as a visually appealing basis for geoarchaeological questions in public education. Due to its´ nature of being a case study, the topic has a local connection to Leipzig (Saxony). However, the developed investigation design will open new, well-founded, transparent options for the reconstruction of palaeo-reliefs in further study areas.:Bibliografische Daten I Zitat II Danksagung III Zusammenfassung IV Abstract VI Abbildungs- & Tabellenverzeichnis XII Abkürzungsverzeichnis XVIII 1. Einleitung 1 1.1 Fragestellung und Zielführung 1 1.2 Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsgebietes 3 1.3 Grundlagen 7 1.3.1 Fachliche Einordnung der Thematik 7 1.3.2 Begriffe und Definitionen 9 1.3.2.1 »Natürlich gewachsener Boden« 9 1.3.2.2 Zeitangaben 9 1.3.2.3 Digitale Erdoberflächenmodelle 12 1.3.2.4 Lage- und Höhenbezugssystem 13 1.3.2.5 Unsicherheiten und Fehler 13 1.4 Forschungsgeschichtlicher Überblick 16 1.5 Ähnliche Forschungen außerhalb Leipzigs 24 2. Stand des Wissens im Untersuchungsgebiet 26 2.1 Naturräumliche Einordnung 26 2.1.1 Klima 29 2.1.2 Geologie 31 2.1.2.1 Leitprofil der Leipziger Tieflandsbucht 31 2.1.2.2 Geologischer Aufbau des Untersuchungsgebietes 34 2.1.3 Boden 36 2.1.4 Vegetation 40 2.1.5 Gewässernetz 41 2.1.5.1 Auengenese der Weißen Elster 43 2.1.5.2 Auengenese der Parthe 47 2.1.5.3 Zusammenfluß der Weißen Elster und Parthe 49 2.2 Siedlungsgeschichtliche Einordnung 50 2.2.1 Allgemeiner Überblick 51 2.2.2 Die im Jahr 1015 erwähnte »urbs Libzi« 56 2.2.3 Die Zwillingssiedlung der »urbs Libzi« 59 2.2.4 Wasserbauliche Einschnitte im Untersuchungsgebiet 63 3. Methodik 67 3.1 Generierung der Datenbasis 71 3.1.1 Formulieren der Arbeitshypothesen 72 3.1.2 Datengrundlagen und deren Aufbereitung 75 3.1.3 Zusammenfassung: Gesamtdatenbank 77 3.2 Zwischenergebnisse »DGM 1015ROH« und »DGM HEUTE« 78 3.2.1 Generierung der Teildatenbanken 78 3.2.2 Interpolation und qualitative Auswertung der Zwischenergebnisse 78 3.2.3 Definition von Teiluntersuchungsgebieten 82 3.3 Evaluation der Methodik 82 3.3.1 Deskriptive Statistik 83 3.3.2 »Observed vs. predicted Analyse« 84 3.3.3 Multivariate Statistik 86 3.3.4 Validation der Methodik 91 3.4 Evaluation der Datengrundlagen und Generierung der finalen Teildatenbanken 92 3.4.1 Evaluation der Datengrundlagen 94 3.4.2 Finale Teildatenbanken »DGM 1015« und »DGM BASIS« 95 3.4.3 Interpolation und qualitative Auswertung der Ergebnisse 95 3.4.4 Validation der Datengrundlage 96 3.5 Geostatistische Auswertung des »DGM 1015« und »DGM BASIS« 96 3.5.1 Objektive Auswahl der Rasterzellengröße 98 3.5.2 Simulation und Analyse der Paläooberflächen 102 3.5.3 Simulation und Analyse der Fließgewässer 104 3.5.4 Evaluation der vorhergesagten Unsicherheiten 105 3.6 Abschließende Interpolation und räumliche Validierung 106 3.6.1 Weitere Interpolationsmöglichkeiten und finale Modelle 106 3.6.2 Flurabstandsberechnungen zwischen den DGM 110 3.6.3 Anstehende geologische Substrate der finalen DGM 111 4. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 114 4.1 Generierung der Datenbasis 114 4.1.1 Arbeitshypothesen 114 4.1.2 Datengrundlagen 114 4.1.2.1 Höhenfestpunkte 114 4.1.2.2 LiDAR Daten 118 4.1.2.3 Historische Archive 120 4.1.2.4 Leitprofile 123 4.1.2.5 Geologische Aufschlüsse 126 4.1.2.6 Archäologische Dokumentationen 131 4.1.3 Zusammenfassung: Gesamtdatenbank 141 4.2 Zwischenergebnisse »DGM 1015ROH« und »DGM HEUTE« 143 4.2.1 Generierung der Teildatenbanken 143 4.2.2 Interpolation und qualitative Auswertung der Zwischenergebnisse 144 4.2.3 Definition von Teiluntersuchungsgebieten 150 4.3. Evaluierung der Methodik 152 4.3.1 Deskriptive Statistik 152 4.3.2 »Observed vs. Predicted Analyse« 154 4.3.3 Multivariate Statistik 157 4.3.4 Validation der Methodik 163 4.4. Evaluierung der Datengrundlagen 166 4.4.1 Evaluation und ggf. Anpassung der Datengrundlagen 168 4.4.1.1 Geologische Aufschlüsse 168 4.4.1.2 Archäologische Dokumentationen 169 4.4.1.3 Fallbeispiel: Teiluntersuchungsgebiet Matthäikirchhof 173 4.4.2 Finale Teildatenbanken »DGM 1015« und »DGM BASIS« 176 4.4.3 Interpolation und qualitative Auswertung der Ergebnisse 179 4.4.4 Validation der Datengrundlage 182 4.5 Geostatistische Auswertung des »DGM 1015« und »DGM BASIS« 184 4.5.1 Objektive Auswahl der Rasterzellengröße 184 4.5.2 Simulation und Analyse der Paläooberflächen 186 4.5.3 Simulation und Analyse der Fließgewässer 193 4.5.4 Evaluation der vorhergesagten Unsicherheiten 197 4.6 Abschließende Interpolation und räumliche Validierung 198 4.6.1 Weitere Interpolationsmöglichkeiten und finale Modelle 199 4.6.2 Flurabstandsberechnungen zwischen den DGM 207 4.6.3 Anstehende geologische Substrate der finalen DGM 210 4.7 Landschafts- und Siedlungsgenetische Interpretation der Paläomodelle 218 5. Synthese und Ausblick 233 6. Literaturverzeichnis 248 7. Anlagen i