This thesis concerns upper secondary students’ understanding of algebraic and graphic representation of linear functions. Components of the students’ concept images, so-called ‘concept elements’, were studied as a way to capture their understanding. Four aspects affect the graphical view of a linear function, namely the parameter k, the parameter m, the scale of the coordinate axes and the domain of the function. Concerning the scale of the coordinate axis, there is a need to distinguish between two kinds of slope. When the scale of x-axis is changed, the k-value of the function, the so-called analytic slope, is constant but the visual slope changes. The tasks were designed so that three aspects were held constant in each task and one was varied. The study is qualitative and consists of two sub- studies. In the first, six students worked with two tasks involving the parameters k and m in the dynamic software GeoGebra. In the second, eight students were interviewed about a task concerning functions with different domains. Both studies also involved a task concerning the aspect of slope in a non-homogeneous coordinate system (a system with different scales on the axes). The results indicate three main findings: Firstly, students displayed difficulties in distinguishing between analytic and visual slope. Secondly, the word ‘start value’ can lead to conceptual problems when there is no visible intercept between the graphical representation of the function and the y-axis. Thirdly, the students displayed almost no concept elements in relation to the domain of a function. / Denna licentiatuppsats behandlar gymnasieelevers förståelse av linjära funktioners algebraiska och grafiska representation. Delar av elevers begreppsbilder, kallade begreppselement, har studerats som en metod att fånga deras förståelse. Fyra aspekter påverkar den grafiska representationen av en linjär funktionens algebraiska representation . Dessa aspekter är: parametern k, parametern m, skalan på koordinatsystemets axlar och funktionens definitionsmängd. Studien är kvalitativ och består av två delstudier. I första delen arbetade tre par elever med uppgifter som rör parametrarna k och m. I andra delen intervjuades åtta elever om uppgifter som behandlar linjära funktioner med olika definitionsmängder. Båda delstudierna innehöll en uppgift som berör aspekten lutning i ett inhomogent koordinatsystem (ett system med olika skalor på axlarna). När skalan på x-axeln förändras är funktionens k-värde, så kallad analytisk lutning, konstant medan den visuella lutningen förändras. Studiens viktigaste resultat: 1) Elever visar svårigheter att särskilja analytisk och visuell lutning. 2) Ordet startvärde kan leda till konceptuella problem när synlig skärningspunkt på y-axeln saknas. 3) Eleverna visade i stort sett inte några begreppselement i relation till definitionsmängd.

The purpose of this study is the development of a decision support system for the analysis of trip generation in urban areas. The general characteristics, advantages and components of a decision support system are considered. This is followed by a literature study of the concept "trip generation" and the part played by it in transport planning processes. The computer packages most generally used for transport planning today are then discussed. The lack of support for these packages in the decision making process is highlighted. A computerized decision support system is developed. The system makes use of a trip generation model for all analyses. This model was developed empirically by applying it to the data pertaining to the central business district of a specific city. A graphical representation of the trip generation levels in the area under consideration is given by the system. Provision is made for different levels of refinement. A hard copy may be obtained using a suitable utility programme and colour printer. Further areas for research on this topic are identified in the conclusionary section. / MSc, PU vir CHO, 1994

The purpose of this study is the development of a decision support system for the analysis of trip generation in urban areas. The general characteristics, advantages and components of a decision support system are considered. This is followed by a literature study of the concept "trip generation" and the part played by it in transport planning processes. The computer packages most generally used for transport planning today are then discussed. The lack of support for these packages in the decision making process is highlighted. A computerized decision support system is developed. The system makes use of a trip generation model for all analyses. This model was developed empirically by applying it to the data pertaining to the central business district of a specific city. A graphical representation of the trip generation levels in the area under consideration is given by the system. Provision is made for different levels of refinement. A hard copy may be obtained using a suitable utility programme and colour printer. Further areas for research on this topic are identified in the conclusionary section. / MSc, PU vir CHO, 1994

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta que oferece ao arquiteto uma metodologia e um conjunto de ferramentas que auxiliará na representação gráfica de projetos de acessibilidade. O elemento base da proposta constitui-se em uma biblioteca de modelos 3D onde os equipamentos de acessibilidade, necessários em um projeto, estão modelados de acordo com a norma NBR9050. Para organizar o conhecimento da norma e guiar o arquiteto no uso da metodologia, a abordagem inclui uma taxonomia dos equipamentos de acessibilidade, utilizada para induzir o uso correto dos mesmos na modelagem 3D e para a construção de um Help integrado às ferramentas providas, auxiliando o arquiteto em suas tomadas de decisão, indicando quais são as melhores soluções propostas pela NBR9050. Para validar a proposta, um protótipo foi desenvolvido e, com este suporte, foi realizada uma avaliação com estudantes de arquitetura onde se verificou a necessidade de novas ferramentas para representação gráfica e de consulta à norma NBR9050 e a aceitação as ferramentas propostas nesta dissertação. / This paper presents a proposal that offers the architect a methodology and a set of tools, which helps building the graphical representation of accessibility features in the architectural design. The basic element of the proposal consists of a 3D model library of accessibility equipments, necessary for a project, which are modeled according to the NBR9050 standard. To organize the whole knowledge of the standard and guide the architect in the use of the methodology, the approach includes a taxonomy of accessibility equipments. It is employed to induce the proper use of the library elements in the target 3D model design. It is also used as a base for building a Help module that is integrated to the proposed set of tools, helping the architect in his/her decision-making, indicating which are the best solutions biased by the NBR9050. To validate the proposal, a prototype was developed, and with this support, an evaluation was performed with architecture undergraduate students. It was confirmed the need for new tools for graphical representation regarding accessibility equipments and mechanisms to facilitate consulting and complying with the standard. The acceptance of the tools proposed in this dissertation was also verified.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta que oferece ao arquiteto uma metodologia e um conjunto de ferramentas que auxiliará na representação gráfica de projetos de acessibilidade. O elemento base da proposta constitui-se em uma biblioteca de modelos 3D onde os equipamentos de acessibilidade, necessários em um projeto, estão modelados de acordo com a norma NBR9050. Para organizar o conhecimento da norma e guiar o arquiteto no uso da metodologia, a abordagem inclui uma taxonomia dos equipamentos de acessibilidade, utilizada para induzir o uso correto dos mesmos na modelagem 3D e para a construção de um Help integrado às ferramentas providas, auxiliando o arquiteto em suas tomadas de decisão, indicando quais são as melhores soluções propostas pela NBR9050. Para validar a proposta, um protótipo foi desenvolvido e, com este suporte, foi realizada uma avaliação com estudantes de arquitetura onde se verificou a necessidade de novas ferramentas para representação gráfica e de consulta à norma NBR9050 e a aceitação as ferramentas propostas nesta dissertação. / This paper presents a proposal that offers the architect a methodology and a set of tools, which helps building the graphical representation of accessibility features in the architectural design. The basic element of the proposal consists of a 3D model library of accessibility equipments, necessary for a project, which are modeled according to the NBR9050 standard. To organize the whole knowledge of the standard and guide the architect in the use of the methodology, the approach includes a taxonomy of accessibility equipments. It is employed to induce the proper use of the library elements in the target 3D model design. It is also used as a base for building a Help module that is integrated to the proposed set of tools, helping the architect in his/her decision-making, indicating which are the best solutions biased by the NBR9050. To validate the proposal, a prototype was developed, and with this support, an evaluation was performed with architecture undergraduate students. It was confirmed the need for new tools for graphical representation regarding accessibility equipments and mechanisms to facilitate consulting and complying with the standard. The acceptance of the tools proposed in this dissertation was also verified.

Orientador: Orly Zucatto Mantovani de Assis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T18:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Molinari_AdrianaMariaCorder_D.pdf: 14984989 bytes, checksum: 27a2ea55ce633927a07aeebe2a870560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como as crianças de 4º e 5º anos representam graficamente procedimentos de solução de problemas aritméticos de divisão por quotas. Fundamentado na teoria de Jean Piaget, este estudo descreve o processo de construção da operação aritmética de divisão e foi realizado com vinte alunos matriculados no Ensino Fundamental I de uma escola privada, localizada no interior do estado de São Paulo. Participaram dez alunos do 4º ano e dez do 5º, com idade entre 9 e 11 anos. Para verificar as representações dos estudantes, aplicaram-se provas aritméticas de divisão, compostas de seis problemas de divisão por quotas no total, distribuídos em duas sessões: a Prova de Multiplicação e Divisão Aritmética, cuja meta foi avaliar o nível da psicogênese da noção de multiplicação e de divisão dos estudantes, e a Entrevista, cuja meta foi verificar a explicação dos educandos aos procedimentos de solução empregados, bem como a noção de divisão construída. Do ponto de vista da psicogênese da noção do operador multiplicativo, os estudantes incluíram-se nas condutas III, IV, ou em transição entre as condutas III e IV, revelando estarem bem desenvolvidos nessa noção; porém verificou-se que somente 4 dos 20 estudantes, em ambos os anos de escolaridade, estavam de posse do operador multiplicativo; por outro lado, apesar de não apresentarem tal noção construída, a maioria deles demonstrou conhecer as técnicas convencionais de solução de problemas. Os resultados revelaram o emprego de uma diversidade de procedimentos de solução de problemas, que variou do desenho (forma mais elementar de representação) até o algoritmo canônico da divisão (forma mais avançada, do ponto de vista da convenção). A análise qualitativo-quantitativa do estudo mostrou uma variação dos procedimentos de solução em ambos os anos de escolaridade; evidenciou também a inexistência de uma relação necessária entre a complexidade do procedimento de solução e o ano de escolaridade, uma vez que procedimentos mais avançados foram encontrados entre estudantes do 4º ano, assim como procedimentos mais elementares, entre estudantes do 5º ano. / Abstract: The goal of this research was to verify how four and five-year-old children graphically represents the procedures of arithmetic quota division problem-solving. Based on the theory by Jean Piaget, this work was accomplished with twenty students enrolled in Elementary School in a private school located in the countryside of São Paulo state. Ten students of 4th grade and 10 students of 5th grade took part in the study, from nine to eleven years old. To verify the students representation, it was applied arithmetic division tests, consisted of six problems of quota division, distributed into two sessions: the Multiplication and Arithmetic Division Test, which goal was to evaluate the level of psychogenesis multiplication and division of students, and the Interview, which goal was to verify the students explanation for the solving procedures applied, as well as the division idea that was built. From the standpoint of the conception of the multiplicative operator psychogenesis, the students were included in the conducts III, IV or in transition between conducts III and IV, or in transition between conducts III and IV, revealing to be well developed in this conception; yet, it was found that only four of the twenty students, in both School grades, possessed the multiplicative operator; however, in despite of they did not reveal this idea built, most of them proved to know the conventional techniques of problem-solving. The results revealed a diversification in the use of the procedures for problem-solving, which alternated from the drawing (most elementary form of representation) to the canonical division algorithm (advanced way, from the convention point of view). The qualitative / quantitative study showed a variation of the solving procedures in both School grades; it also became evident the inexistence of a necessary relationship between the complexity of the solving procedure and the School grade, once the advanced procedures were found among students from 4th grade, as well as more elementary procedures, among students from 5th grade. / Doutorado / Psicologia, Desenvolvimento Humano e Educação / Doutor em Educação

OBJECTIVE: To describe a systematic approach to active learning using a lesson template with a graphic organizer activity. INNOVATION: The authors describe a tool that can be used to incorporate a graphic organizer activity into a traditional lecture class to promote active learning. This interactive template offers a step-by-step process to plan and implement a graphic organizer activity. The graphic organizer was used in a contact dermatitis lecture as part of a Nonprescription Medicines course for first year pharmacy students. CRITICAL ANALYSIS: A survey of students immediately after the activity identified that students agreed they were interested in the activity, were engaged with the activity, and perceived an understanding of the course material. An instructor reflection revealed that students were excited and identified some instructor challenges to executing the activity. NEXT STEPS: Instructors interested in using graphic organizers in lectures can refer to this approach for guidance. In addition to a graphic organizer, the structure of this template can be applied to different active learning activities, thus creating consistency in delivering active learning.

(Eng) The submitted master's thesis discusses non-conventional signs and trade marks, which have grown in significance, especially from the perspective of marketing, traders and law, as was demonstrated by the recent amendments of the European trade mark law. The main aim of this thesis is to identify the particularities of non-conventional signs and obstacles to their registration from the perspective of the selected jurisdictions and consequently, to evaluate the reasons and justifications of the countries' approach. After a historical overview of trade mark functions and the development of law in the studied jurisdictions, the thesis is concerned with outlining the theoretical legal basis of trade mark protection in the European Union, Canada, Australia and the United States of America. The main focus of the thesis lies in the specific effects of the law on the individual types of non-conventional signs and trade marks, with a particular emphasis on the decisions of offices and courts, especially the Court of Justice of the European Union. The analysis includes sounds, scents, shapes and colours, as well as motion marks, holograms, position marks and tactile signs. The main part of the thesis is subdivided into several sections in order to grasp the particularities and singularities of each type...

O manguezal é um sistema muito importante para a manutenção da biodiversidade e produtividade costeira. Ocorrem em ambientes abrigados, onde há interação entre os sistemas atmosférico, terrestre e marinho. A presente pesquisa estudou sistematicamente cada um desses sistemas e elencou os principais elementos, fatores e processos que atuam em cada um dos cinco níveis hierárquicos dos manguezais, de acordo com a classificação proposta por Schaeffer-Novelli et al. (2000; 2005). Esse trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma proposta de representação cartográfica apropriada a cada nível hierárquico dos manguezais. Proposta fundamentada nos pressupostos teóricos e conceituais da Teoria Geral do Sistema, da Teoria da Hierarquia, da Cartografia Ambiental e dos conceitos de representação gráfica e escala. Foram elaborados os seguintes mapeamentos para os níveis hierárquicos do sistema manguezal: Grande Ecossistema Marinho 15, composto pela Plataforma Sul do Brasil na escala de mapeamento 1:5.000.000; Domínio Costeiro VII, abrangendo a costa brasileira entre Cabo Frio RJ e Torres RS na escala de mapeamento 1:3.000.000; Tipologia Costeira III, representada pelo Sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape na escala de mapeamento 1:300.000; Padrão de bosques presentes na Ilha do Cardoso SP na escala de mapeamento 1:5.000; e Parcelas desses bosques de mangue da Ilha do Cardoso SP. Para os primeiros quatro níveis hierárquicos são apresentados mapas e para o nível de maior detalhe (Parcela) são apresentados perfis diagramas e gráficos com a síntese dos dados coletados durante os trabalhos de campo. Assim, seguindo os preceitos sistêmicos, afirma-se nessa pesquisa que existe uma escala de mapeamento adequada para a representação cartográfica de cada um dos níveis hierárquicos dos manguezais, onde cada nível deve ser representado cartograficamente por um conjunto de elementos, fatores e processos específicos. / The mangrove is a very important system for the maintenance of coastal biodiversity and productivity. Occur in sheltered environments, where there is interaction between the atmospheric, terrestrial and marine systems. This research systematically studied each of these systems and listed the main elements, factors and processes that operate in each of the five hierarchical levels of mangroves, according to the classification proposed by Schaeffer-Novelli et al. (2000, 2005). This study had as objective to develop an appropriate proposal for cartographic representation of each hierarchical level of mangrove. This proposal was based on the theoretical and conceptual assumptions of the General System Theory, Theory of Hierarchy of Environmental Cartography and concepts of scale and graphical representation. The following mappings to the hierarchical levels of the mangrove system were elaborated: Large Marine Ecosystem 15, composed of South Brazil Shelf in the mapping scale 1:5.000.000; Coastal Domain VII, covering the Brazilian coast between Cabo Frio - RJ and Torres RS in the mapping scale 1:3.000.000; Setting III, represented by Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System in the mapping scale 1:300.000; Stand present at Ilha do Cardoso SP in the mapping scale 1:5.000; and Sites of these mangroves at Ilha do Cardoso SP. The first four hierarchical levels are presented maps and and the greater level of detail (Site) diagrams and graphs are presented summarizing the data collected during the field work. This way, following the systemic precepts, this research affirms that there is a proper mapping scale for cartographic representation of each of the hierarchical levels of mangroves, where each level must be cartographically represented by a number of elements, factors and specific processes.

Este trabalho propõe um estudo do planejamento gráfico/editorial no jornalismo impresso moderno. A partir de uma pesquisa comparada, entre comunicação visual e jornalismo, percorre-se os caminhos do desenvolvimento da linguagem jornalística para em seguida analisar a questão dos conteúdos e sua representação/interpretação gráfica. Com base na experiência nacional, observam-se alguns casos de jornais e revistas desde a primeira metade do século XX até hoje, com as recentes reformas dos jornais Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo. Sugerindo o tema da encomenda gráfica como possível instrumento de pesquisa, analisa-se os termos de atuação dos projetos gráficos à luz, inclusive, das profundas mudanças ocorridas nas últimas décadas, quando projetos de jornais são encomendados a mega-escritórios especializados em jornalismo gráfico. / Graphic/editorial planning for modern printed journalism is the proposal of this research. Beginning with a comparative study between visual communication and journalism, the development of journalistic language is followed to continue with an analysis of the issue of contents and graphic representation/interpretation. Based upon Brazilian experience some newspapers and magazines from the first half of the 20th Century to date are examined including recent newspaper redesigns of the Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo. Proposing the subject of graphics on order as a possible research approach, development sequences of graphic projects are analyzed. This includes the extensive changes that have taken place over the last few decades when projects for newspapers are been ordered from mega-specialists in graphic journalism.