Cette étude vise à démontrer les limites de la responsabilité alimentaire des grands-parents, car la charge qui leur est imposée par l’ordonnancement juridique brésilien les oblige au-delà des limites constitutionnelles. Le système judiciaire brésilien impose aux grands-parents des sacrifices et des privations indus, auxquels ils ne sont pas tenus, surtout quand, de l’autre côté, il y a un enfant ou un adolescent dont ce sont les parents qui ont le devoir de les nourrir. Le meilleur intérêt de l’enfant doit être considéré et interprété avec pondération, notamment quand il se heurte à un meilleur intérêt des grands-parents. Il faut établir une distinction entre l’obligation des parents et celle des ascendants ; la première concerne la responsabilité découlant du pouvoir familial tandis que la deuxième se situe dans le contexte de la parenté. Aux parents revient une responsabilité illimitée, et non aux grands-parents ; il revient aux parents d’assurer l’entretien de leurs enfants, alors qu’aux grands-parents ne peut être assignée que la responsabilité de nourriture, et encore, à titre subsidiaire. L’obligation alimentaire entre parents et enfants n’implique pas la réciprocité: il s’agit d’une obligation unilatérale ; entre grands-parents et petits-enfants, au contraire, la réciprocité est prévue par la loi, les grands-parents devront subvenir aux besoins de leurs petits-enfants, une fois leurs propres besoins satisfaits. Entre parents et enfants, se posent d’abord les intérêts des enfants ; entre grands-parents et petit-enfants, d’abord les besoins des grands-parents. Une détermination différente n’est pas conforme aux préceptes constitutionnels, et porte atteinte aux droits les plus élémentaires des ascendants, en blessant leur dignité. Etablir la distinction entre obligation légale et libéralité affective, à la lumière de la constitution, c’est le but de cette thèse. / O presente estudo visa a demonstrar os limites da responsabilidade alimentar dos avós, pois o ônus que lhes é imposto no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro os obriga além dos limites constitucionais. O sistema judiciário brasileiro atribui aos avós sacrifícios e privações indevidos, a que não estão obrigados, principalmente quando, do lado oposto, se encontra uma criança ou adolescente, cujos pais é que detêm o dever de os alimentar. O melhor interesse da criança deve ser lido e interpretado com ponderação, notadamente quando colide com o melhor interesse dos avós. É preciso estabelecer a distinção entre a obrigação parental e a obrigação avoenga: esta se situa no âmbito do parentesco, enquanto aquela diz com a responsabilidade decorrente do poder familiar. Aos pais cabe responsabilidade ilimitada, e não aos avós; os pais devem prover os alimentos naturais e civis de seus filhos, ao passo que aos avós somente pode ser atribuída a responsabilidade dos alimentos naturais, e ainda assim, em caráter subsidiário. A obrigação alimentar entre pais e filhos não implica reciprocidade: trata-se de uma obrigação unilateral; entre avós e netos, ao contrário, existe a reciprocidade prevista em lei, e deverão os avós complementar as necessidades dos netos somente depois de supridas as suas próprias. Entre pais e filhos, em primeiro lugar, põem-se os interesses do filho; entre avós e netos, em primeiro lugar, estão as necessidades dos avós. Determinar de forma diversa desrespeita os preceitos constitucionais, atentando contra os mais elementares direitos dos progenitores, ferindo sua dignidade. Demonstrar a distinção entre a obrigação legal e a liberalidade afetiva, à luz da constituição, e situar o papel dos avós nesse contexto é o que se propõe este estudo. / The present thesis aims at analyzing the limits of child support by grandparents as the Brazilian Judicial System imposes them an obligation beyond constitutional boundaries. Furthermore, the Brazilian Judiciary inflicts on them sacrifices, ordeals and privations which ought to be imputed to parents. Moreover, it is necessary to distinguish between parenting and grandparenting obligation – the latter is related to family ties, and the first to family power; therefore, parents have an unlimited responsibility, contrary to grandparents, whose responsibility should be regarded as subsidiary. In view of that, the best interest of the child has to be interpreted with ponderation, mainly when it collides with the best interest of the grandparents; nonetheless, parental child support is a unilateral obligation which does not require reciprocity. Regardless of the fact grandparent child support reciprocity is lawful, grandparents should ensure the needs of the child only after providing for their own. Notwithstanding, parents are the ones to secure for the best interest of their children; consequently, in a relationship involving grandparents and grandchildren, the best interest of the grandparents are to come first - the contrary would not only be unconstitutional, but would also hurt their dignity. Finally, it is also the aim of this paper to establish the difference between legal obligation and liberality at the light of the Constitution. / El presente estudio pretende demostrar los límites de la responsabilidad alimentaria de los abuelos y abuelas, pues el encargo que les da el ordenamiento brasilero los obliga allá de los límites constitucionales. El sistema jurídico brasileño hace que los abuelos y abuelas tengan sacrificios y privaciones indebidas, a los cuales no están obligados, principalmente cuando en el otro lado se encuentra un niño, una niña o un adolescente cuyos padres y madres tienen el deber de los alimentar. El mejor interés del niño y de la niña, debe ser leído e interpretado con ponderación, principalmente cuando se encuentra con el mejor interés de los abuelos y abuelas. Es necesario que se establezca la distinción entre la obligación de los padres y madres y la obligación de los abuelos y abuelas; esa está ubicada en el ámbito del parentesco, mientras la otra deviene del ejercicio de la responsabilidad parental. A los padres y madres les compete la responsabilidad sin límites, y no a los abuelos o abuelas; los primeros deben dar sustento a los hijos e hijas y darles los alimentos naturales y civiles, al paso que a los abuelos y abuelas solamente se les puede atribuir la responsabilidad de los alimentos naturales, en carácter subsidiario. La obligación alimentar entre los padres y madres y los hijos e hijas no implica reciprocidad, pues es una obligación unilateral, al paso que entre abuelos y abuelas y nietos y nietas, al contrario, existe reciprocidad establecida en ley y los abuelos deben, sí, complementar las necesidades de sus nietos y nietas, pero solamente después que sus propias necesidades están ya satisfechas. Entre padres y madres e hijos e hijas, en primero lugar se ponen los intereses de éstos últimos, pero entre abuelos y abuelas y nietos y nietas, primeramente están ubicadas las necesidades de las personas adultas mayores. Hacerlo de forma diversa es irrespeto a los preceptos constitucionales, y atenta con los más elementares derechos de los progenitores, hiriendo de muerte su dignidad. Demostrar la distinción entre la obligación legal y la liberalidad afectiva, bajo de la luz de la Constitución Política, y ubicar el rol de los abuelos y abuelas en ese contexto, es lo que se propone en este estudio.

This exploratory study investigated the influence of grandparent-headed families on the academic performance of secondary school learners in Port Elizabeth education district. It draws on Family systems theory and Role Theory to allow one to understand the organizational complexity of families, as well as the interactive patterns that guide family interactions.These theories capture the essence of this study which argues that grandparent-headed family is a very important family unit that needs to be supported in order to function well and thereby giving a better parental support and guidance to those learners who are in need. The study was conducted in five secondary schools and also in fifteen grandparent-headed homes. The participants included sixteen learners, 5 Life Orientation educators and sixteen grandparents who are caregivers to these learners. The learners were interviewed at their schools, after obtaining consent from them, the school personnel, their grandparents and the Department of Education in Port Elizabeth. The educators were interviewed at their respective schools after they signed written consent. The grandparents were interviewed in a naturalistic setting, namely at their homes after they have given their written consent. Data was gathered using semi-structured open-ended interviews. Interpretive analysis was used to analyse the audio-taped data. The interviews were voluntarily and anonymity was guaranteed. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Socio-Education)

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of using human patient simulation (HPS) to teach Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) management to grandparents of grandchildren with T1DM. Thirty grandparents (11 male, 19 female) of young grandchildren (aged 12 and under) with T1DM were recruited from an urban medical center. Experimental group (n = 14) grandparents received hands-on visual T1DM management education using an HPS intervention, and control group (n = 16) grandparents received similar education using a non-HPS intervention. Post-intervention, researchers interviewed twelve grandparents (50% HPS, 50% non-HPS) who scored highest and lowest on the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey. Using a mixed-method design, researchers integrated study instrument data and post-intervention interview data to describe grandparent’s experience learning T1DM management. Post-intervention, grandparent scores for knowledge, confidence, and fear showed no significant difference by group assignment, however, all grandparent scores showed improvement from Time 1 to Time 2. Grandparents described how taking part in T1DM education heightened their awareness of T1DM risks. GP T1DM knowledge gains aided GPs to make sense of T1DM risks. Newfound T1DM knowledge enhanced GP T1DM management confidence. Improved T1DM knowledge and confidence helped to defuse T1DM management fear. Although study instruments did not measure significant difference between grandparents who received the HPS intervention and those who did not, the consistency of larger HPS-taught grandparent score improvement is suggestive of a benefit for HPS.

This exploratory study investigated the influence of grandparent-headed families on the academic performance of secondary school learners in Port Elizabeth education district. It draws on Family systems theory and Role Theory to allow one to understand the organizational complexity of families, as well as the interactive patterns that guide family interactions.These theories capture the essence of this study which argues that grandparent-headed family is a very important family unit that needs to be supported in order to function well and thereby giving a better parental support and guidance to those learners who are in need. The study was conducted in five secondary schools and also in fifteen grandparent-headed homes. The participants included sixteen learners, 5 Life Orientation educators and sixteen grandparents who are caregivers to these learners. The learners were interviewed at their schools, after obtaining consent from them, the school personnel, their grandparents and the Department of Education in Port Elizabeth. The educators were interviewed at their respective schools after they signed written consent. The grandparents were interviewed in a naturalistic setting, namely at their homes after they have given their written consent. Data was gathered using semi-structured open-ended interviews. Interpretive analysis was used to analyse the audio-taped data. The interviews were voluntarily and anonymity was guaranteed. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Seventeen grandparent caregivers, who have primary responsibility for one or more grandchildren and do not have a parent of the grandchildren living in the household, were interviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of the services offered by Kinship Family Center (KFC), a non-profit support agency for relative caregivers and the children in their care. Kinship Family Center is a program of the Central City Lutheran Mission and is funded by the San Bernardino County Department of Children's Services. The researchers found that KFC was an effective asset for informal grandparent caregivers. For grandparents, it was a source of support and comfort in their role of "second time around parents." For children, it served as a means to help identify with other children in similar situations.

In the stories of olden times and in those of our own American Indians, we learned of the picture writing of primitive peoples. It became an early method of recording people's thoughts. This was a very useful method at a time when the race was young. This in turn was the beginning of our alphabet, later the beginning of shaping letters into words, and then word into sentences and paragraphs. As our world has grown older, new idea have come into use and we are no longer content to live as our grandparents lived. We travel by fast express trains, high powered auto- mobiles, airplanes, or zeppelins. The radio gives us the news before our papers containing it are on the street. are not able to talk with people on the other side of the world. Business men find this a very valuable means of doing business when time means money. The motion pictures bring us the story of the book we have not had time to read and the characters from its pages talk to us from the screen. In short, we must have quicker ways of doing things.