Orientadores: Lauro Tatsuo Kubota, André Luiz Barboza Formiga / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:11:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_CatiaCrispilho_D.pdf: 1212097 bytes, checksum: c6504372165b045433ebb0234876cf97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de dois biossensores, sendo um para a detecção da glutationa oxidada (GSSG), baseada na imobilização da enzima glutationa redutase (GR) e outro para a detecção da glutationa total (glutationa reduzida e oxidada) através da imobilização das enzimas glutationa redutase e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). Ambas as imobilizações foram realizadas sobre uma plataforma nanoestruturada com nanotubos de múltiplas paredes (MWCNT), dispersos em quitosana ligada covalentemente a um mediador de elétrons, o ácido 3,5-dinitrobenzoico, que apresentou atividade eletrocatalítica para NADH. A plataforma nanoestruturada foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), voltametria cíclica e cronoamperometria. Os valores de ks e da constante cinética da reação entre o mediador de elétrons e NADH (kobs) foram 14 s e 5,1x10 L mol s, respectivamente. Após o processo de ativação do par redox e da caracterização, a enzima GR foi facilmente imobilizada na superfície do eletrodo usando quitosana e glutaraldeído. Empregando medidas cronoamperométricas, foi possível analisar a influência de cada parâmetro utilizado na construção do biossensor para detecção de GSSG. As melhores condições para o emprego do biossensor foram: 50 unidades de GR, 2,5 mg mL de quitosana e 600 mmol L de NADH. O biossensor apresentou uma faixa linear de 2,0 a 35 mmol L para a detecção de GSSG. Já os limites de detecção e quantificação foram 0,6 e 2,0 mmol L, respectivamente. Utilizando a mesma plataforma nanoestruturada foi possível imobilizar as duas enzimas (GR e GPx), sendo esse biossensor destinado para a detecção da glutationa total (GSH+GSSG). Este biossensor apresentou uma faixa linear 2,0 a 10 mmol L para a detecção da glutationa total, apresentando um limite de detecção e de quantificação de 0,6 e 2,0 mmol L, respectivamente / Abstract: This work describes the development of two biosensors, one for the detection of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) based on the immobilization of glutathione reductase (GR) and other for the detection of total glutathione (glutathione reduced and oxidized) by immobilizing the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). Both assets were carried on a nanostructured platform with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dispersed in chitosan covalently linked to 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, a redox mediator, which showed electrocatalytic activity for NADH. The nanostrutucred platform was characterized performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry analyses. The obtained values for the ks and for chemical reaction (kobs) between redox mediator and NADH were 14 s and 5.1x10 L mol s, respectively. After the activation process and of the redox couple characterization the enzyme glutathione reductase was easily immobilized on the electrode surface using chitosan and glutaraldehyde. Employing chronoamperometric measures, it was possible to analyze the influence of each parameter used in the construction of the biosensor for detection of GSSG. The best conditions for the use of the biosensor were: 50 units of GR, 2.5 mg mL chitosan and 600 mmol L NADH. The biosensor showed a linear range for detecting GSSG in concentrations from 2.0 to 35 mmol L. The detection and quantification limits obtained were 0.6 e 2.0 mmol L, respectively. Using the same nanostructured platform, it was possible to immobilize both enzymes (GPx and GR), being this biosensor dedicated to detect the total glutathione (GSH + GSSG). This biosensor showed a linear range for detecting GSSG in concentrations from 2.0 up to 10 mmol L. The detection and quantification limits obtained were 0.6 e 2.0 mmol L, respectively / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutora em Ciências

Orientadores: Laura Sterian Ward, Ubirajara Ferreira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T18:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LimaJunior_MarioMacielde_D.pdf: 2397268 bytes, checksum: 63d55e4a5572d5d7f06e615be4d98384 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As doenças da glândula prostática em geral e a incidência de câncer da próstata, em particular, mostram disparidades acentuadas entre os diferentes países e etnias. De fato, etnia, idade e história familiar são os mais fortes fatores de risco conhecidos para o câncer da próstata, mas a dieta, índice de massa corporal e outros fatores também podem influenciar o seu desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever aspectos clínicos, antropométricos e genéticos da próstata de índios brasileiros da região amazônica. Foram analisados um total de 228 indígenas do sexo masculino ? 40 anos submetidos a exame físico, incluindo exame retal digital da próstata (TR), e a um questionário individualizado que incluía características demográficas e estilo de vida; história médica familiar e pessoal para câncer da próstata. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas para a determinação do antígeno prostático específico (PSA) e concentrações de testosterona sérica e genotipagem para TP53 e GSTP1. Os dados da população indígena foram comparados com os de um grupo controle de 87 não-indígenas masculinos da mesma região. Entre os 14 grupos étnicos identificados, Macuxi, é a etnia de índios aculturados mais frequente (43,6%), seguido pela Yanomami (14,5%), que é composta por índios mais isolados e primitivos. Os participantes tinham média de idade de 54,7 anos; circunferência abdominal de 86,6 cm e IMC de 23,9 kg/m2, com Yanomanis apresentando ambos IMC (21,4 contra 24,8; p=0,001) e peso da próstata mais baixos do que os Macuxis (15g contra 20g; p=0,001). Na população controle a idade média foi de 41 anos. Nenhum dos índios apresentaram sintomas relacionados à próstata e apenas um paciente teve diagnóstico de hiperplasia benigna da próstata, associada à manifestação de retenção urinária. Não foram identificadas diferenças nos valores de PSA (0,48 ng/mL contra 0,6 ng/mL; p=0,349) entre Yanomami e Macuxis. Observou-se correlação entre o IMC, peso da próstata, estilo de vida e hábitos alimentares, apesar das concentrações de testosterona (414 contra 502; p=0,207) serem semelhantes entre Macuxis e Yanomanis e, um aumento progressivo das concentrações de PSA ser observado com o envelhecimento em ambas etnias. A genotipagem de TP53 nos indígenas mostrou uma super representação do haplótipo selvagem Arg/Arg (74,5% versus 42,5%; p<0.0001) em relação à população controle. O perfil genotipico de GSTP1 também diferiu consideravelmente entre os não índios e os índios (Ile/Ile 60,9% versus 35,3%; Ile/Val 28,7% versus 45,9%; Val/Val 10,3% versus 18,8%; p = 0,0003, respectivamente). Não encontramos qualquer associação entre os hábitos alimentares ou características do estilo de vida, peso da próstata, PSA, concentrações de testosterona e o perfil genético da população investigada. No entanto, observamos especificidades alimentares, sociais e culturais nas populações estudadas, bem como um perfil genético específico para TP53 e GSTP1 que podem estar associados à boa saúde prostática da população indígena estudada / Abstract: Prostate diseases in general and prostate cancer incidence, in particular, show marked disparities among different countries and ethnicities. Age, ethnicity and family history are the strongest known risk factors for prostate cancer, but diet, body mass index and other factors may also influence its development. We aimed to describe clinical, anthropometric, genetic and prostatic features of Brazilian Indians from the Amazon area. A total of 228 male Indians ?40 years old were submitted to a physical examination, including digital rectal examination (DRE), and to an in-person questionnaire on demographic characteristics and life style; personal and familial medical history. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of total prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and serum testosterone levels. In addition, we obtained a control group of non-Indian males from the same region. Among the 14 ethnic groups identified, Macuxi group, composed by more acultured indians, was the most frequent (43.6%), followed by Yanomami (14.5%) group, that is composed by more isolated and primitive indians. Participants had a mean age of 54.7 years; waist circumference of 86.6 cm and BMI of 23.9 kg/m2, with Yanomamis presenting both lower BMI (21,4 versus 24,8; p=0,001) and lower prostate volume than Macuxis (15 versus 20; p=0,001). None of the indians presented prostate symptoms and only one patient had a benign prostate hyperplasia that caused urine retention. Serum PSA (0,48 versus 0,6 p=0,349). We observed a relationship among BMI, prostate volume, life style and dietary patterns, although testosterone (414 versus 502; p=0,207) levels were similar in Macuxi and Yanomami indians and a progressive increase of PSA levels was observed with aging in both groups. TP53 genotyping evidenced a different profile in indians, with a super representation of the Arg/Arg haplotype (74,5% versus 42,5%; p<0,0001) compared to the control population. Likewise, GSTP1 genotyping demonstrated very differently among control population compared to indians Ile/Ile 60,9% versus 35,3%; Ile/Val 28,7% versus 45,9%; Val/Val 10,3% versus 18,8%; p = 0,0003); respectively. We were not able to find any association among dietary patterns or any life style characteristic; prostate volume, serum PSA and testosterone levels; and the genetic profile of the investigated population. We observed specific dietary, social and cultural features, as well as a specific genetic profile for TP53 and GSTP1 that may contribute to Brazilian Indian population prostate good health / Doutorado / Clinica Medica / Doutor em Clínica Médica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Lead is a heavy metal that accumulates primarily in kidney, where exerts its nephrotoxic effects. Several studies suggest that the oxidative stress is an important molecular mechanism for the toxic effects of lead in kidney and in other organs. Cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) is a selenoflavoprotein involved in many processes modulating intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic exposure to lead acetate on renal TrxR1 activity and on other oxidative stress parameters (d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, glutathione Stransferase, non-protein thiol groups, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes in kidneys), as well as on plasmatic indicators of renal function (creatinine, uric acid and phosphate) in rats. In acute exposure, rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of 25 or 50 mg/kg lead acetate and were killed 6, 24 or 48 h later. In chronic exposure, rats received a daily intraperitoneal injection of lead acetate (5 or 25 mg/kg) during 30 days and were killed at 31st day. In our study, acute exposure to 25 mg/kg lead acetate increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and TrxR-1 activity (after 6, 24, and 48 h), while exposure to 50 mg/kg lead acetate increased catalase (CAT) activity (after 48h) and inhibited d-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) activity (after 6, 24, and 48 hs) in kidneys (P < 0.05). Chronic exposure to 5 mg/kg lead acetate inhibited δ-ALA-D and increased glutathione S-transferase (GST), non protein sulfhydryl groups (NPSH), CAT, TrxR-1, and uric acid plasma levels, while exposure to 25 mg/kg lead acetate reduced body weight and δ -ALA-D, but increased GST, NPSH, and uric acid plasma levels (P < 0.05). No changes were observed in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, glutathione peroxidase, creatinine or inorganic phosphate levels after either acute or chronic exposure. In conclusion, lead exposure caused a marked increase in the TrxR1 activity in the kidney of rats and this change may be an early indicator of acute exposure to low lead doses. However, further studies are needed to clarify the biological meaning of this induction as well as the mechanism involved in such effect. / O chumbo é um metal pesado que acumula-se preferencialmente nos rins, onde exerce seus efeitos nefrotóxicos. Muitos estudos sugerem que o estresse oxidativo seja um importante mecanismo molecular para os efeitos tóxicos do chumbo no rim e em outros órgãos. A tioredoxina redutase citosólica (TrxR1) é uma selenoflavoproteína envolvida em muitos processos reguladores dos níveis intracelulares de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os efeitos da exposição aguda e crônica ao acetato de chumbo sobre a atividade da TrxR1 renal e sobre outros parâmetros de estresse oxidativo (atividade da δ-aminolevulinato desidratase, glutationa S-transferase, grupos tiólicos nãoprotéicos, peroxidação lipídica e enzimas antioxidantes nos rins), bem como sobre os indicadores plasmáticos da função renal (creatinina, ácido úrico e fosfato) em ratos. Na exposição aguda, os ratos receberam uma única injeção intraperitoneal de 25 ou 50 mg/kg de acetato de chumbo e foram mortos 6, 24 ou 48 horas mais tarde. Na exposição crônica, os ratos receberam uma injeção intraperitoneal diária de acetato de chumbo (5 ou 25 mg/kg) durante 30 dias e foram mortos no 31° dia. Em nosso estudo, a exposição aguda a 25 mg/kg de acetato de chumbo aumentou a atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e da TrxR1 (após 6, 24 e 48 h), enquanto que a exposição a 50 mg/kg de acetato de chumbo aumentou a atividade da catalase (CAT) (após 48 h) e inibiu a atividade da δ-aminolevulinato desidratase (δ-ALA-D) (após 6, 24, 48 h) nos rins (p<0,05). A exposição crônica a 5 mg/kg de acetato de chumbo inibiu a δ-ALA-D e aumentou a glutationa S-transferase (GST), níveis de grupos tiólicos não-protéicos (SHNP), CAT, TrxR1 e níveis plasmáticos de ácido úrico (p<0,05), enquanto que a exposição a 25 mg/kg de acetato de chumbo reduziu o peso corporal e a δ-ALA-D, mas aumentou a GST, SHNP e os níveis plasmáticos de ácido de ácido úrico (p<0,05). Não houve alterações nos níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), na atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e nos níveis plasmáticos de creatinina e fosfato inorgânico tanto após a exposição aguda como após a exposição crônica. Conclui-se que a exposição ao chumbo causou um aumento significativo na atividade da TrxR1 renal de ratos e esta alteração pode ser um indicador primário da exposição aguda a baixas doses de chumbo. Entretanto, será necessária a realização de mais estudos para elucidar o significado biológico desta indução, bem como o mecanismo envolvido em tal efeito.

The accelerated bone loss that occurs during menopause and becomes more prone in the postmenopausal period is mediated by the ending of estrogen production. This bone loss can be a threat for women in this period of life concerning to the lead toxicity. Around 95% of the lead accumulated in the body is stored in the bones and may be mobilized to the bloodstream during bone demineralization, posing a potential risk. On the other hand, an adequate calcium supplementation seems to reduce gastrointestinal lead absorption. However, studies carried out in the United States revealed relatively high lead levels in calcium supplements. In the present study, we evaluated the content of lead in calcium supplements available in Brazil. We also investigated the effect of calcium supplementation and bone diseases on blood lead levels, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity, δ-ALAD reactivation index and antioxidant enzymes activities in postmenopausal women non-occupationally exposed to lead. Two studies were conducted, one with a cross-sectional design and another with a prospective design. Biochemical parameters were evaluated in both studies. In the prospective study these parameters were evaluated before and after three months of calcium supplementation. A total of 11 calcium-based products were selected and their lead and calcium content were determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. Blood lead was assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and bone mineral density (BMD) was evaluated at the lumbar spine (BMD L1-L4) and femoral neck (BMD femur) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. δ-ALAD activity and antioxidant enzymes activities were determined in whole blood using spectrophotometric methods. δ-ALAD reactivation index was determined by measuring enzyme activity in the presence of 3 mM ZnCl2 and 10 mM DL-dithiothreitol. The lowest lead content per gram of calcium was found in bonemeal (< limit of quantification) and the highest lead content per gram of calcium was found in dolomite (2.3±1.2 μg. g-1 of measured calcium). No differences were observed in δ-ALAD activity or δ-ALAD reactivation index between postmenopausal women with and without bone diseases, both in the cross-sectional and in the prospective study. In the prospective study, three months of calcium supplementation increased blood lead levels in osteopenia (4.6 μg/dL) when compared with control group (3.7 μg/dL) and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity in all groups: control (66.2 vs. 71.9 U/L before the beginning of the treatment) osteopenia (67.1 vs. 71.1 U/L) and osteoporosis (83.9 vs. 86.1 U/L). Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were not different between postmenopausal women with and without bone diseases, both in the cross-sectional and in the prospective study. However, gluthatione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly higher in osteopenia group (23.32 μmol NADPH/g Hb/min) as compared to control group (18.56 μmol NADPH/g Hb/min) in the cross-sectional study. This finding was interpreted as a defense response to counteract the overproduction of reactive oxygen species in women with osteopenia. Results of the cross-sectional study indicated that bone resorption associated to osteopenia/osteoporosis does not pose a risk of lead toxicity in postmenopausal women exposed to background lead levels. However, results of the prospective suggest that three months of calcium supplementation contributed to a small, but significant increase of blood lead levels in postmenopausal women with bone disease. Although lead levels found in calcium supplements were below the limits established in the United States, it is important to regulate the allowed lead levels in calcium supplements in Brazil through of a specific legislation. A monitoring program of lead levels would also be important, because our results revealed that calcium supplements are a small lead source. Despite being a low lead source, it could cause deleterious effects, mainly in women in the postmenopausal. / A acelerada perda óssea que ocorre durante a menopausa e torna-se mais acentuada no período pós-menopáusico, mediada pelo término na produção de estrogênio, pode constituir uma ameaça para mulheres nessa fase da vida, no que diz respeito à toxicidade do chumbo. Aproximadamente 95% do chumbo acumulado no organismo está depositado nos ossos e com a desmineralização óssea o metal passa para a corrente sanguínea, constituindo um risco potencial. Por outro lado, uma adequada suplementação de cálcio parece reduzir a absorção gastrintestinal de chumbo. No entanto, estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos revelaram níveis relativamente elevados de chumbo em suplementos de cálcio. No presente estudo, nós avaliamos o conteúdo de chumbo nos suplementos de cálcio disponíveis no Brasil. Investigamos também os efeitos da suplementação de cálcio e da doença óssea sobre os níveis sanguíneos de chumbo, a atividade da enzima δ-aminolevulinato desidratase (δ-ALAD), índice de reativação da δ-ALAD e a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes em mulheres pós-menopáusicas não expostas ocupacionalmente ao chumbo. Foi realizado um estudo transversal e outro prospectivo, onde em ambos os estudos foram avaliados os parâmetros bioquímicos; sendo que no estudo prospectivo esses parâmetros foram avaliados antes e após três meses de suplementação de cálcio. Um total de 11 produtos à base de cálcio foram selecionados e o conteúdo de chumbo e cálcio foi determinado por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite e de chama, respectivamente. Os níveis de chumbo sanguíneo foram medidos por espectrometria de massa com plasma acoplado indutivamente e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) foi determinada na lombar (DMO L1-L4) e no colo do fêmur (DMO fêmur) por absorciometria de duplo feixe de raios-X. A atividade da δ-ALAD e das enzimas antioxidantes foram determinados em sangue total usando métodos espectrofotométricos. O índice de reativação da δ-ALAD foi determinado pela medida da atividade da enzima em presença de 3 mM de ZnCl2 e 10 mM de DL-ditiotreitol. A menor quantidade de chumbo por grama de cálcio foi encontrada nos suplementos de cálcio à base de ossos (< que o limite de detecção) e a maior quantidade de chumbo por grama de cálcio foi encontrada na dolomita (2,3±1,2 μg.g-1 de cálcio medido). Nenhuma diferença foi observada na atividade da δ-ALAD ou no índice de reativação da δ-ALAD entre as mulheres pós-menopáusicas com e sem doença óssea, em ambos os estudos, transversal e prospectivo. No estudo prospectivo, três meses de suplementação de cálcio aumentou os níveis de chumbo sanguíneo no grupo com osteopenia (4,6 μg/dL) quando comparado ao grupo controle (3,7 μg/dL) e diminuiu a atividade da fosfatase alcalina em todos os grupos: controle (66,2 vs. 71,9 U/L antes do início do tratamento) osteopenia (67,1 vs. 71,1 U/L) e osteoporose (83,9 vs. 86,1 U/L). A atividade da catalase (CAT) e da superóxido dismutase (SOD) não foram diferentes entre as mulheres pós-menopáusicas com e sem doença óssea, em ambos os estudos, transversal e prospectivo. No entanto, a atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GPx) foi significativamente maior no grupo osteopenia (23,32 μmol NADPH/g Hb/min) quando comparado ao grupo controle (18,56 μmol NADPH/g Hb/min) no estudo transversal. Esse resultado foi interpretado como uma resposta defensiva contra a produção excessiva de espécies reativas de oxigênio nas mulheres com osteopenia. Os resultados do estudo transversal indicaram que a reabsorção óssea associada com osteopenia/osteoporose não representa um risco de toxicidade do chumbo em mulheres na pós-menopausa expostas a baixos níveis de chumbo. No entanto, os resultados do estudo prospectivo sugerem que três meses de suplementação de cálcio contribuíram para um pequeno, mas significativo aumento nos níveis sanguíneos de chumbo em mulheres na pós-menopausa com doença óssea. Embora os níveis de chumbo encontrados nos suplementos de cálcio tenham ficado abaixo dos limites estabelecidos nos Estados Unidos, faz-se necessário a regulamentação, através de uma legislação específica, dos níveis permitidos de chumbo em suplementos de cálcio no Brasil. Também seria importante um programa de monitoramento de tais níveis, pois através dos nossos resultados constatamos que os suplementos de cálcio atuam como uma pequena fonte de chumbo, mas que poderá vir a causar efeitos deletérios, principalmente em mulheres na pós-menopausa.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to determine the intensity of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection, as well as net ion fluxes (Na+, K+ and Cl-), in silver catfish juveniles exposed to different pHs (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 for sixteen days), pH (5.0 and 7.0) and hardness (20, 60 and 120 mg CaCO3.L-1 for sixteen days) and the oxidative stress parameters in liver, gill and muscle of this species and submitted to different pH (5.0 and 7.0 for three days). Net Na+, K+, and Cl- fluxes were determined at different times, trophonts in the skin and gill were counted, and mortality was registered daily. After six days fish kept at pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0 and 9.0-hardness 20 mg CaCO3.L-1 showed significantly higher cumulative mortality (100% after eight days) and number of trophonts on the skin and gill compared to pH 5.0-hardness 20 mg CaCO3.L-1. Infected silver catfish showed significantly higher Na+ and K+ effluxes in the first day, and there was a recovery (influx) after the second day compared to asymptomatic juveniles. Silver catfish juveniles infected with I.multifiliis and exposed to pHs 5.0 and 7.0 presented significantly higher TBARS levels in the liver and gills compared to asymptomatic juveniles. The activity of catalase in the liver of silver catfish juveniles infected and exposed to both pHs was significantly lower (1st and 3rd day) than in asymptomatic juveniles. The GST activity in the liver and gills of infected juveniles increased throughout all experimental period compared to asymptomatic juveniles. The muscle of infected juveniles maintained at pH 5.0 showed significantly lower TBARS levels at day three compared to asymptomatic juveniles. The CAT activity was significantly lower in the muscle of infected juveniles at pH 5.0 and 7.0 at all experimental days except day 1 at pH 7.0 compared to asymptomatic juveniles. The muscle of infected juveniles presented significantly lower GST activity in all experimental period at both pH 5.0 and 7.0 compared to asymptomatic juveniles. These results allowed us to conclude that infection by I. multifiliis is less severe in silver catfish maintained at pH 5.0-hardness 20 mg CaCO3.L-1. Increase of water hardness increases trophonts infection and impairs survival in silver catfish kept at pH 5.0, but the opposite is observed when juveniles are at pH 7.0. There was no clear evidence of a relationship between mortality and trophonts number in infected silver catfish with net ion fluxes. Infection with I. multifiliis induces liver and gill damage via lipid peroxidation products, but the same is not observed in the muscle. / O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a intensidade da infecção pelo Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, assim como o fluxo líquido de íons (Na+, K+ e Cl-), em juvenis de jundiá expostos a diferentes pHs (5,0; 6,0; 7,0; 8,0 e 9,0 por dezesseis dias), pH (5,0 e 7,0) e dureza (20, 60 e 120 mg CaCO3/L por dezesseis dias) e os parâmetros de estresse oxidativo no fígado, brânquias e músculo nesta espécie e submetida a diferentes pHs (5,0 e 7,0 por 3 dias). O fluxo dos íons Na+, K+ e Cl- foi determinado em diferentes tempos, o número de trofontes na pele e nas brânquias foi contado e a mortalidade foi registrada diariamente. Após seis dias os peixes submetidos aos pHs 6,0; 7,0; 8,0 e 9,0-dureza de 20 mg CaCO3/L apresentaram mortalidade cumulativa (100% após oito dias) e numero de trofontes na pele e nas brânquias significativamente maior que os mantidos em pH 5,0-dureza de 20 mg CaCO3/L. Jundiás infectados apresentaram efluxo de Na+ e K+ significativamente maior no primeiro dia, havendo uma recuperação (influxo) a partir do segundo dia em relação aos juvenis assintomáticos. Juvenis de jundiá infectados com I.multifiliis e expostos aos pHs 5,0 e 7,0 apresentaram significativo aumento dos níveis de TBARS no fígado e nas brânquias em relação aos juvenis assintomáticos. A atividade da catalase no fígado dos juvenis de jundiás infectados e expostos a ambos pHs foi significativamente maior e menor (1º e 3º dia), em relação aos juvenis assintomáticos. A atividade da GST no fígado e nas brânquias aumentou durante todo o período experimental em relação aos juvenis assintomáticos. O músculo dos juvenis infectados e mantidos em pH 5,0 apresentou significativa diminuição nos níveis de TBARS no terceiro dia comparado aos juvenis assintomáticos. A atividade da catalase foi significativamente menor no músculo dos juvenis infestados e submetidos ao pH 5,0 e 7,0 em todos os dias experimentais, exceto no primeiro dia em pH 7,0 quando comparada aos juvenis assintomáticos. O músculo dos juvenis infectados apresentou atividade da GST significativamente menor em todo o período experimental em ambos pH 5,0 e 7,0 quando comparados aos juvenis assintomáticos. Estes resultados nos permitem concluir que a infecção pelo I. multifiliis é menos severa em jundiás mantidos em pH 5,0-dureza de 20 mg CaCO3/L. O aumento da dureza da água aumenta a infecção pelos trofontes e afeta a sobrevivência dos jundiás mantidos em pH 5,0, mas o oposto é observado quando os juvenis estão no pH 7,0. Não houve uma evidência clara da relação entre a mortalidade e o número de trofontes nos juvenis de jundiá infectados com o fluxo líquido de íons. A infecção por I. multifiliis induz danos no fígado e brânquias, via produtos da peroxidação lipídica, o mesmo não ficando evidenciado no músculo.

Les glutathion transférases (GSTs) constituent une famille multigénique d’enzymes présentes dans les trois domaines du vivant. Cette présence ubiquitaire souligne l’origine sans doute très ancienne de ces enzymes ainsi que des fonctions fondamentales conservées au cours de l’évolution. Ces enzymes sont impliquées notamment dans la détoxication cellulaire de molécules toxiques et dans le métabolisme secondaire. Les analyses phylogénétiques regroupent les GSTs des organismes photosynthétiques au sein de quatorze classes qui peuvent être séparées en deux grands groupes selon le résidu catalytique : les GSTs à sérine catalytique qui possèdent des activités de conjugaison du glutathion (GSH) et/ou peroxydase tandis que les GSTs à cystéine catalytique présentent des activités thioltransférase, déshydroascorbate réductase et de déglutathionylation. Les GSTs à sérine catalytique de la classe Phi (GSTF) sont présentes chez les organismes photosynthétiques et certains basidiomycètes. Chez les plantes, cette classe comprend un nombre de gènes plus important que les autres classes de GSTs. Ceux-ci sont parmi les plus régulés en réponse à divers stress et ils ont été fortement étudiés chez les plantes céréalières en raison de l’activité de détoxication des herbicides des protéines correspondantes. Pourtant, à quelques exceptions près, les rôles physiologiques des GSTFs restent inconnus et la redondance d’isoformes dans cette classe reste incomprise. Par des approches moléculaires, biochimiques et structurales, l’analyse structure-fonction des huit GSTFs de l’arbre modèle Populus trichocarpa a été réalisée au cours de cette thèse. L’analyse phylogénétique des GSTFs chez les organismes photosynthétiques a montré que cette classe est apparue au moment de l’apparition terrestre des végétaux et que différents groupes pouvaient être identifiés avec des motifs catalytiques distincts. L’analyse transcriptionnelle a montré que les gènes relatifs aux GSTFs de peuplier sont principalement exprimés dans les fleurs femelles, les pétioles et les fruits. Certains aspects du mécanisme réactionnel ont été caractérisés en déterminant notamment les paramètres cinétiques et d’interaction des huit GSTFs et de plusieurs variants mutés pour des résidus clés vis-à-vis de substrats modèles. Les structures de cinq des huit GSTFs ont été résolues et ces protéines dimériques adoptent un repliement GST canonique et des spécificités structurales au niveau du site actif ont pu être observées. De plus, au regard de la capacité des orthologues des GSTFs à lier des hormones et des flavonoïdes ainsi que de l’expression récurrente des GSTFs de peuplier dans les fruits et les fleurs femelles, deux organes riches en ces molécules, il peut être supposé qu’elles ont aussi des propriétés de type ligandine. Des résultats préliminaires ont également été obtenus pour la recherche de substrats physiologiques à partir de métabolites extraits de différents organes de peuplier. A terme, l’identification de ces substrats permettra de déterminer le mode d’action (catalytique vs ligandine) de chaque enzyme et d’identifier clairement les fonctions in planta de ces enzymes / Glutathione transferases (GSTs) belong to a multigenic family whose presence in most eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea reflects their widespread nature and very likely important functions. These enzymes represent a major group of enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification and secondary metabolism. From the most recent genomic and phylogenetic analyses, the GST family is subdivided into 14 classes that can be separated into two main groups based on the catalytic residue which is either a serine (Ser-GST) or a cysteine (Cys-GST). Ser-GSTs usually catalyze glutathione (GSH) conjugation and/or peroxide reduction. On the other hand, Cys-GSTs cannot perform GSH-conjugation reactions but instead catalyze thiol-transferase, dehydroascorbate reductase and deglutathionylation reactions. Ser-GSTs from the Phi class (GSTF) are present in photosynthetic organisms and some basidiomycetes. This class is composed of a large number of genes compared to other GST classes which are amongst the most stress-inducible. The corresponding proteins have been extensively studied in crops with regard to their detoxification activities toward herbicides. However, with a few exceptions, very little is known about their roles in planta and it is not well understood why this class has expanded. By combining molecular, cellular, biochemical and structural approaches, the eight isoforms from the model tree Populus trichocarpa have been characterized during this PhD project. Phylogenetic analysis of GSTFs in the green lineage shows that the apparition of this class is concomitant with the appearance of terrestrial plants and that different groups can be distinguished based on the active site signature. RT-PCR analysis of the eight isoforms of GSTFs showed that transcripts mostly accumulate in female flowers, petioles and fruits. Some aspects of the reaction mechanism have been characterized by determining kinetic parameters of the eight poplar GSTFs and of several mutated variants for key residues towards model substrates. The structures of five GSTFs have been solved and these dimeric proteins display a typical GST fold but specificities have been observed at the catalytic site level. Moreover, considering the demonstrated capacity of GSTF orthologs to bind hormones, anthocyanins or flavonoids, and the consistent high expression of poplar GSTFs in female flowers and fruits, two organs rich in these molecules, we speculate that they may also possess ligandin properties. Preliminary results have been obtained regarding the nature of the substrates in various poplar organs by analyzing protein thermostability in the presence of putative ligands. In order to assess whether a functional redundancy between poplar Phi GSTs exists and to identify their mode of action (catalytic vs ligandin functions), we started to isolate and identify physiological substrates

Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder. The etiology of autism still remains unclear due to the heterogeneous and complex nature of the disorder, however synergistic actions between genetic components and environmental factors have been suggested. Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most popular over-the-counter drugs that possess antipyretic and analgesic effects. It is considered a relatively safe and effective within therapeutic doses. Recently, early exposure to APAP has been suggested to be one of the underlying cause of autism. Children are often prescribed APAP to lessen fever or irritability after vaccination during the first year, and APAP may adversely affect the normal brain development. In order to better understand the association with APAP and autism, we used an inbred mouse strain BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR). BTBR exhibits behavioral deficits that mimic the core behavioral deficits of human autism. In the study, investigated 1) if BTBR mice showed differences in thiol biochemistry and EAAT3 levels in brain compared with C57BL/6J (C57) mice, 2) if early exposure to APAP induced behavioral changes worsening the autistic phenotypes of BTBR in adolescence, and 3) if APAP exposure in neonatal mice induced possible toxicity at various doses. As a result, we observed that BTBR mice have significantly lower plasma sulfate levels and EAAT expression levels in the frontal cortex compared to C57 mice. Surprisingly, neonatal therapeutic dose of APAP administration did not induce behavioral changes in both C57 and BTBR in adolescence. However, we showed that a supratheraputic dose of APAP significantly elevated levels of oxidative stress marker in the brain. Overall, the results suggested that BTBR mice would be a useful mouse model to investigate effects of various environmental factors that have been associated with autism. In addition, early exposure to APAP at supratherapeutic doses may negatively affect normal brain development.

Phanerochaete chrysosporium est un champignon ligninolytique largement étudié pour ses capacités à dégrader la lignine et certains xénobiotiques grâce à un important système d'enzymes extracellulaires. Son génome est entièrement séquencé et constitue un inventaire de séquences protéiques prédites qui a permis la description de nombreuses superfamilles de protéines. Parmi elles, les Glutathion S-transférases sont essentiellement impliquées dans le métabolisme secondaire du champignon. Cependant, malgré les nombreux travaux montrant l'implication de ces enzymes dans la réponse aux stress, le développement cellulaire et plus globalement dans certaines fonctions métaboliques, leurs réelles fonctions restent inconnues à cause de leur grande diversité et le manque de données concernant leurs spécificités catalytiques. P. chrysosporium possède 27 isoformes de GSTs qui se regroupent en 7 classes. Parmi elles, 3 sont étendues chez les champignons saprophytes : les classes Omega, Ure2p et ethérase. Deux membres de la classe Omega ont été caractérisés au niveau biochimique et montrent desspécificités de substrat. En effet, PcGTO1 fait partie d'une nouvelle classe appelée S-glutathionyl-phydroquinone reductase, alors que PcGTO3 est plutôt active avec le phenylacetophenone. La structure tridimensionnelle de PcGTO1 suggère que l'enzyme appartient également à une nouvelle classe structurale que nous avons appelée xi. La deuxième classe majoritaire que nous avons étudiée est la classe des Ure2p qui est composée de 9 isoformes et se regroupent en 2 sous-classes. Trois isoformes ont été étudiées au niveau transcriptionnel, biochimique et physiologique. PcUre2p4 et PcUre2p6 appartenant à la première sous-classe sont spécifiquement exprimés dans des cultures fongiques en présence d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et l'activité des protéines recombinantes correspondantes est classique des GSTs à savoir le transfert de glutathion sur un substrat hydrophobe. A l'inverse, PcUre2p1 qui appartient à la deuxième sous-classe est exprimé de manière constitutive au niveau transcriptionnel et la protéine présente une activité thiol transférase comparable aux protéines de la classe Omega. Les analyses physiologiques menées grâce à la complémentation de souche déficience de Saccharomyces cerevisiae ont montré que PcUre2p1, PcUre2p4 et PcUre2p6 n'avaient pas la même fonction que l'isoforme de la levure puisqu'aucune complémentation n'a été détectée en ce qui concerne la résistance au stress ou la régulation du métabolisme azoté. Ces résultats suggèrent que leschampignons, en particulier ceux qui présentent des propriétés saprophytes ont développé des spécificités de fonction de leur GSTs probablement en réponse à des contraintes environnementales. / Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a ligninolytic fungus widely studied because of its capacities to degrade wood and xenobiotics through an extracellular enzymatic system. Its genome has been sequenced and has provided researchers with a complete inventory of the predicted proteins produced by this organism. This has allowed the description of many protein superfamilies. Among them, Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) constitute a complex and widespread superfamily classified as enzymes of secondary metabolism. However, despite the numerous associations of GSTs with stress responses, cell development and metabolism in various organisms, the functions of these enzymes remain usually evasive mainly due to their high diversity and also to the lack of knowledge about their catalytic specificities. In P. chrysosporium 27 GST isoforms have been highlighted and clustered into seven classes. Among them three are extended in saprophytic fungi: the Omega, the Ure2p and the etherase classes. Two members of the Omega class have been characterized at the biochemical level showing difference in substrate specificities. Indeed, PcGTO1 is member of a new class of Sglutathionyl- p-hydroquinone reductase, while PcGTO3 is rather active with phenylacetophenone. The three-dimensional structure of PcGTO1 confirms the hypothesis not only of a new biological class, but also of a new structural class that we propose to name GST xi. The second extended class we have studied is the Ure2p one. It is composed of nine isoforms in P. chrysosporium and clusters into two subclasses. Three Ure2p class members have been studied in more details at transcriptional, biochemical and physiological levels. PcUre2p4 and PcUre2p6 of the first subclass are specifically expressed in cultures treated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the recombinant proteins are active as typical glutathione transferases. By contrast, PcUre2p1, which belongs to the second subclass is constitutively expressed whatever the condition tested and is active with small molecules as substrate, such as proteins from the Omega class. Physiological studies have revealed that these proteins do not have the same function than the Saccharomyce cerevisiae isoform, concerning both the response to oxidative stress and its involvement in the nitrogen catabolite repression. These results suggest that fungi, especially those with saprophytic capabilities, have developed specificities of GST function as an adaptation to environmental constraints

La formation de ponts disulfure constitue une modification post-traductionnelle des protéines importante pour de nombreux processus physiologiques, jouant un rôle particulier dans le repliement, la catalyse et la régulation de leur activité. Ce travail concerne l'étude des relations structure-fonction d'oxydoréductases de peuplier appartenant à deux familles de la superfamille des thiorédoxines, les glutathion peroxydases (Gpxs) et les protéine disulfure isomérases (PDIs).L'étude biochimique fine de la Gpx5 a permis de montrer que cette peroxydase réduit le peroxynitrite, propriété inconnue pour ce type de Gpx et de détailler plusieurs étapes du mécanisme catalytique (formation de l'acide sulfénique, changement structural entre formes réduites et oxydées, régénération par les Trxs). La dimérisation de la Gpx5 n'est pas requise pour son activité mais pourrait jouer un rôle dans la reconnaissance de certains substrats. Enfin, l'inactivation de la cystéine peroxydatique par suroxydation suggère que les Gpxs pourraient également avoir une fonction dans la signalisation en réponse aux peroxydes.Concernant les PDIs, suite à une analyse phylogénétique détaillée amenant à proposer une nouvelle classification en 9 classes chez les organismes photosynthétiques, la caractérisation biochimique de plusieurs isoformes présentant des organisations modulaires distinctes et appartenant à trois classes de PDIs a été entreprise. Aucune activité enzymatique typique n'a été identifiée pour la PDI-A, alors que les PDI-L1a et -M possèdent à la fois une activité oxydase et réductase. Les deux modules a de la PDI-M catalysent des réactions spécifiques, de réduction ou d'oxydation. / Protein activity and folding can be regulated by post-translational modifications that can impact on their physiological functions. One of these is the formation/reduction of disulfide bridges. The aim of the present work is to study the structure-function relationship of protein members of the thioredoxin superfamily, the protein disulfide isomerases (PDI) and the glutathione peroxidases (Gpx).A precise biochemical study has allowed us to demonstrate that this enzyme is an efficient peroxynitrite scavenger, a new finding for this type of protein and allowed investigating several steps of the Gpx5 catalytic mechanism (i.e. sulfenic acid formation, structural changes between reduce dand oxidized forms, Trx-mediated recycling). We also demonstrate that the dimer form of Gpx5 is not absolutely required for peroxide reduction but probably involved in peroxide specificity. Finally, the capability of the peroxidatic cysteine to be overoxidized brings some new clues in favor of an additional signaling function for Gpx5.Concerning PDIs, a detailed phylogenetic analysis of photosynthetic organisms allowed us to identify 9 classes of PDIs and to propose a new nomenclature that fits all these organisms. The biochemical characterization of isoforms of interest has allowed us to highlight some specificity of PDI-L1a and PDI-M in terms of reduction or oxidation reactions catalyzed. A detailed analysis of PDI-M isoform also indicates that the two Trx modules of this protein show differential oxidation or reduction capacities. We could not detect any activity for PDI-A isoforms, leaving us to wonder whether this enzyme is simply active or possesses highly specific protein partners.

The one-humped or the dromedarian camel is a pseudo-ruminant mammal, well adapted to the hot and dry climates of the desert. Its ability to withstand torrid heat and extreme desiccation is of paramount importance to its survival. The studies presented in this thesis were designed to investigate and document the effect of dehydration in the presence or absence of angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 receptor blocker (losartan) on blood constituents, electrolytes, hormones, neurotransmitters as well as liver and kidney enzymes in a subset of dehydrated camels and to compare them with hydrated camels. Additionally, we studied the response of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and revealed for the first time the cardiac storage form of BNP in the camel heart. Dehydration induced significant increments in packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), gamma glutamyl-transferase (GGT), serum sodium, creatinine and urea levels, and a doubling in plasma cortisol and arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels. At the same time dehydration caused significant decrease in body weights, plasma insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and a 50% decrement in ANP and BNP levels. Moreover, dehydration with and without losartan resulted in significant changes in stress hormones and anti-oxidants in plasma, liver and kidney homogenates. Losartan on one hand enhanced the effect of dehydration resulting in significant increases in sodium, creatinine and urea levels. In addition losartan raised the  binding affinity of Ang II AT2 receptors in the small intestine with 8-fold and with 16-fold for liver AT1 receptors, indicating that Ang II AT1 and AT2 receptor binding sites were present in camel's small intestine while only AT1 receptor binding sites were found in the camel liver. One the other hand losartan resulted in significant decrease in body weights impaired the rise in anti-diuretic hormone and reduced aldosterone level. Finally, we showed that the proBNP is the storage form of BNP in the camel heart.