<p>Women with pregestational diabetes have a 2-5 fold increased risk of giving birth to malformed babies compared with non-diabetic women. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress in maternal and embryonic tissues has been implicated in the teratogenic process. The malformations are likely to be induced before the seventh week of pregnancy, when the yolk sac is partly responsible for the transfer of metabolites to the embryo, and the uterine blood flow to the implantation site determines the net amount of nutrients available to the conceptus. We aimed to evaluate the effect on embryogenesis caused by a diabetes-induced disturbance in yolk sac morphology, uterine blood flow or altered maternal antioxidative status in conjunction with a varied severity of the maternal diabetic state.</p><p>We investigated to which extent maternal diabetes with or without folic acid (FA) supplementation affects mRNA levels and protein distribution of ROS scavenging enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPX), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (Vegf-A), folate binding protein-1 (Folbp-1), and apoptosis associated proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3) in the yolk sacs of rat embryos on gestational days 10 and 11. We found that maternal diabetes impairs, and that FA supplementation restores, yolk sac vessel morphology, and that maternal diabetes is associated with increased apoptotic rate in embryos and yolk sacs, as well as impaired SOD gene expression. We assessed uterine blood flow with a laser-Doppler-flow-meter and found increased blood flow to implantation sites of diabetic rats compared with controls. Furthermore, resorbed and malformed offspring showed increased and decreased blood flow to their implantation sites, respectively. In mice with genetically altered CuZnSOD levels, maternal diabetes increased embryonic dysmorphogenesis irrespective of CuZnSOD expression. We thus found the maternal diabetic state to be a major determinant of diabetic embryopathy and that the CuZnSOD status exerts a partial protection for the embryo in diabetic pregnancy. </p>

Le risque cardiométabolique (RCM) représente l’ensemble de tous les facteurs de risque pour les maladies cardiovasculaires et le diabète de type 2, incluant les facteurs de risque traditionnels et ceux émergents. Les évidences indiquent que la résistance à l’insuline, l’inflammation et le stress oxydant jouent un rôle clé dans le RCM, bien que l’acteur initiateur des altérations métaboliques caractéristiques du RCM reste encore à définir. Les femmes post-ménopausées constituent un sous-groupe important de la population puisque le risque de complications cardiométaboliques augmente après la ménopause. Les facteurs de RCM peuvent être modulés par l’alimentation, l’activité physique et la perte de poids. Alors que l’étude de nutriments / aliments spécifiques a permis de mieux comprendre l’implication de l’alimentation dans le RCM, celle de la qualité de l’alimentation est prometteuse. L’activité physique a des effets bénéfiques sur le RCM bien démontrés chez des personnes actives. Cependant, la relation entre la dépense énergétique et le RCM chez des individus sédentaires a été moins investiguée. De même, peu ou pas de données existent quant à une interaction synergique possible entre l’alimentation et l’activité physique sur le RCM. L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’investiguer les relations entre l’alimentation, l’activité physique, le stress oxydant et le RCM chez des femmes post-ménopausées en surpoids ou obèses, sédentaires et sans autres complications métaboliques. Les résultats montrent que d’une part, chez ces femmes sédentaires, une dépense énergétique active (DÉAP) élevée est associée à un meilleur profil inflammatoire, indépendamment de l’adiposité. D’autre part, il existe une relation synergique entre la qualité alimentaire et la DÉAP associée à un meilleur RCM. Une qualité alimentaire élevée combinée à une DÉAP élevée est associée à un meilleur profil lipidique et lipoprotéique et à une inflammation sub-clinique moindre, indépendamment de l’adiposité. Par ailleurs, dans une étude pilote, seuls des effets indépendants des changements de la qualité alimentaire et de la DÉAP sur les changements dans les facteurs de RCM ont été observés suite à cette diète hypocalorique de 6 mois, indépendamment du changement de l’adiposité encouru. En effet, au-delà de la réduction de l’adiposité et de l’amélioration du profil lipoprotéique induites par l’intervention, l’amélioration de la qualité alimentaire et de la DÉAP est associée, indépendamment l’une de l’autre, à une meilleure pression artérielle et un meilleur profil lipidique. Par ailleurs, une modification du système glutathion, un des systèmes antioxydants les plus communs de l’organisme, est associée à un RCM élevé. Une activité élevée de la glutathion peroxydase est associée à une résistance à l’insuline et à une épaisseur plus importante de l’intima-media de la carotide. Ces relations pourraient être médiées par un stress réducteur. En conclusion, l’adoption d’une saine alimentation et la pratique d’activités physiques doivent être encouragées dans les interventions visant à contrer l’obésité et ses complications, même en absence d’un changement d’adiposité. D’autre part, l’activité de la glutathion peroxydase pourrait être un paramètre impliqué dans le développement de désordres cardiométaboliques sub-cliniques et asymptomatiques chez des femmes obèses. D’autres investigations sont requises pour confirmer ces observations et élucider les mécanismes d’action impliqués. / The cardiometabolic risk represents all risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, including the traditional and the emerging risk factors. Accumulating evidences indicate that insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress are key players in the cardiometabolic risk, although the main cause initiating the metabolic alterations associated with the cardiometabolic risk has to be identified. Postmenopausal women are an important sub-group of the general population because the risk of developing cardiometabolic complications increases after menopause. The cardiometabolic risk factors can be modulated by dietary intake, physical activity and weight loss. Despite the fact that the study of specific nutrients or foods provided a better understanding of the implication of nutrition in the cardiometabolic risk, the relationship between diet quality and cardiometabolic risk has been less studied. Beneficial effects of physical activity on the cardiometabolic risk have been demonstrated in physically active individuals. However, the relationship between energy expenditure and the cardiometabolic risk in sedentary individuals has been less investigated. Similarly, it is unknown whether dietary intake interacts with physical activity in order to have greater beneficial effects on the cardiometabolic risk. The objective of this thesis is to determine the relationships between diet quality, physical activity and oxidative stress on the cardiometabolic risk in sedentary postmenopausal overweight and obese women without cardiometabolic complications. The results showed that, in these sedentary women, physical activity energy expenditure is associated with reduced inflammation, independently of adiposity. Moreover, there is a synergistic relationship between quality and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) which is associated with a reduced cardiometabolic risk compared to their separate effects. Indeed, high diet quality combined to high PAEE levels is associated with a better lipid and lipoprotein profile and a lower inflammatory status, independently of adiposity. However, in a pilot study, only independent effects of changes in diet quality and PAEE on the changes in cardiometabolic risk factors was observed following a 6-month hypocaloric diet. Indeed, beyond the reduction of adiposity and improvement of the lipoprotein profile induced by this diet, improved diet quality and increased PAEE are associated with beneficial changes in blood pressure and lipid profile. On the other hand, modification in the glutathione system, which is one of the most common antioxidant systems in the body, is associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk. Greater glutathione peroxidase activity is associated with insulin resistance and greater intima-media thickness of blood vessels. These relationships may be mediated through a reductive stress. In conclusion, a healthy diet and physical activity should be emphasized in interventions aimed to reduce obesity and its related complications, even in absence of change in adiposity. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase activity may be a parameter contributing to the development of sub-clinical but clinically relevant asymptomatic cardiometabolic abnormalities in obese women. Further investigations are needed to confirm these results and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

This research work has investigated the electrochemistry of glutathione (GSH)and homocysteine (HCSH) in order to develop sensors for these biological thiols.Ru(bpy)33+ and IrCl62− have been used as mediators for the electrooxidation of GSH andHCSH because direct oxidation of these thiols is slow at most conventional electrodes.The electrochemical detection of GSH and HCSH has been pursued because of their biological roles. Concerted proton electron transfer (CPET) and stepwise proton electron transfer(PT/ET) pathways have been observed in the electrooxidation of GSH and HCSH.Oxidation of GSH by Ru(bpy)33+ carried out in deuterated and undeuterated buffered (pH= pD = 5.0) and unbuffered solutions (pH = pD 5.0−9.0) indicates a CPET pathway. AtpH 7.0 buffered solution, the involvement of the buffer was obvious, with rate increasing as the buffer concentration increases − an indication of a general base catalysis. The oxidation of GSH by IrCl62− follows through CPET at pH 7.0 when the optimum concentration of the buffer is established. The plot of the rate vs. buffer concentration gave a curvature at lower buffer concentration and then a plateau at higher concentration,which implies a change in the rate determining step as the buffer concentration increases.At lower buffer concentration, proton transfer was seen to be the rate determining step asthe reduction current increases upon scan rate increase. In the oxidation of HCSH by IrCl62−, CPET was observed at pH = pD values of7.0 and 8.0, whereas PT/ET was seen at pH = pD values of 9.0 and 10. Increase in the buffer concentration at pH 7.0 revealed the contribution of the buffer, in that, the oxidation proceeds more efficiently, seeing that the catalytic peak current shifts more negatively and the peak broadness diminishes. Increase in the temperature for the electrooxidation of HCSH resulted in increase in the rate.

Le stress oxydant est un acteur clé dans les réponses des plantes à des conditions contraignantes. En raison de la complexité de la régulation de l’état redox cellulaire, il reste beaucoup à élucider concernant les interactions entre différentes composantes dans ces conditions. Grâce à une approche de génétique inverse basée sur un mutant d’Arabidopsis déficient en catalase (cat2) qui présente des modifications d’état redox prévisibles et bien définies, cette étude a exploré les interactions entre le stress oxydant et (1) un gène spécifique impliqué dans la déphosphorylation des protéines, (2) des enzymes spécifiques impliquées dans les systèmes antioxydants réducteurs. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que la sous-unité B'γ de la protéine phosphatase de type 2A (PP2A-B'γ) est importante dans la détermination des phénotypes et des réponses de défense photopériode-dépendantes chez cat2. En conditions de jours courts (SD), un double cat2 pp2a-b'γ mutant montrait une gamme de réponses qui n’étaient pas observées chez cat2. Ces effets comprenaient l’apparition de lésions ainsi que l’accumulation de l’acide salicylique et d’autres composés de défense. Des analyses métabolomiques et protéomiques ont permis de démontrer que ces effets étaient accompagnés de modifications de l’abondance de métabolites et protéines spécifiques, ainsi que des changements dans le statut de phosphorylation de certains polypeptides. Dans un deuxième volet du travail, l’importance d’une enzyme productrice du NADPH a été évaluée en produisant des doubles cat2 nadp-me2 mutants chez lesquels l’isoforme majeure de l’enzyme malique cytosolique n’est plus exprimée. Malgré une induction de cette enzyme par le stress oxydant aux niveaux de transcrits et d’activité, et une diminution importante de l’activité foliaire associée aux mutations nadp-me2, peu de différence a été observée entre les lignées cat2 et cat2 nadp-me2. De même, la mutation nadp-me2 n’a pas affecté la réponse phénotypique de plantes exposées à l’ozone. Dans la troisième partie du travail, le couplage entre les pools ascorbate et glutathion lors du stress oxydant a été exploré par l’introduction de mutations pour la déshydroascorbate réductase (DHAR) dans le fond génétique cat2. L’activité extractible de cette enzyme a été diminuée à des niveaux très faibles chez des lignées portant à la fois les mutations dhar1 et dhar3. Cependant, peu de différence a été observée dans les phénotypes et les statuts d’ascorbate et de glutathion chez un triple mutant cat2 dhar1 dhar3 par rapport à cat2. Des analyses préliminaires d’un quadruple cat2 dhar1 dhar2 dhar3 mutant semblent pourtant indiquer que les trois DHARs jouent des rôles fonctionnellement redondants dans le stress oxydant. Dans son ensemble, ces travaux apportent des données nouvelles sur les enzymes qui régulent les réponses aux stress oxydants et ont généré des outils intéressants pour des études ultérieures. / Oxidative stress is a key player in plant responses to challenging environmental conditions. The intricate nature of the regulation of cellular redox state means that much remains to be elucidated on interactions between different components in these conditions. By using a genetic approach based on a catalase-deficient Arabidopsis mutant (cat2) that presents well-defined, predictable changes in redox state, this study explored interactions between oxidative stress and (1) a specific gene involved in protein dephosphorylation, and (2) specific enzymes involved in the antioxidative/reducing system. The results showed that protein phosphatase 2 subunit B'γ (PP2A-B'γ) is involved in determining day length-dependent phenotypes and related defense responses in cat2. A cat2 pp2A-B'γ double mutant showed a range of responses that were not observed in cat2 grown in short days, including lesion formation and accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and related metabolites. Metabolomics and proteomics analyses showed that these effects were associated with altered abundance of specific metabolites and proteins, as well as changes in protein phosphorylation status. A second part of the study investigated the importance of NADP-generating enzymes in oxidative stress by production of cat2 nadp-me2 double mutants, in which the cytosolic isoform of NADP-malic enzyme is knocked out. Although NADP-ME2 was shown to be induced by oxidative stress, and mutants for this gene had much decreased leaf NADP-malic enzyme activity, no effects on cat2 phenotypes or redox profiles were apparent. Similarly, phenotypic responses to ozone were not affected in an nadp-me2 single mutant. In the third part, coupling between ascorbate and glutathione pools during oxidative stress was investigated by introduction of loss of function mutations for dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) into the cat2 background. In lines carrying a combination of dhar1 and dhar3 mutations, extractable leaf activity was decreased to very low levels. Despite this, cat2 dhar1 dhar3 and cat2 phenotypes and ascorbate and glutathione pools were similar. However, preliminary functional analysis of a cat2 dhar1 dhar2 dhar3 quadruple mutant suggested that the three DHARs play functionally redundant roles in oxidative stress. Overall, the work provides new data on enzymes that regulate responses to oxidative stress and has produced interesting genetic tools for further study.

The aim of this work was to synthesise water-soluble QDs using different precursors and stabilizers and to determine the toxicity of the synthesized QDs by in vivo imaging. Experiments were performed on water-soluble QDs (MPA-CdTe, MPA-CdTe/ZnS, MSA-CdTe, MSA-CdTe/ZnS, GSH-CdTe, GSH-CdTe/ZnS, TGA-CdTe, TGA-CdTe/ZnS, GSH-ZnSe and GSH-ZnSe/ZnS ) and toxicity was measured. Synthesized QDs were characterized by high intensity (fluorescence spectroscopy), FWHM and zeta potential (ZS Zetasizer) were selected due to their suitability for this task. The toxicity of QDs was determined by the MTT assay on the cell line HEK 293. The experiments show that a core/shell structure is less toxic than a core structure. The results indicate that the toxicity of our synthesized QDs is the lowest for MPA-CdTe (core structure) and MPA-CdTe/ZnS (core/shell structure).

No description available.

Plantas cultivadas em ambientes com média e alta disponibilidade de cádmio apresentam menor produção de folhas e perfilhos devido à maior quantidade de cádmio absorvido, resultando em menor produção de biomassa. O fornecimento de enxofre às plantas pode minimizar os efeitos negativos causados pelo cádmio, uma vez que esse nutriente participa de compostos que atuam no sistema antioxidante, conferindo maior tolerância aos metais pesados. Objetivou-se avaliar as modificações ocorridas: i) nos aspectos morfológicos, morfogênicos e produtivos; ii) no estado nutricional e iii) na resposta do sistema antioxidante do capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum) cultivado com combinações de doses de enxofre (0,1; 1,0; 1,9; 2,8 e 3,7 mmol L-1) e de cádmio (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mmol L-1) em solução nutritiva. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, utilizando o esquema fatorial 5² fracionado, em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições. O primeiro corte do capimtanzânia foi realizado 40 dias após o transplantio das mudas para os vasos e o segundo corte 18 dias após o primeiro. Para a taxa de mortalidade de perfilhos, valor SPAD, concentração de cádmio e a atividade da APX (segundo corte) do capim-tanzânia foi significativa a interação doses de enxofre x doses de cádmio, de forma que o suprimento de enxofre atenuou a taxa de mortalidade, diminuiu a quantidade de cádmio absorvida, aumentou o valor SPAD e a atividade da APX. O teor de água, número de perfilhos, taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos, número de folhas, área foliar, taxa de aparecimento foliar, razão de área foliar, produção de massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes, valor SPAD, concentração de potássio, teor de GSH e a atividade da CAT foram menores com o fornecimento de cádmio na solução nutritiva. De forma contrária, as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo, zinco e cádmio, o fator de transporte do cádmio, os teores de GSSG e glutationa, e a atividade da APX aumentaram. O fornecimento de enxofre aumentou a concentração de enxofre na parte aérea do capimtanzânia. Os efeitos causados pelo cádmio são mais acentuados durante a rebrotação, principalmente, em condições de alta disponibilidade do metal pesado. As enzimas CAT e GR apresentaram mais isoformas na parte aérea do que nas raízes do capim-tanzânia, sugerindo que esse tecido é mais eficaz no combate aos danos oxidativos causados pelas altas concentrações de cádmio. O suprimento de enxofre ao capim-tanzânia cultivado em ambientes com alta disponibilidade de cádmio é indicado para aumentar a tolerância da gramínea ao metal pesado. / Plants grown at medium and high cadmium availability has produced low number of leaves and tillers due to the great amount of cadmium absorbed, resulting in lower biomass production. Sulfur supply to plants may mitigate negative effects caused by cadmium, since compounds containing sulfur participate of the antioxidative plant system, resulting in greater tolerance to heavy metals. This study evaluated changes in: i) morphological, morphogenesis and productive aspects, ii) nutritional status, and iii) response of the antioxidative system of Tanzania guineagrass (Panicum maximum) grown under combined sulfur rates (0.1; 1.0, 1.9, 2.8 and 3.7 mmol L-1) and cadmium rates (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mmol L-1) in nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, by using a fractionated factorial 5², in randomized block design, with six replications. The first harvest of Tanzania guineagrass was performed at 40 days after seedlings transplanting to the pots, and the second at 18 days after the first harvest. Mortality rate of tillers, SPAD value, cadmium concentration and APX activity (second harvest) of Tanzania guineagrass had statistically significant sulfur rates x cadmium rates interaction, since that sulfur supply mitigate the mortality rate, decreased the amount of cadmium absorbed and increased SPAD value and the APX activity. The water content, number of tillers, tiller emergence rate, number of leaf, leaf area, leaf emergence rate, ratio of leaf area, dry mass of shoots and roots, SPAD value, potassium concentration, GSH content and CAT activity decreased with the cadmium supply in the nutrient solution. Contrary to that, nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and cadmium concentrations were increased as well as the transporting factor of cadmium, GSSG and glutathione contents and APX activity. Sulfur supply increased sulfur concentration in shoots of Tanzania guineagrass and the effects of cadmium were more pronounced during the plant regrowth period, especially under high availability of the heavy metal. Isoforms of CAT and GR showed higher abundance in shoots compared to roots, suggesting higher effectiveness of such tissue in avoiding oxidative damage caused by high concentrations of cadmium. Thus, sulfur supply to the Tanzania guineagrass grown in environment with high cadmium availability is indicated to increase tolerance to this heavy metal.

A nefropatia diabética (ND) é uma das principais causas de nefropatia crônica, o que torna o diabetes mellitus (DM) responsável por 44% da prevalência de doença renal crônica (DRC) no mundo. O papel do estresse oxidativo na patogênese da ND está bem estabelecido e genes pertencentes a vias pró- e antioxidantes são possíveis candidatos a conferirem susceptibilidade genética a essa e a outras complicações crônicas. Além do estresse oxidativo, o transporte intracelular de glicose, mediado por transportadores específicos, também parece exercer influência sobre a ND e outras complicações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre ND e alguns polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo (SNPs) em genes que codificam proteínas transportadoras de glicose (GLUT2 [SLC2A2]), proteínas pró-oxidantes (p22phox [CYBA] e NOX-2 [CYBB]) e proteínas antioxidantes (glutationa peroxidase-4 [GPX4] e catalase [CAT]) em uma coorte brasileira (n=453; 45,8% de pacientes com ND) e três coortes francesas (SURGENE [n=340; 17,7% de pacientes com ND na fase basal], GENEDIAB [n=313; 66,7% de pacientes com ND] e GENESIS [n=636; 49,7% de pacientes com ND]) de pacientes portadores de DM tipo 1. Os SNPs foram genotipados com o uso da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real e os resultados expressos em odds ratio (OR) ou hazard ratio (HR), com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC), determinados em modelos ajustados de regressão logística politômica ou regressão de risco proporcional de Cox, respectivamente. A razão albumina/creatinina urinária (ACR) ou a taxa de excreção urinária de albumina (EUA) foram utilizadas para definir os estágios de ND e os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a presença ou ausência de ND incipiente (ACR 30 - 300 mg/g de creatinina ou EUA 20 - 200 ?g/min ou 20 - 200 mg/L) e creatinina plasmática <1,7 mg/dL), ND estabilizada (ACR >300 mg/g de creatinina ou EUA > 200 ug/min ou > 200 mg/L e creatinina plasmática < 1,7 mg/dL ) ou ND avançada (ACR > 300 mg/g de creatinina ou EUA > 200 ug/min ou > 200 mg/L e creatinina plasmática > 1,7 mg/dL ou qualquer terapia de reposição renal) e também foram avaliadas associações dos SNPs com a taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGe). O alelo raro A do SNP rs6610650 no gene CYBB foi associado com valores baixos de TFGe em mulheres na coorte brasileira e com a prevalência de ND estabilizada/avançada em mulheres da coorte francesa (OR 1,75; IC 95% 1,11 - 2,78; p=0,016). O alelo raro T do SNP rs713041 no gene GPX4 foi inversamente associado com a prevalência de ND estabilizada/avançada em homens na coorte brasileira (OR 0,30, IC95% 0,13 - 0,68, p=0,004) e com valores elevados de TFGe em homens na coorte francesa. O alelo raro A do SNP rs7947841 no gene CAT foi associado com a prevalência de ND incipiente (OR 2,79; IC95% 1,21 - 6,24; p=0,01) e ND estabilizada/avançada (OR 5,72; IC95% 1,62 - 22,03; p=0,007), bem como com a incidência de eventos renais, definidos como novos casos de microalbuminúria ou progressão para um estágio mais grave de ND durante o seguimento de estudo, na coorte SURGENE (HR 1,82; IC95% 1,13 - 2,81; p=0,01). O mesmo alelo de risco associou-se com a prevalência de ND incipiente (OR 3,13; IC95% 1,42 - 7,24; p=0,004) e com a incidência de insuficiência renal crônica terminal (IRCT) na coorte GENEDIAB (HR 2,11; IC95% 1,23 - 3,60; p=0,008) e com a prevalência de ND incipiente (OR 2,16; IC95% 1,14 - 4,10, p=0,02) e ND estabilizada/avançada (OR 2,71; IC95% 1,38 - 5,42; p=0,004) na coorte brasileira. O alelo raro T do SNP rs9932581 no gene CYBA foi inversamente associado com a prevalência de ND estabilizada/avançada (OR 0,60; IC95% 0,46 - 0,78; p=0,0001) e com valores mais baixos de TFGe nos pacientes de descendência europeia da coorte GENESIS/GENEDIAB. Este mesmo alelo foi associado com a incidência de eventos renais e de IRCT nas coortes SURGENE (HR 0,63; IC95% 0,46 - 0,86; p=0,003) e GENESIS/GENEDIAB (HR 0,51; IC95% 0,31 - 0,78; p=0,002), respectivamente. Entretanto estes resultados não foram replicados na coorte brasileira. O alelo raro T do SNP rs11924032 no gene SLC2A2 foi inversamente associado com a perda da TFGe ao logo do tempo (0,02%/ano vs 2,18%/ano para os pacientes portadores do genótipo GG; p=0,005), na coorte SURGENE. Este mesmo alelo foi inversamente associado com a incidência de IRCT nas coortes GENESIS/GENEDIAB (HR 0,53; IC95% 0,29 - 0,89; p=0,01). Os resultados observados para o gene SLC2A2 não forneceram fortes indícios para afirmarmos que este gene exerça um papel relevante no desenvolvimento da ND nos pacientes com DM tipo 1 nas coortes francesas estudadas. Em contrapartida, os SNPs nos genes que codificam as proteínas pró-oxidantes CYBA e CYBB e as proteínas antioxidantes GPX-4 e CAT foram capazes de modular o risco para doença renal em pacientes portadores de DM tipo 1, sendo que os SNPs presentes nos genes CYBB, GPX4 e CAT tiveram seus resultados replicados em coortes independentes, o que corrobora a importância destes genes e, consequentemente, do estresse oxidativo, na patogênese da ND / Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of chronic nephropathy, with diabetes mellitus (DM) accounting for 44% of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the world. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DN is well established and genes belonging to pro- and antioxidant pathways are possible candidates to confer genetic susceptibility to this and other chronic complications. Besides oxidative stress, intracellular glucose transport mediated by specific transporters, also appears to influence DN and other complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between DN and some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in genes encoding glucose transport proteins (GLUT2 [SLC2A2]), pro- (p22phox [CYBA] and NOX-2 [CYBB]) and antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase-4 [GPX4] and catalase [CAT]) proteins, in a Brazilian cohort [n= 453; 45.8% f patients with DN], and three French cohorts (SURGENE [n=340; 17.7% of patients with DN at baseline], GENEDIAB [n=313; 66.7% of patients with DN], and GENESIS [n=636; 49.7% of patients with DN]) of patients with type 1 DM. The SNPs were genotyped using the technique of real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and results expressed as odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR), with their respectively 95% confidence intervals (CI), determined by adjusted models of polytomic logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression, respectively. The albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) or the urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rate were used to define the DN stages and the patients were classified according to the presence or absence of incipient DN (ACR 30 - 300 mg/g of creatinine or UAE 20 - 200 ug/min or 20 - 200 mg/L) and plasmatic creatinine < 1,7 mg/dL), established DN (ACR > 300 mg/g of creatinine or EUA > 200 ug/min or > 200 mg/L and plasmatic creatinine <1,7 mg/dL) or advanced DN (ACR >300 mg/g of creatinine or UAE > 200 ug/min or > 200 mg/L and plasmatic creatinine > 1,7 mg/dL or any renal replacement therapy). Associations for the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were also evaluated. The rare allele A of the SNP rs6610650 in CYBB gene was associated with low values of eGFR in women in the Brazilian cohort and with the prevalence of established/advanced DN in women in the French cohort (OR 1.75, 95%CI 1.11 - 2.78, p=0.016). The rare allele T of the SNP rs713041 in GPX4 gene was inversely associated with the prevalence of established/advanced DN in men in the Brazilian cohort (OR 0.30, 95%CI 0.13 - 0.68, p=0.004) and with higher values of eGFR in men in the French cohort. The rare allele A of the SNP rs7947841 in CAT gene was associated with the prevalence of incipient DN (OR 2.79, 95%CI 1.21 - 6.24, p=0.01) and established/advanced DN (OR 5.72; 95%CI 1.62 - 22.03, p=0.007) as well as the incidence of renal events, defined as new cases of microalbuminuria or progression to a more severe stage during the follow-up study, in SURGENE cohort (HR 1.82, 95%CI 1.13 - 2.81, p=0.01). The same risk allele was associated with the prevalence of incipient DN (OR 3.13, 95%CI 1.42 - 7.24, p=0.004), the incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the cohort GENEDIAB (HR 2.11, 95%CI 1.23 - 3.60, p=0.008) and with the prevalence of incipient DN (OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.14 - 4.10, p=0.02) and established/advanced DN (OR 2.71, 95%CI 1.38 - 5.42, p=0.004) in the Brazilian cohort. The rare T allele of the SNP rs9932581 in CYBA gene was inversely associated with the prevalence of established/advanced DN (OR: 0.60, 95%CI: 0.46 - .78, p=0.0001) and associated with lower values of eGFR in patients of GENESIS/GENEDIAB cohort. The same allele was inversely associated with the incidence of renal events and ESRD in SURGENE (HR 0.63, 95%CI 0.46 - 0.86, p=0.003) and GENESIS/GENEDIAB (HR 0.51, 95%CI 0.31 - 0.78, p=0.002) cohorts. However, these results were not replicated in the Brazilian cohort. The rare T allele of the SNP rs11924032 in SLC2A2 gene was inversely associated with the loss of eGFR during the follow-up (0.02%/year vs. 2.18%/year for patients with the GG genotype, p=0.005) in the SURGENE cohort. The same allele was inversely associated with the incidence of ESRD in the GENESIS/GENEDIAB cohorts (HR 0.53, 95%CI 0.29 - 0.89, p=0.01). The results observed for the SLC2A2 gene, in this study, did not provide strong evidence to state that this gene exerts a relevant role in the development of DN in patients with type 1 DM in the studied cohorts. However, SNPs in genes encoding the pro-oxidant proteins CYBA and CYBB, and the antioxidants proteins GPX-4 and CAT were able to modulate the risk of renal disease in patients with type 1 DM. The studied SNPs in CYBB, GPX4 and CAT genes had their results replicated in independent cohorts, which confirms the importance of these genes and, hence, of the oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DN

Introdução: As neuropatias periférica (NP) e autonômica cardiovascular (NAC) são complicações prevalentes do diabetes mellitus (DM). Há indícios de que seu desenvolvimento se deve não somente ao controle metabólico. Neste sentido, a busca por preditores genéticos faz-se imperativa. Diversos genes relacionados às vias bioquímicas que levam ao dano celular induzido pela hiperglicemia têm sido investigados, destacando-se os genes relacionados às vias do extresse oxidativo. O balanço entre os sistemas antioxidantes (como glutationa e tiorredoxina) e pró-oxidantes (como o NADPH-oxidase) é um importante fator na defesa celular contra o estresse oxidativo. Objetivo primário: avaliar a associação entre os polimorfismos de um único nucleotídeo (SNP) pertencentes às vias anti- e pró-oxidantes mencionadas e a NP e NAC em pacientes DM tipo 1: 718C/T na região 3\' UTR (untranslated region) (rs713041) no gene da glutationa peroxidase 4 (GPX4); -129 C/T (rs1788390) no gene da glutamato cisteína ligase (GLCL); -1365 C/T (rs7211) no gene da proteína de interação com a tiorredoxina (TXNIP); -2810 A/G (rs6610650) no gene do CYBB; - 675 T/A (não registrado) no gene do CYBA. Objetivo secundário: avaliar a relação entre as diferentes complicações microvasculares entre si (neuropatia, doença renal diabética [DRD] e retinopatia diabética [RD]). Material e métodos: foram selecionados 378 pacientes com DM tipo 1 do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas com mais de 10 anos de doença e controle inadequado (HbA1c >8% em algum período da vida), e examinados para NP e NAC. A genotipagem dos polimorfismos foi realizada pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (Sistema Taqman ®). Foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas, laboratoriais do metabolismo glicêmico e lipídico e a presença de DRD e de RD. Foram avaliados 257 pacientes retrospectivamente quanto à evolução da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGe) em relação à NP e NAC. O teste de Pearson foi usado para comparar as frequências dos genótipos e a magnitude de associação foi estimada pelo cálculo do odds ratios (OR), com respectivo intervalo de confiança (IC) ajustada por regressão logística para possíveis fatores de confusão. Resultados: A presença de pelo menos um alelo T do SNP +718C/T no gene GPX4 conferiu proteção para NAC (OR=0,39; IC 95% 0,17 - 0,84; P = 0,0165). Na análise de associação entre as complicações, observou-se que: (1) na presença de NP há aumento na probabilidade de NAC (OR = 3,38; IC95% 2,01 - 5,73; P < 0,0001), de albuminúria A3 (OR = 7,17; IC95% 3,68 - 14,53; P < 0,0001) e de RD proliferativa (OR = 9,58; IC95% 5,04 - 19,09; P < 0,0001) e (2) na presença de NAC há aumento na probabilidade de NP (OR = 3,72; IC95% 2,14 - 6,53; P < 0,0001), de albuminuria A3 (OR = 9,37; IC95% 4,68 - 19,65; P < 0,0001) e de RD proliferativa (OR = 3,30; IC95% 1,81 - 6,18, P < 0,0001). No subgrupo avaliado retrospectivamente, a presença de NP e de NAC associou-se com queda de TFGe anual maior (-4,74 mL/min/ano vs. -1,22 mL/min/ano; P < 0,0001 e -3,74 mL/min/ano vs. -1,54 mL/min/ano; P = 0,04, respectivamente). Conclusões: (1) a presença do alelo T no SNP +718C/T (rs713041) no gene GPX4 confere proteção para NAC na população com DM tipo 1 estudada e (2) existe associação de risco para NP e NAC entre si e para as formas graves de DRD e RD / Introduction: Peripheral (PN) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathies (CAN) are prevalent complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). There are indications that their development occurs not only secondary to metabolic control. Thus, search for genetic predictors is very important. Several genes related to the biochemical pathways that lead to cellular damage induced by hyperglycemia have been investigated, emphasizing the genes related to the pathways of oxidative stress. The balance between antioxidant systems (such as glutathione and thioredoxin) and pro-oxidants (such as NADPH oxidase) is an important factor in cell defense against oxidative stress. Primary objective: to evaluate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the mentioned anti-and pro-oxidant pathways and NP and NAC in type 1 DM patients: 718C / T in the 3 \'UTR (untranslated region) (rs713041) of the glutathione peroxidase 4 gene (GPX4); -129 C / T (rs1788390) in the glutamate cysteine ligase gene (GLCL); -1365 C / T (rs7211) in the thioredoxin interaction protein gene (TXNIP); -2810 A / G (rs6610650) in the CYBB gene; - 675 T / A (unregistered) in the CYBA gene. Secondary objective: to evaluate the relationship between different microvascular complications (neuropathy, diabetic renal disease [DRD] and diabetic retinopathy [DR]). Material and methods: 378 type 1 patients DM were selected from the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and from Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas; they had more than 10 years of disease and inadequate control (HbA1c > 8% at some period of life), and were examined for NP and NAC. Polymorphism genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Taqman System®). Clinical, glycemic and lipid metabolism laboratorial variables and the presence of DRD and DR were evaluated. Also 257 patients were retrospectively evaluated regarding the evolution of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in relation to PN and CAN. The Pearson test was used to compare the frequencies of the genotypes and the magnitude of association was estimated by the odds ratios (OR), with the respective confidence interval (CI) adjusted by logistic regression for possible confounding factors. Results: The presence of at least one T allele at the SNP + 718C / T of the GPX4 gene protected for CAN (OR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.17-0.84; P = 0.0165). In the analysis of the association between complications, it was observed that: (1) in the presence of NP, there was an increase in risk of NAC (OR = 3.38; 95% CI 2.01 - 5.73; P < 0.0001), of albuminuria A3 (OR = 7.17; 95% CI 3.68 - 14.53; P < 0.0001) and of proliferative DR (OR = 9.58; 95% CI, 5.04 - 19.09; P < 0.0001) (2) in the presence of CAN, there was an increase in risk of PN (OR = 3.72; 95% CI 2.14 - 6.53; P < 0.0001), albuminuria A3 (OR = 9.37; CI95% 4.68 - 19.65; P<0,0001) and proliferative DR (OR = 3.30; CI95% 1.81 - 6.18; P < 0,0001).) In the subgroup evaluated retrospectively, the presence of PN and CAN was associated with a greater annual decrease of eGFR (-4.74 mL / min / year vs. -1.22 mL / min / year, P < 0.0001 and - 3.74 mL / min / yr vs. -1.54 mL / min / yr, P < 0.04, respectively). Conclusions: (1) the presence of the T allele at the SNP + 718C / T (rs713041) in the GPX4 gene confers protection for the presence of CAN in the studied type 1 DM population and (2) there is a risk association for PN and CAN among themselves and for severe forms of DRD and RD

Moléculas de L-cisteína (CSH) e L-glutationa (GSH) foram ancoradas na superfície de eletrodos de ouro, previamente modificados com uma camada autoarranjada de ácido 3-mercaptopropiônico (MPA). Esta arquitetura molecular foi importante para preservar a atividade redox dos grupos tiólicos da CSH e GSH na interface eletrodo/solução. A identificação do par redox R-S-S-R/R-SH, bem como a determinação do pKa dos grupos -SH superficiais, foram efetuadas usando voltametria cíclica em soluções de eletrólito em diferentes pH contedo ferricianeto de potássio. A presença dos grupos -SH e -S-S- na superfície dos eletrodos modificados foi ainda confirmada por Espectroscopia Raman de Superfície. Determinaram-se as constantes de velocidade de transferência de carga do processo quase reversível R-S-S-R / R-SH. Estes eletrodos modificados apresentaram resposta eletrocatalítica para a redução de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), como peróxido de hidrogênio e para a oxidação de compostos com atividade antioxidante como a quercetina. Demonstrou-se que a presença de íons Cu2+ na superfície destes eletrodos é capaz de deslocar o equilíbrio do par R-SS-R/R-SH, no sentido oxidativo. Métodos de quantificação para estes compostos foram desenvolvidos por amperometria hidrodinâmica e voltametria cíclica. / L-cysteine molecules (CSH) and L-glutathione (GSH) were anchored on the surface of gold electrodes, previously modified with a self assembled monolayer of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). This molecular architecture was important to preserve the redox properties of the thiol groups of CSH and GSH in the interface electrode / solution. The identification of the redox couple RSSR / R-SH and the determination of the pKa of -SH groups surface were made using cyclic voltammetry in electrolyte solutions at different pH contents potassium ferricyanide. The presence of the -SH and -SS- modified electrode surface was further confirmed by Raman spectroscopy of surface. It was determined the rate constants of direct electron transfer of quasi-reversible coupled R-SS-R/R-SH. The modified electrodes showed electrocatalytic response to the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and the oxidation of compounds with antioxidant activity such as quercetin. It was demonstrated that presence of Cu2+ ions on the electrode surface can shift the equilibrium of the RSSR/R-SH redox coupled into oxidative direction. Hydrogen peroxide and Quercetin were detected at these modified electrodes using amperometry and hydrodynamic cyclic voltammetry.