L'enclavement des territoires de la Politique de la ville fait l'objet d'un débat. D'un côté, l'image des zones urbaines sensibles comme enclavées est forte dans les discours sur la ville et dans les représentations collectives. D'un autre côté, cet enclavement est nuancé, voire réfuté, par de nombreux chercheurs qui suggèrent de se concentrer sur les facteurs socio-économique de l'exclusion de leurs habitants. Positionnée à « l’entre-deux » entre sciences humaines et sociales et géomatique, cette thèse élabore une méthode générique de mesure de l'enclavement dans les espaces urbains à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique. Nous questionnons ainsi l'apport de la géomatique à une problématique relevant jusque-là de disciplines comme la géographie, la sociologie ou l'urbanisme. Nous entendons l'enclavement comme une situation de faible potentiel de contact avec l'altérité, qui réduit les échanges entre une entité et le reste du territoire, et provoque une mise à l'écart de ses habitants. Nous proposons de distinguer trois dimensions de l'enclavement : la Fermeture, l'Isolement et la Différenciation. Ces trois dimensions structurent notre méthode. Chacune renvoie à des axes de recherche différents – les coupures urbaines, les mobilités piétonnes, la caractérisation de la forme urbaine, l'accessibilité, la mesure de ségrégation – que nous mobilisons pour construire des indicateurs géographiques d'enclavement. Nous appliquons ensuite cette méthode aux zones urbaines sensibles. Cette application spécifique nous permet à la fois de valider notre méthode, en recoupant des résultats connus avec d'autres approches (urbanisme, sociologie), et à la fois de contribuer au débat sur l'enclavement des territoires de la Politique de la ville au moyen d'une approche quantitative / In France, there is a debate in Urban Policies: are the “zones urbaines sensibles”, underprivileged urban areas benefiting from specific public policies, suffering from geographical isolation ? On the one hand, these areas are perceived in collective representations as “enclaves” where inhabitants are blocked in their district. On the other hand, this isolation is nuanced, even refuted, by many researchers who suggest focusing on the socio-economic factors of exclusion.With an approach in between social sciences and geomatics, this PhD thesis develops a generic method of measuring geographical isolation in urban spaces by using a geographic information system. We aims to question the contribution of geomatics to a debate that until then belong to disciplines such as geography, sociology or planning.We define geographical isolation as a situation of weak potential for contact with otherness, which reduces the exchanges between an entity and the rest of the territory, and causes the severance of its inhabitants. We propose to distinguish three dimensions of geographical isolation: Enclosing, Remoteness and Differentiation. These three dimensions give a frame to our method. Each refers to different fields of research – “community severance” or “barrier effect”, pedestrian mobility, characterization of urban form, accessibility, segregation measure – that we mobilize to construct indicators of geographical isolation.We then apply this method to the “zones urbaines sensibles”. This specific application enables us both to validate our method, by combining known results with other approaches (planning, sociology), and both to contribute to the debate on the geographical isolation of the “zones urbaines sensibles” with a quantitative approach

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Understanding of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) and their extent within the Table Mountain Group (TMG) aquifer is poor. To understand the dependence to basic ecological and hydrogeological concepts need explanation. The use of current literature aided in identification and classification. From the literature it has come clear that groundwater dependence centers around two issues, water source and water use determination. The use of Geographical Information System (GIS) showed its potential in proof of water sources. Rainfall data and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the Uniondale area have been used to do watershed delineation, which is in line with locating GDEs on a landscape. Thus the conceptual approach should be a broad one that sets a basis for both investigation (scientific research) and institutional arrangements (management). On the scientific research aspect: 1) Methods used to ascertain groundwater dependence have been identified and described (for example morphological traits, physiological traits, etc.) a) Use of GIS to delineate watersheds in the Uniondale area, putting it as one of useful methods that can be used in locating GDEs in a landscape. b) Use of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to create both geological and topographic cross-sections. Topographic cross-sections are important to locate ecosystems along a landscape, while geological cross-sections are useful in conceptualising groundwater flow. 2) The Plant Functional Type concept, which puts together plant species regardless of phylogeny but rather on morphological, phenological and physiological/life history trait similarity, has been suggested as a useful concept for the TMG GDEs. On the management aspect: 1) An ecosystem approach to understand groundwater has been identified and modified to suite the TMG GDE management. 2) A retention strategy useful to manage the TMG GDEs effectively has been suggested. There are knowledge gaps that exist in the TMG aquifer about Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems. Thus there is: • A need to identify GDE types that exist based on their degrees of dependency on groundwater. • A need to classify the GDEs using a PFTconcept. • To compile a trait (morphological, phenological and physiological) database for TMG aquifer GDEs.

Nowadays the competition between cities is something very common, especially between cities of different countries. But this competition it can be observed even between cities of the same country or between districts of the same city. Based on this phenomenon municipalities try to change and become more sustainable (socially and environmentally), implement more green spaces in their urban core, create vibrant local environments and launch campaigns in order to create liveable districts, improve their local economy and survive this growing competition. In other words, cities want to become more attractive.In Sweden cities are also part of this global trend and since they are growing economically they try to create an urban environment that is desirable for its citizens. In Stockholm’s Översiktsplan there are different main goals, such as “The growing city (växande stad)” which is analyzed as “An attractive big city” or “Good public spaces (God offentlig miljö)” which is analyzed as “Mixed use urban space”, “Inviting public space”, “Living local centers” leading to the question how do these correlate and how do they affect each other.The reason of this research is to understand what is an attractive area in a city and find out a way to measure attractiveness by using spatial or non-spatial factors who play a major role on how a city is perceived. It is known based on existing research and literature, that many different factors are involved for a place to be considered as attractive, such as the distance from the means of transport, the distance to public amenities, house affordability, vibrant lifestyle, the distance from market places, social equality, the distance from the city center, the proximity to nature and many others, but there is no index that uses all these factors and calculates an attractiveness score.So this research aims in the creation of an attractiveness index, by formulating a lot of different indicators (social, geographic, economic, etc) based on the Översiktsplan goals and the calculation of attractiveness of different areas in Stockholm. The areas are SoFo District in Södermalm, Skarpnäck suburb in the south and Tensta suburb in the north. The main goal of this research is to improve the urban quality in Stockholm by identifying problematic areas, in order to increase the awareness about urban quality and the way to accomplish this research is the use of Multi-Criteria Evaluation in collaboration with Geographic Information Systems.Based on all the above the research question in this thesis will be: How city’s block attractiveness is measured with the use of Multi-Criteria Evaluation and the implementation of Geographic Information Systems?

During recent years green energy has been spoken about a lot, especially whether we have access to it or not and how we should solve the accessibility problem if so. One thing is for sure, whether we aim to rely on green energy or energy production through fossil fuels we are soon running low, at least according to the predictions.    Sweden have had an increasing electricity production from wind energy during the last decade and it is not seeming to slow down. However, if one looks at the energy needed until the year of 2040 one can quite fast realize that the development of energy production facilities must speed up even more. On the other hand, we need to do it in a sustainable way, not compromising other national and public interests. To facilitate this, Energimyndigheten in cooperation with Naturvårdsverket have published a strategy called Nationell strategi för en hållbar vindkraft (National strategy for a sustainable wind power) in which they suggest further regionalization to be carried out by the county administrative board.    Against this background, this analysis investigates the municipalites of Skellefteå, Lycksele and Robertsfors in the county of Västerbotten to find opposing interests to the establishment of windfarms. The analysis is carried out using Geographical information systems (GIS) in which second-hand data is being analyzed through an overlay analysis.  The results indicate that environmental values such as biodiversity etc. and national interests regarding reindeers and Sami are most common in all the municipalities. Also, all the municipalities are considered to have quite good conditions to meet the regional development needs of wind power in the county of Västerbotten. However, further examination of the conditions must be done to determine this. Many interests have a claim on the land use in all the municipalities.   This analysis is a first step to regionalize (municipality level) the national strategy and from my point of view a helpful basis for the municipalities to update their comprehensive plan regarding wind energy. This is necessary to get a sustainable development and to meet the regional development needs of wind energy in Västerbotten county.

The East African Community (EAC) is an intergovernmental organisation comprised of six countries, five of which are classed as having a low development level and one of which is classed as medium. The region has low rates of human development and electrical connectivity but is committed to meeting the universal access and clean energy goals of Sustainable Development Goal 7. This thesis seeks to explore the renewable energy potential of the EAC at a regional level. There is little study of the energy situation of the EAC as a specific region, contrasting this work to the majority of similar analyses that focus on the national or sub-Saharan level. The potential for solar PV and wind power in the EAC was examined through an analysis of existing energy systems, a simplified multi-criteria analysis through geographical information systems, and a comparison with similar work by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The region was shown to have a small but growing electricity sector and a primary energy system dominated by traditional biomass. The mapping analysis identified large areas across all studied countries as potentially suitable for on- or off-grid renewable energy. It also highlighted issues with the results of IRENA’s work in its current form. Solar PV and wind energy potential across the EAC is shown to be high, with a low carbon electricity sector consequently a possibility for the region in the future. / Den Östafrikanska Gemenskapen (EAC) är en mellanstatlig organisation av sex länder. Fem av de länderna har en låg utvecklingsnivå och en är klassificerad som medelnivå. Regionen har låg mänsklig utveckling och tillgång till elkraft men har bestämt att uppfylla globala målen 7: säkerställa tillgång till ekonomiskt överkomlig, tillförlitlig, hållbar och modern energi för alla. Denna uppsats utforskade potentialen för förnybar energi i den EAC på en regional nivå. Potentialen för solenergi och vindkraft i EAC undersöktes genom en analys av befintliga energisystem, en förenklad multikriterianalys genom geografiska informationssystem (GIS) och en jämförelse med liknande arbete från den International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). En liten men växande elsektor och ett primärt energisystem dominerat av traditionell biomassa identifierades i regionen. Kartläggningsanalysen identifierade stora områden i alla studerade länder som lämpliga för förnybar energi på, eller utanför, elnätet. Analysen fann också problem med resultaten från IRENAs arbete med Global Atlas of Renewable Energy projektet. Det finns god potential för sol- och vindkraft i EAC och möjligheten av ett lågkoldioxidenergisystem är diskuterade som en potential framtid för regionen.

Mozambique is in the process of setting up maternity waiting homes (MWHs) in an attempt to improve access of women living in remote areas. It is expected that MWHs will increase institutional deliveries and consequently, decrease maternal mortality caused by the delay in reaching obstetric care. However, no evidence for this assumption has been found in the literature. The objective of this research was, using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), to assess the impact of MWHs in increasing institutional deliveries coverage. GIS technology is a valuable methodology to analyse access, especially in contexts where official records are weak. An ecological study, using a sample of 28 health facilities, was conducted in six districts in northern Mozambique. The findings suggest that MWHs could contribute to increasing institutional deliveries coverage in a range of 4% to 2 %. However, they do not appear to increase access of women living in remote areas. / M.A. (Public Health)

Κεντρικό σημείο αναφοράς της διατριβής είναι η σύγχρονη πόλη, στο υπέδαφος της οποίας σώζονται αρχαιολογικά στρώματα. Η ανακάλυψή τους κάτω από τον ενεργό οικιστικό ιστό καθώς και η αρχαιολογική έρευνα που ακολουθεί θεωρούνται από πολλούς αιτία ανάσχεσης της κατασκευαστικής και αναπτυξιακής διαδικασίας. Ωστόσο, εδώ υποστηρίζεται ότι η ύπαρξη αρχαιολογικού υποστρώματος στην πόλη αποτελεί ένα από τα συγκριτικά πλεονεκτήματα της αναπτυξιακής της προοπτικής. Προς τούτο η ερευνητική μεθοδολογία χρησιμοποιεί ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά δεδομένα, ενώ ως μελέτη περίπτωσης επιλέγεται το Σχέδιο Πόλεως των Πατρών. Αρχικά η έρευνα βασίζεται στην αρχειακή και βιβλιογραφική επισκόπηση και στη διεξαγωγή δομημένων συνεντεύξεων με ειδικούς επιστήμονες. Στη συνέχεια, γίνεται χρήση της τεχνολογίας των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών και της Στατιστικής για τη δημιουργία βάσης δεδομένων, την ψηφιακή επεξεργασία της, την παραγωγή και δημιουργία προγνωστικών μοντέλων και την ανάδειξη της στατιστικής σχέσης της πολεοδομικής με την αρχαιολογική πληροφορία. Από τα αποτελέσματα, αποδεικνύεται ότι είναι δυνατή η κατασκευή μοντέλου πρόβλεψης της πιθανολογούμενης ύπαρξης αρχαίων σε μια πόλη, αλλά και του πιθανολογούμενου βάθους εντοπισμού τους, βασισμένη στην καταγραφή και επεξεργασία της πολεοδομικής και αρχαιολογικής πληροφορίας, που προέρχεται από τις εκσκαφές 5 συνεχόμενων ετών, ακόμα κι αν δεν γνωρίζει κανείς ή δεν λαμβάνει υπόψη τίποτε άλλο από την ιστορία της πόλης αυτής. Χρησιμοποιώντας αρχαιολογικές παραμέτρους σε συνδυασμό με πολεοδομικά δεδομένα είναι δυνατόν να κατασκευαστούν εξειδικευμένα μοντέλα, που μπορούν να αποτυπώσουν τις επιπτώσεις του αρχαιολογικού υποβάθρου μιας πόλης στις τρέχουσες λειτουργίες της και το αντίθετο. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν τόσο σε επιχειρησιακό επίπεδο, στην άσκηση της αρχαιολογικής έρευνας και της παρακολούθησης της οικοδομικής δραστηριότητας στην πόλη, όσο και ως συμβολή σε μια ευρύτερη διερεύνηση για τη θέση της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς στη διαμόρφωση και προβολή της σύγχρονης πόλης. / The dissertation focuses on the contemporary city located on top of archaeological strata. Archaeological remains underneath, as well as their investigation, are considered by many as an obstacle towards the construction and development process. However, it is assumed here that the archaeological remains (below modern cities) consist a comparative advantage towards development. To justify this, qualitative and quantitative research methodology has been employed while the Town Plan of Patras, Greece is used as a case-study. Initially, an archive and literature survey takes place and structured interviews with field experts are conducted. Next, Geographical Information Systems and Statistics are applied for data processing and predictive modeling. Eventually, predictive models of the potential existence of archaeological sites and their expected depth are constructed, based on data from the excavations and the ground disturbance actions of 5 consecutive years. It becomes apparent that the results differ within the built and the unbuilt zones of a town. Using archaeological and urban parameters the impact of the archaeological background, over modern urban functions can be modeled and assessed. Moreover, the outcomes may be used by those involved in making and evaluating policies for the management of cultural heritage within planning.

Στην παρούσα εργασία πραγματοποιείται οικολογική αξιολόγηση των εκβολικών οικοσυστημάτων των ποταμών Εύηνου και Πείρου που εκβάλλουν στον Πατραϊκό κόλπο. Αποτελούν συνδυασμό χερσαίων και υγροτοπικών περιοχών με σημαντική οικολογική αξία και λειτουργίες. Ο Εύηνος σχηματίζει τυπικό δέλτα σε αντίθεση με τον Πείρο, στην περιοχή εκβολής του οποίου οι συνθήκες δεν ευνοούν μια τέτοια διαδικασία. Στόχοι της μελέτης ήταν: η καταγραφή και χαρτογράφηση των τύπων οικοτόπων στις επιμέρους περιοχές με τη χρήση των GIS, η μελέτη των ανθρωπογενών δραστηριοτήτων και των επιπτώσεών τους στη δομή των οικοτόπων, η εκτίμηση της κατάστασης τους με τη βοήθεια δεικτών οικολογικής αξιολόγησης και τελικά, η ανάπτυξη κατάλληλου διαχειριστικού σχεδίου. Για την πραγματοποίηση της εργασίας αυτής προηγήθηκαν επισκέψεις και στα δύο εκβολικά οικοσυστήματα, φωτογραφήσεις, καθώς και συλλογή και προσδιορισμός φυτικού υλικού από τους κυριότερους τύπους βλάστησης. Για την αναγνώριση των τύπων οικοτόπων χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο Τεχνικός Οδηγός Χαρτογράφησης του δικτύου NATURA 2000. Για την εκτίμηση της οικολογικής κατάστασης των εξεταζόμενων περιοχών εφαρμόστηκαν τα κριτήρια της ποικιλότητας, φυσικότητας, σπανιότητας, απειλής και δυνατότητας αποκατάστασης στο επίπεδο των οικοτόπων και των συνδυασμών τους σύμφωνα με την Οδηγία 92/43/ΕΟΚ. Επιπλέον, εφαρμόστηκε η ανάλυση DPSIR σε επίπεδο λεκάνης απορροής των υπό μελέτη ποταμών, με έμφαση στα εκβολικά τους συστήματα, με τη χρήση 45 δεικτών. Οι τύποι οικοτόπων, η αξιολόγηση με βάση τα κριτήρια και οι πιέσεις-επιπτώσεις σε κάθε περιοχή μελέτης οπτικοποιήθηκαν σε ψηφιακούς χάρτες με τη χρήση των GIS. Καταγράφηκαν 322 taxa στο δέλτα του Εύηνου και 225 taxa στις εκβολές του Πείρου, εκ των οποίων τα 112 είναι κοινά μεταξύ των περιοχών μελέτης. Πραγματοποιήθηκε περιγραφή και χαρτογράφηση 22 φυσικών και 3 ανθρωπογενών τύπων οικοτόπων. Οι κυριότερες αλλοιώσεις που καταγράφηκαν ως αποτέλεσμα της μακροχρόνιας ανθρώπινης παρουσίας είναι: η έντονη διάβρωση και οπισθοχώρηση της ακτογραμμής, η επέκταση των καλλιεργούμενων εκτάσεων εις βάρος των φυσικών και η έντονη ρύπανση των υδάτων. Από την αξιολόγηση προέκυψε ότι οι οικότοποι στις δύο περιοχές βρίσκονται σε μια μέτρια έως καλή κατάσταση διατήρησης, με την περιοχή του Εύηνου να λαμβάνει την υψηλότερη βαθμολογία ως προς τα κριτήρια. Το πλαίσιο DPSIR ανέλυσε την επικρατούσα κατάσταση και ανέδειξε τη σοβαρή υποβάθμιση που υφίστανται τα εκβολικά συστήματα. Συμπερασματικά, τα GIS αποτέλεσαν ένα σημαντικό διαχειριστικό εργαλείο, καθώς επιτρέπουν τη συνεχή καταγραφή των διαχρονικών αλλαγών και την εκτίμηση του βαθμού αλλοίωσης των δύο εκβολικών οικοσυστημάτων με σκοπό τη διατήρηση και την προστασία τους. / In the present study an ecological evaluation of the estuary ecosystems of the rivers Evinos and Piros flowing into the Gulf of Patras was carried out. They constitute a combination of terrestrial and wetland areas with significant ecological value and functions. Evinos forms a typical delta unlike Piros, in the estuarine region of which the conditions do not favor such a process. The objectives of the study were: the recording and mapping of habitat types in each area with the use of GIS, the study of human activities and their impact on the structure of habitats, the assessment of their state with the use of indicators of ecological value and finally, the development of an appropriate management plan. For the accomplishment of this study visits to both estuarine ecosystems, photography and collection and identification of the plant material from the main vegetation types was performed. For the identification of habitat types the Technical Guide for Mapping of the network NATURA 2000 was used. To assess the ecological status of the areas concerned the criteria of diversity, naturalness, rarity, threat and replaceability were applied, at the level of habitats and their combinations, according to the Directive 92/43/EEC. Moreover, the DPSIR analysis was applied at the basin level of the studied rivers, with emphasis on their estuarine systems. The habitat types, the evaluation based on the criteria and the pressures-impacts on each of the studied areas were visualized into digital maps using GIS. 322 taxa were recorded for the Evinos delta and 225 for the mouth of Piros, of which 112 are common among the study areas. Description and mapping of 22 natural and 3 anthropogenic habitat types was carried out. The main alterations that were recorded as a result of long-term human presence are: the intense erosion and retreat of the coastline, the expansion of cultivated land at the expense of natural one and the strong water pollution. Assessment revealed that the habitats in both regions are at a moderate to good conservation status, with the area of Evinos receiving the highest rating concerning the above criteria. The DPSIR framework analysed the present state and highlighted the serious degradation that occurs in estuaries. In conclusion, the GIS are an important management tool, as they allow the continuous recording of the diachronic changes and the evaluation of the degree of deterioration of both estuary ecosystems in order to conserve and protect them.

This research investigated the feasibility and benefits of integrating geospatial technology with traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of an indigenous Louisiana coastal population in order to assess the impacts of current and historical ecosystem change to community viability. The primary goal was to provide resource managers with a comprehensive method of assessing localized ecological change in the Gulf Coast region that can benefit community sustainability. Using Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and other geospatial technologies integrated with a coastal community's TEK to achieve this goal, the objectives were (1) to determine a method for producing vulnerability/sustainability mapping products for an ecosystem-dependent livelihood base of a coastal population that results from physical information derived from RS imagery and supported, refined, and prioritized with TEK, and (2) to demonstrate how such an approach can engage affected community residents who are interested in understanding better marsh health and ways that marsh health can be recognized, and the causes of declining marsh determined and addressed. TEK relevant to the project objectives collected included: changes in the flora and fauna over time; changes in environmental conditions observed over time such as land loss; a history of man-made structures and impacts to the area; as well as priority areas of particular community significance or concern. Scientific field data collection measured marsh vegetation health characteristics. These data were analyzed for correlation with satellite image data acquired concurrently with field data collection. Resulting regression equations were applied to the image data to produce estimated marsh health maps. Historical image datasets of the study area were acquired to understand evolution of land change to current conditions and project future vulnerability. Image processing procedures were developed and applied to produce maps that detail land change in the study area at time intervals from 1968 to 2009. This information was combined with the TEK and scientific datasets in a GIS to produce mapping products that provide new information to the coastal restoration decision making process. This information includes: 1) what marsh areas are most vulnerable; and 2) what areas are most significant to the sustainability of the community.

O presente trabalho resulta da aplicação de técnicas geoestatística de análise da variabilidade espacial e de estimativas de dados de sondagem de simples reconhecimento com standard penetration test (SPT) objetivando a caracterização geotécnica de uma área com 44 'KM POT.2', situada na porção nordeste do município de Fortaleza (CE). A caracterização geotécnica desta área compreendeu os seguintes processos: montagem de um banco de dados geotécnicos; aplicação de algoritmos de interpolação para elaboração do modelo digital de terreno (MDT); a aplicação de técnicas geoestatísticas de cokrigagem e krigagem ordinária na elaboração do mapa de superfície freática; a construção de um modelo geológico 3D de superfície; o mapeamento de uma superfície do impenetrável ao amostrador do SPT, auxiliado por geoestatística; a modelagem geoestatística 3D dos dados do índice de resistência à penetração (N) do amostrador do SPT, o que possibilitou a estimativa em bancadas por krigagem ordinária de blocos, do referido índice em diversos níveis altimétricos do terreno. Os dados estimados das bancadas foram tratados no programa ArcView 3.1 em ambiente de sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) na elaboração de mapas de uso sugerido de fundações, os quais derivam de uma reclassificação, com base em diversos limites de impenetrável ao SPT, dos dados estimados de N, que permitiu a identificação de áreas favoráveis ao uso de um número finito de elementos estruturais de fundação. / This work results from the application of geostatistical techniques on standard penetration test (SPT) data to the geotechnical characterisation of an area with 44 'KM POT.2' situated on the northeastern region of Fortaleza county, northeastern Brazil. The geotechnical characterization involved the following steps: the geotechnical databank development; the performance of the interpolation algorithms and application to the digital elevation model (DEM); estimation and mapping the water table level with ordinary kriging and cokriging techniques; generation of a 3D surface geological model; geostatistical mapping the SPT maximum hard penetration surface; application of 3D geostatistical modeling techniques to SPT database providing bench estimates on blocks. The SPT estimated data were inserted and reclassified on the geographical information system based on the software ESRI ArcView 3.1 in order to produce the suggested foundation maps with references to SPT penetration limits.