O Parque Ecológico Tietê (PET), em Ermelino Matarazzo, a leste da região metropolitana de São Paulo, foi criado com o objetivo de preservar as várzeas do rio Tietê. Antes da criação do parque, a região foi palco de várias atividades antrópicas que levaram ao risco de contaminação do solo e águas subterrâneas. A recuperação iniciou-se com o plantio de espécies nativas, o que também promoveu a recolonização da fauna, composta essencialmente de espécies frugívoras. Dentre as espécies de plantas presentes no parque, a palmeira Jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana) é importante por sua ampla distribuição geográfica nos ecossistemas brasileiros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender, através de coeficientes de prospecção biogeoquímicos, a interação entre os compartimentos solo, água subterrânea e planta, este último representado pela palmeira Jerivá. Os resultados indicaram que o Jerivá apresentou diferentes coeficientes de absorção entre suas folhas e pecíolos. O estudo também demonstrou que fatores como sazonalidade dentro de um período mínimo de um ano, idade e espécies de plantas devem ser levados em conta em abordagens biogeoquímicas. / The Tietê Ecological Park (PET) in Ermelino Matarazzo, east of the metropolitan area of São Paulo city, was created with the purpose of preserving the floodplains of the Tietê River. Prior to the establishment of the park, the region was scene of several anthropogenic activities which led to high risk of soil and groundwater contamination. Subsequent recovery of the degraded area was aimed through the planting of native plant species, which also promoted the recolonization of the area by the fauna, essentially composed of frugivorous species. Among the plant species introduced in the park, the Jerivá palm tree (Syagrus romanzoffiana) is important for its wide geographical distribution in Brazilian ecosystems. The current study aimed to understand, through biogeochemical prospecting coefficients, the interaction between soil compartments, underground water and plant, the latter represented by the Jerivá palm tree. The results indicated that Jerivá presented different absorption coefficients among its leaves and petioles. The study also demonstrated that factors like seasonality within a minimum period of one year, age and plant species must be taken into account in biogeochemical approaches.

Orientador: Bernardino Ribeiro de Figueiredo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T21:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Komati_SergioHideki_M.pdf: 2629006 bytes, checksum: 2810d03559d246f7e6cf98ebb9a6ef8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O conteúdo do presente trabalho encontra-se distribuído em dois capítulos na forma de artigos científicos constituindo duas partes distintas. Na primeira parte constam os resultados obtidos em levantamento da informação disponível sobre fluorose dentária e ocorrência de flúor em água subterrânea no Estado de São Paulo. Consistiu de um estudo descritivo simples, com fontes de dados documentais e resultantes de busca nos portais da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde-BIREME, banco de teses e portal de periódicos da CAPES e Google, utilizando-se como descritores: flúor, fluorose, água subterrânea e São Paulo, os quais foram cruzados para obtenção de resultados. Utilizou-se também dados do Ministério da Saúde-Brasil, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB), Agência Nacional das Águas (ANA) e do Departamento de Água e Esgoto do Estado de São Paulo (DAEE). Foram identificados os municípios onde se localizam poços com teores elevados de fluoreto bem como os municípios onde foram relatados casos de fluorose dentária moderada e severa como, por exemplo, Amparo, Bebedouro, Campinas, Itapirapuã Paulista, entre outros. As ocorrências de poços com excesso de fluoreto, com concentrações capazes de acarretar fluorose dentária e óssea, e municípios que apresentaram casos de fluorose dental moderada e severa, distribuem-se por todo território paulista sobre seus principais aqüíferos. Em geral, observou-se que os municípios que não utilizam fluoretação da água de abastecimento não apresentam casos de fluorose, com exceção de Itapirapuã Paulista, localizado em região próxima a ocorrências e jazidas de fluorita. A segunda parte deste estudo consistiu de uma avaliação da qualidade das águas com respeito ao flúor que serviu de base para discutir as informações sobre a prevalência de fluorose em Amparo (SP). Realizaram-se três campanhas para coleta de águas superficiais, subterrâneas e tratada, e duas de fontes naturais e água engarrafada. Em cada ponto foram tomados os parâmetros físicoquímicos in situ e coletadas alíquotas de água filtrada para análise em cromatógrafo de íons. Constatou-se que as águas superficiais apresentaram concentrações de flúor variando entre 0,09 e 0,14 mg L-1. A água tratada apresentou, em 29,4% das amostras, concentração de flúor dentro do intervalo considerado ótimo para o Estado de São Paulo (0,6 a 0,8 mg L-1), variando entre 0,48 e 1,4 mg L-1. Os poços, fontes naturais e água engarrafada apresentaram baixas concentrações de fluoreto em 100% das amostras, no intervalo de <0,01 a 0,58 mg L-1. As informações disponíveis sobre a prevalência de fluorose dental em Amparo revelam que em escolares de 12 anos de idade obteve-se em 2002 um índice de 7,4% evoluindo em 2004 para 34% principalmente dos graus muito leve e leve. Verificou-se, não obstante, que parte da população do município de Amparo está sujeita ao consumo de água subfluoretada (poços, fontes e água engarrafada) e parte está ocasionalmente exposta ao consumo de água com excesso de flúor (água tratada). Embora a prevalência de fluorose tenha aumentado em Amparo nos últimos anos, constata-se também que parte da população está sem o efeito protetor da fluoretação contra a cárie dentária ensejando monitoramento periódico da qualidade das águas e um maior controle por parte da vigilância sanitária. / Abstract: This work presents two parts in the form of scientific articles. In the first part are the results obtained from the available information on dental fluorosis and on the occurrence of fluorine in groundwater in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This part consisted of a simple descriptive study using documentary data such as technical reports and data bases available at the Virtual Library of Health-BIREME, theses and journals at CAPES web site and Google, using descriptors such as fluorine, fluorosis, groundwater and São Paulo. In addition, some information from the Ministry of Health-Brazil, the Technology Environmental Sanitation Company (CETESB), National Water Agency (ANA) and the Department of Water and Sewerage of the State of Sao Paulo (DAEE) were used. Based on the collected information two groups of municipalities were identified: (i) municipalities where groundwater was found to contain high levels of fluoride e.g. Amparo, Araçatuba, Campinas, Sorocaba among others and, (ii) municipalities where moderate and severe fluorosis were indicated e.g. Amparo, Bebedouro, Campinas, Itapirapuã Paulista among others. Examples of wells with excess of fluoride in water, which can lead to dental and skeletal fluorosis and, municipalities with cases of moderate and severe dental fluorosis, are spread throughout Sao Paulo State on its major aquifers. In general, it was observed that municipalities where fluoride addition to drink water is not used cases of dental fluorosis are not found, except for Itapirapuã Paulista that is located near the region hosting occurrences and ore deposits of fluorite. The second part of this study consisted of water quality assessment with respect to fluoride in the Amparo Municipality, Brazil, aimed to highlight and to discuss the information on the prevalence of fluorosis in that area. Three sampling campaigns for collection of surface water, groundwater and treated water, and two campaigns for collection of natural springs and bottled water were carried out. At each point the physical and chemical water quality parameters were measured in the field and, aliquots of filtered water for chemical analysis in ionic chromatography were collected. It was found that fluoride concentrations in surface water ranged from 0.09 and to 0.14 mg L-1. About 29 % of the samples of treated water showed fluoride concentrations in the range considered optimal for the state of Sao Paulo (0.6 to 0.8 mg L-1), between 0.48 and 1.4 mg L-1. Groundwater, spring water and bottled water showed low concentrations of fluoride in 100% of the samples ranging from <0.01 to 0.58 mg L-1. The available information on the prevalence of dental fluorosis in Amparo shows that among 12 years old schoolchildren dental fluorosis increased from 7.4 % in 2002 to 34 % in 2004 mainly in the very light and mild levels. The present study, however, indicates that part of the population of the Amparo municipality is subject to consumption of low fluoride water from wells, fountains and bottled water and, part of population is occasionally exposed to consumption of water with excess of fluoride (treated water). Although the prevalence of fluorosis in Amparo has increased in recent years, it was also noted that part of the population remains without the fluoride protection effect against dental caries which leads to the conclusion that regular monitoring of water quality and an active sanitary surveillance are necessary. / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

No description available.

Molte attività antropiche danno origine a problemi ambientali per i quali è necessario trovare soluzioni. La presenza di sostanze indesiderabili nell'acqua, infatti, può rappresentare un rischio per la salute e l'igiene sia degli uomini che degli animali. È quindi fondamentale trovare metodi per evitare gli inquinanti di queste matrici, in modo da renderli compatibili con il mantenimento di condizioni ambientali adeguate e salutari. Questa tesi si propone di valutare la qualità delle acque sotterranee di un'area in cui la qualità dell'acqua non è mai stata studiata, in particolare indagando la presenza di pesticidi e nitrati al fine di comprendere l’impatto della viticoltura sull'inquinamento delle acque sotterranee. Questo studio nasce dalla necessità di migliorare la governance delle acque e di implementare le migliori pratiche di gestione e misure di mitigazione per prevenire l'inquinamento delle acque e quello ambientale. I risultati degli studi di monitoraggio hanno mostrato una contaminazione delle acque sotterranee da parte di pesticidi e nitrati e quindi è stata effettuata una valutazione della fonte di contaminazione da pesticidi e nitrati attraverso studi isotopici di N e O di NO3-, e attraverso analisi idrologiche utilizzando il modello CRITERIA 3D. Come una delle principali conclusioni del lavoro si può affermare che la presenza di pesticidi nelle acque sotterranee in un’area ad attività vitivinicola intensa, non può essere correlata solo alle proprietà e al destino chimico-ambientale delle sostanze o alle condizioni pedoclimatiche, ma anche al comportamento dell'utilizzatore finale. In effetti, la fonte di contaminazione valutata, è risultata essere dovuta sia a una contaminazione diffusa che a una contaminazione puntiforme. Per quanto riguarda l'influenza della fertilizzazione a base di azoto sulla presenza di nitrati nelle acque sotterranee, i risultati hanno mostrato un'elevata vulnerabilità dell'acquifero ai cambiamenti esterni. Dalle indagini isotopiche è emerso che la maggior parte dell'NO3- rilevato nelle acque sotterranee, deriva dall'utilizzo di fertilizzanti azotati inorganici, in accordo con le pratiche di uso del suolo e di viticoltura dichiarate dagli agricoltori della zona. Il risultato più importante dello studio, tuttavia, è stato che alla fine del processo, l'approccio multi-actor e la strategia di coinvolgimento adottati, hanno avuto successo nel migliorare gli atteggiamenti verso pratiche più sostenibili. / Many anthropic activities give rise to environmental problems for which it is necessary to find solutions. The presence of undesirable substances in water, indeed, can pose a risk to the health and hygiene of both men and animals. It is, therefore, essential to find methods in order to avoid pollutants from these matrices, so as to make them compatible with the maintenance of healthy environmental conditions. This thesis aims to assessing the groundwater quality of an area in which the quality of water was never studied, particularly investigating the occurrence of pesticides and nitrate in order to understand the grant of viticulture on water pollution. This study derives from the necessity to improve the water governance and to implement the best management practices and mitigation measures to prevent groundwater and environmental pollution. The results of monitoring studies showed a contamination of groundwater by pesticides and nitrate and thus an evaluation of PPPs and nitrates source contamination was carried out through isotopic studies of N and O of NO3- , and through hydrologic analysis by use of the model CRITERIA 3D. As one of the main conclusions of the work, the occurrence of PPPs in groundwater in areas with intensive viticultural activities cannot be related just to chemical environmental fate properties or pedoclimatic conditions, but also to end-user behavior. In fact, the contamination source evaluated, resulted to be due to both diffuse and point-source contamination. For what concerns the influence of nitrogen-based fertilization on nitrate occurrence in groundwater, the results showed a high vulnerability of the aquifer to external changes. Isotopic investigations showed that most of the NO3- detected in the groundwater, derived from the use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, in agreement with the land use and viticulture practices declared by the farmers. The most important result of the study, however, was that at the end of the overall process, the multi-actor approach and engagement strategy adopted were successful in improving attitudes to more sustainable practices.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a contaminação da água subterrânea por metais pesados provenientes da Área de Disposição de Resíduos (ADR) do município de Resende, RJ. O escopo compreende um estudo preliminar com base em levantamento e mapeamento de dados espaciais; investigação in situ e em laboratório, incluindo a instalação de poços de monitoramento, amostragens e caracterização de solos, águas subterrâneas e chorume, ensaios de condutividade hidráulica, K; e modelagem da pluma de contaminação usando o programa MIKE SHE. Em geral, a caracterização apresentou argilas arenosas, siltes arenosos e, areias siltosas, cujos principais minerais foram quartzo, caulinita, e muscovita com presença de biotita e feldspato. Os valores de K variaram de 10(-5) a 10(-6) m/s; o pH entre 4,59 e 6,93 (água subterrânea) e 7,93 e 8,16 (chorume); a condutividade elétrica na água variou de 0,032 a 7,113 mS/cm, coerente com os sólidos totais dissolvidos e com maiores valores no chorume e no poço mais próximo a ADR. Análises detectaram 14 metais dissolvidos (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se e Zn) em concentrações acima do permissível por lei. A modelagem mostrou como a distribuição espacial e a anisotropia dos solos influenciam o fluxo e transporte do cloreto (advectivo) e do cromo (sorção). Quando são considerados solos anisotrópicos, a pluma de Cl- atinge o Rio Paraíba do Sul, à 2,5 km de distância, em 43 anos enquanto a pluma do Cr dista apenas 55 m da fonte. Embora os resultados experimentais não tenham sido claros em determinar se todos os metais encontrados são necessariamente da fonte de contaminação da ADR ou de origens naturais, as simulações deste modelo indicaram baixo impacto ambiental dos metais para o rio. / [en] The objective of this work is to evaluate the groundwater contamination due to heavy metals from the Waste Disposal Area (WDA) in the municipality of Resende, RJ. The scope consists of a preliminary assessment based on surveying and mapping spatial data; in situ and laboratory investigation, including the installation of monitoring wells, sampling and characterization of soils, groundwater and waste leachate, hydraulic conductivity tests, K; and contaminant plume modelling using the program MIKE SHE. Overall, the characterization revealed sandy clays, sandy silts and silty sands. The predominant minerals were quartz, kaolinite, and muscovite along with the presence of biotite and feldspar. The values of K varied from 10(-5) to 10(-6) m/s; the pH between 4.59 and 6.93 (groundwater) and 7.93 and 8.16 (leachate); the electrical conductivity in the water varied from 0.032 to 7.113 mS/cm, consistent with the total dissolved solids and with higher values attributed to the leachate and the well closest to the WDA. Analysis detected 14 dissolved metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) with concentrations above the legal limit. The model illustrated how the soils spatial distribution and anisotropy influence the flow and transport of chloride (advective) and chromium (sorption). When considering anisotropic soils, the Clplume reached the Paraíba do Sul River, 2.5 km away, in 43 years while the Cr plume only moved 55 m from the source. Although the experimental results were not clear in determining whether all the metals found necessarily originated from the contaminant source from the WDA or from natural origins, the simulations of this model indicated a low environmental impact to the river.

Abstract Human activities have increasingly altered freshwater ecosystems. Land use is a major driver of habitat loss and land use-related input of nutrients and other pollutants from agriculture, forestry and urbanization have deteriorated water quality. Freshwater research has mainly focused on lakes and streams while the effects of anthropogenic stressors on groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are poorly known. Likewise, the effectiveness of ecological restoration in mitigating human disturbance in GDEs remains understudied. In this thesis, I studied the effects of two main anthropogenic stressors – land drainage and groundwater contamination – on boreal spring ecosystems and evaluated the recovery of spring biodiversity and ecosystem functioning after habitat restoration. I applied several structural (macroinvertebrates, bryophytes, leaf-decomposing fungi and groundwater bacteria) and functional (organic matter decomposition and primary productivity) measures to provide a comprehensive insight into these issues. Both stressors modified spring ecosystems. Land drainage reduced the key ecosystem processes. Long-term monitoring of drainage-impacted springs showed a marked biodiversity loss and change of spring-dwelling bryophytes, and no signs of recovery were observed after about 20 years since the intial land drainage. Groundwater contamination, indicated by elevated nitrate and chloride concentrations, altered the structure of spring biota, reduced their taxonomic diversity and suppressed primary productivity in the most severely contaminated springs. Spring restoration improved habitat quality by reducing drainage-induced inflow of surface water, thus re-establishing groundwater-dominated hydrological conditions. Restoration increased abundance of habitat-specialist bryophytes and shifted macroinvertebrate composition towards natural conditions, despite the restoration actions being fairly recent. Anthropogenic activities can thus cause severe structural and functional degradation of spring ecosystems, and their self-recovery potential from these stressors seems low. Habitat restoration bears great promise as a cost-effective approach to mitigate drainage-induced impacts on spring ecosystems, but protection and co-management of groundwater resources are urgently needed to secure the role of springs as biodiversity hotspots in the boreal forest landscape. / Tiivistelmä Ihmistoiminta muuttaa yhä enemmän vesiekosysteemejä. Maankäyttö on johtanut elinympäristöjen häviämiseen, ja siihen liittyvä ravinne- ja haitta-ainekuormitus maa- ja metsätaloudesta sekä kaupunkiympäristöistä on merkittävästi huonontanut veden laatua johtaen maailmanlaajuiseen vesiluonnon monimuotoisuuden heikentymiseen. Vesiekosysteemien tutkimus on keskittynyt pääasiassa järvi- ja jokiympäristöihin, kun ihmistoiminnan vaikutukset pohjavesiriippuvaisiin ekosysteemeihin tunnetaan edelleen huonosti. Samoin kunnostusten merkitys pohjavesiriippuvaisten ekosysteemien tilan parantamiseksi on selvittämättä. Väitöskirjassani tarkastelin kahden keskeisen ihmistoiminnan – metsäojituksen ja pohjaveden laadun heikkenemisen – vaikutuksia lähde-ekosysteemeihin sekä arvioin elinympäristökunnostusten vaikutuksia niiden rakenteeseen ja toimintaan. Sovelsin työssäni rakenteellisia (pohjaeläimet, sammalet, lehtikariketta hajottavat sienet ja pohjavesibakteerit) ja toiminnallisia (eloperäisen aineksen hajoaminen ja perustuotanto) mittareita tuottamaan kattavan käsityksen tutkimuskysymyksiini. Sekä metsäojitukset että pohjaveden laadun heikkeneminen aiheuttavat muutoksia lähteiden rakenteessa ja toiminnassa. Metsäojitukset hidastavat keskeisiä ekosysteemitoimintoja ja johtavat lähdesammallajiston muutokseen ja monimuotoisuuden taantumiseen. Pohjaveden pilaantuminen, jota työssä ilmennettiin kohonneilla nitraatti- ja kloridipitoisuuksilla, heikentää lähdelajiston monimuotoisuutta, muuttaa lajikoostumusta ja johtaa perustuotannon laskuun voimakkaimmin kuormitetuissa lähteissä. Kunnostus parantaa lähde-elinympäristön laatua vähentämällä metsäojien aiheuttamaa pintavesivaikutusta palauttaen pohjavesivaltaisen hydrologisen tilan. Lähdekunnostusten myötä lähdesammaleet runsastuvat ja pohjaeläinyhteisön rakenne palautuu luonnontilaisten lähteiden kaltaiseksi, vaikka kunnostuksista on kulunut vasta muutamia vuosia. Väitöskirjan tulokset osoittavat, että ihmisen toiminta voi aiheuttaa muutoksia lähde-ekosysteemien rakenteessa ja toiminnassa ja lähteiden luontainen palautuminen häiriöstä on hidasta. Lähde-elinympäristöjen kunnostus vaikuttaa lupaavalta suojelutoimenpiteeltä metsäojitusten vaikutusten vähentämisessä, mutta lähteiden säilyttäminen monimuotoisena ja suojelullisesti arvokkaana luontotyyppinä edellyttää pohjavesivarojen hallinnan ja tilan suojelun tehostamista.

The Safe Drinking Water Act ensures that public systems provide water that meets health standards. However, no such protection exists for millions of Americans who obtain water from private wells. Concern for safety is warranted as most wells draw from underground aquifers, and studies demonstrate that groundwater is affected by a range of contaminants, most often nitrate. Oregon's Domestic Well Testing Act (DWTA) links well testing to property sales, enabling continuous data collection by the State. This research addresses a need for identifying datasets for characterizing exposure to private well contaminants by evaluating DWTA data for use in a sentinel surveillance system. Validation of DWTA data was accomplished by developing a land use regression (LUR) model based on agricultural nitrogen inputs and soil leachability to predict nitrate concentrations in well water. Geographic information systems (GIS) were used to advance methods for high resolution spatial modeling of fertilizer and manure nitrogen with statewide coverage. Hazard mapping with these datasets suggests that nearly half of recently drilled wells are susceptible to nitrate contamination. Spearman's rank correlation demonstrated a significant correlation between LUR-predicted nitrate levels and levels reported in the DWTA dataset. These results suggest that DWTA data is valid for use in a sentinel surveillance system, such that evidence of nitrate contamination in a single well may indicate an area-wide health hazard. However, a low fraction of variance explained by the LUR model highlighted the need for specific improvements to datasets crucial for understanding nitrate contamination in well water, including the DWTA. / Graduation date: 2012

Sustainable sanitation and wastewater management are of increasing importance around the world while certain resources are becoming scarcer and therefore more valuable. The lack of proper wastewater management causes problems and the degradation of some resources. Increasing urbanization in peri-urban areas puts extra stress on the need for finding and implementing sustainable solutions to prevent ground- and surface water contamination. The study aimed to design a more sustainable wastewater management at the farm Ceasip located in the peri-urban area of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Due to the lack of proper wastewater management on the farm, Ceasip was a likely contributor to the contamination of the groundwater. Of the farm’s different wastewater sources, this study focused on the domestic wastewater and its possible reuse in agriculture. The prioritized sustainability criteria were to prevent groundwater contamination, reduce water usage and recycle nutrients. First various wastewater management options were identified. Next these were evaluated according to the different sustainability criteria previously mentioned. In order to determine a management option, data and information were collected and processed regarding water flows, water quality, physical conditions as well as sustainability criteria within environment, technology, socio-culture, health and economy. Results of the present conditions for Ceasip showed various characteristics, like small water flows, high nitrogen and fecal coliform concentration and clayey soils, from which suitability of different treatments was determined. Urine separation was deemed appropriate for Ceasip to increase the recycling of nutrients as well as reduce the nitrogen levels in wastewater. Treatment ponds and leach fields were designed as two wastewater treatment alternatives. For Ceasip to implement and manage water and wastewater sustainably through one of the mentioned alternatives could have a positive impact for the farm and environment, as well as serve as an example to employees, visitors and other establishments. / El saneamiento y gestión sostenible de las aguas residuales es de creciente importancia en los tiempos modernos. Los recursos naturales son cada vez más escasos y valiosos. Mas aún, la falta del manejo adecuado de aguas residuales es causa importante de la degradación de los recursos restantes. La creciente urbanización en las zonas periurbanas acentúa la necesidad de encontrar e implementar soluciones sostenibles en el manejo de aguas residuales. En estas zonas dicho manejo (colección y tratamiento de aguas residuales) es deficiente. Como consecuencia se percibe una contaminación continua de las aguas subterráneas en estas condiciones. El objetivo del estudio realizado fue diseñar un sistema de gestión de aguas residuales más sostenible para la granja Ceasip ubicada en la zona periurbana de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. El estudio se enfoca principalmente en el manejo de las aguas residuales domésticas y su posible reutilización en la agricultura. Sin embargo, cabe mencionar que las aguas residuales en la granja Ceasip provienen también de otras actividades. Para el concepto de sostenibilidad de este proyecto, son prioritarios los criterios de prevención de la contaminación del agua subterránea, la reducción del consumo de agua y el reciclaje de nutrientes. La metodología de estudio consistió en varias etapas. Después de una extensa revisión de la literatura existente diferentes opciones de gestión fueron evaluadas de acuerdo con los criterios de sostenibilidad antes mencionados. Para hacer una elección de un tratamiento adecuado, se realizaron compilaciones y procesamiento de datos con respecto a los flujos y la calidad de aguas, las condiciones geomorfológicas, climáticas así como la evaluación de algunos parámetros ambientales, sociales, técnicos, económicos, y de salubridad. En las condiciones actuales, los resultados de las evaluaciones de la granja, resaltaron aspectos críticos sobre los que se propusieron algunos tratamientos alternativos; por ejemplo el aumento en el reciclaje de nutrientes así como la reducción de los niveles de nitrógeno en las aguas residuales. La separación de la orina se consideró de gran importancia para la gestión apropiada de las aguas residuales de Ceasip. Al final se sugirieron dos posibles alternativas para el diseño del tratamiento de aguas, la utilización de lagunas o de lechos filtrantes con arena, cuya contribuiría positivamente tanto como para el entorno local y el personal de la granja así como para la comunidad en general, sirviendo como ejemplo para otros establecimientos. / Hållbar sanitet och avloppsvattenhantering är av ökande vikt runt om i världen. Resurser blir allt knappare och mer värdefulla medan bristen på hållbar hantering även skapar problem och degradering av återstående resurser. På grund av den ökande urbaniseringen är grundvattnet i städernas periferier speciellt utsatt eftersom avloppsvattenhantering saknas där. Syftet med denna studie är att designa en mer hållbar avloppsvattenhantering för gården Ceasip i peri-urbana Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. I nuläget saknas en lämplig lösning på gården. Av de olika typerna av avloppsvatten på gården, fokuserar denna studie främst på avloppsvattnet från hushåll och möjligheterna att återanvända det inom jordbruket. För hållbarhetskonceptet i uppsatsen, prioriteras följande kriterier: skydd av grundvattnet, minskning av grundvattenkonsumtion och näringsåtervinning. En litteraturstudie gjordes över olika avloppsvattenhanteringsalternativ som sedan utvärderades enligt hållbarhetskriterierna. För att bestämma det mest lämpliga hanteringsalternativet, samlades data och information om vattenflöden, vattenkvalitéer, klimat, geomorfologi och även för miljö, teknik, hälsa, ekonomi och kultur. Resultaten från sammanställningen visade på olika egenskaper från vilka lämplig hantering bestämdes. För att öka återvinningen av näringsämnen och minska kvävekoncentrationerna i avloppsvattnet, visade det sig vara lämpligt att använda urinsortering. Två behandlingsalternativ designades, och det föreslogs antingen behandlingsdammar eller förstärkta infiltrationsanläggningar. Då någon av dessa alternativ tillämpas på Ceasip skulle man även kunna påverka lokalt och regionalt genom att sätta ett bra exempel.

No description available.

No description available.