The thesis aims to critically compare liberal and mandatory health systems, and based on detected advantages and disadvantages of each, propose certain solutions and recommendations to optimize the health care system. During this task it also puts into context historical, legal and ethical backgrounds which strongly influence the system set up. Optimal adjustment of the health care system is an issue that worries most of the world's countries and this thesis, with it's unbiased evaluation, proposes suggestions on potential better functionality and effectiveness of health care. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the major economical terms connected to health care and the typology of healthcare systems. In the following practical part, the US and the Czech healthcare systems are analyzed as the representatives of the liberal and the traditional mandatory health care systems by the international comparison method and the result shows positive experiences from the systems, applicable especially for the Czech Republic.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Information and communication technologies (ICT) have changed the way healthcare processes are being documented. This results in better quality and ethical vigilance to ensure a more accurate form of data recordkeeping (Stevenson, Nilsson, Petersson & Johansson, 2010). Health care in South Africa, is facing major issues relating to patient care, such as delays in patients receiving medical care. According to the national Department of Health, the improvement of public healthcare facilities is crucial (McIntyre & Ataguba, 2017). Information and communication technology (ICT) has the ability to significantly alter the status of healthcare services in the Western Cape, which can be achieved through the role of an electronic healthcare record (EHR).

Hintergrund. Die zahnmedizinische Versorgung und Oralhygiene bei Menschen mit Demenz (MmD) ist auch unter Berücksichtigung der zunehmenden Anzahl der erhaltenen Zähne schwierig. Ziel der Arbeit. Es soll geklärt werden,ob das Angebot einer Beratungsstelle zum Thema Mundgesundheit und Demenz genutzt wird. Material und Methoden. Die Beratungsstelle wurde mit 3 zahnmedizinischen Spezialisten aufgebaut, und ein Jahr lang wurden die telefonischen Anfragen gesammelt sowie ausgewertet. Ergebnisse. Die zahnmedizinische Beratung wurde von 355 Anrufern (180 medizinisch-pflegerisch tätig; 175 Angehörige) im Zeitraum vom 01.06.2012 bis 31.05.2013 genutzt. Von den Anrufern wurden in den ca. 21 min dauernden Gesprächen 2535 Probleme angesprochen. Fast ein Viertel der Anrufer fragte nach einer mobilen Behandlung, und 14,4% suchten einen Zahnarzt, der auf die Behandlung der MmD spezialisiert ist. Orale Erkrankungen, die Mundhygiene und die interpersonellen Schwierigkeiten, die zwischen allen Beteiligten zur oralen Situation auftraten, wurden thematisiert. Drei Viertel des medizinisch-pflegerischen Personals fragten nach Schulungen, um die Mundgesundheit und Oralhygiene bei MmD zu verbessern. Schlussfolgerung. Die Nachfrage bei den Spezialisten zeigte, dass es großen Wissensbedarf sowohl beim Fachpersonal als auch bei den Angehörigen gibt. Die Studie belegt, dass die Probleme in der Mundhöhle von MmD breit gefächert sind. Wissen zu Mund- und Prothesenhygiene sowie den Krankheitsbildern der Mundhöhle könnte strukturiert in die Aus- und Fortbildung eingebracht werden. Neben dem Wissensdefizit wird auch deutlich,dass die zahnmedizinische Versorgungsstruktur nicht für die MmD gesichert ist. Hier sind die Politiker und die Akteure im Gesundheitswesen aufgefordert, die zahnmedizinische Versorgung in den Demenznetzwerken und -strategien zu verankern.:Bibliographische Beschreibung..................................................................4 Einführung..............................................................................................5 Krankheitsbild Demenz.............................................................................5 Einteilung der Formen der Demenz...........................................................8 Verlauf einer Erkrankung an Demenz......................................................10 Ursachen und Symptome der Demenz....................................................12 Zur Notwendigkeit der Behandlung von Menschen mit Demenz...............13 Bisheriger Kenntnisstand zur Versorgungsstruktur von Menschen mit Demenz.................................................................................................14 Zum Nutzen der vorliegenden Studie......................................................15 Publikation.............................................................................................16 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................23 Einleitung..............................................................................................23 Ziel der Studie........................................................................................24 Material und Methode.............................................................................25 Ethische Überlegungen...........................................................................25 Ergebnisse der Studie.............................................................................26 Diskussion.............................................................................................27 Literaturverzeichnis................................................................................29 Anlagen.................................................................................................34 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit............................34 Publikation.............................................................................................36 Danksagung...........................................................................................38 / Background. The complexity of dental care and oral hygiene for people with dementia increases with increasing numbers of residual teeth. Aim. This study was carried out to determine whether the offer of a telephone helpline on oral health and dementia would be utilized. Material and methods. Over a period of 1 year contacts received by a telephone helpline manned by three oral healthcare staff were collected and analyzed. Results. From 01 June 2012 to 31 May 2013 a total of 355 callers (180 healthcare staff and 175 relatives) presented and discussed 2535 problems. The average duration of a call was 21 min. Almost one quarter of the callers were looking for mobile dental care services and 14,4% were looking for a dentist specializedin caring for patients with dementia. Oral disease, oral care and conflicts between stakeholders on aspects of oral health were discussed. Of the healthcare staff three quarters asked about training to improve the oral health of people with dementia. Conclusion. The demand on the specialists of the helpline showed a substantial knowledge deficit of healthcare staff and relatives. The study confirmed a wide range of oral health issues of people with dementia. Knowledge on oral and denture hygiene and on oral disease could be introduced into primary training and continued professional education. In addition to the lack of knowledge, deficits also exist in the oral healthcare system for people with dementia. Poliicians and healthcare stakeholders are encouraged to incorporate oral healthcare for people with dementia into strategies and dementia networks.:Bibliographische Beschreibung..................................................................4 Einführung..............................................................................................5 Krankheitsbild Demenz.............................................................................5 Einteilung der Formen der Demenz...........................................................8 Verlauf einer Erkrankung an Demenz......................................................10 Ursachen und Symptome der Demenz....................................................12 Zur Notwendigkeit der Behandlung von Menschen mit Demenz...............13 Bisheriger Kenntnisstand zur Versorgungsstruktur von Menschen mit Demenz.................................................................................................14 Zum Nutzen der vorliegenden Studie......................................................15 Publikation.............................................................................................16 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................23 Einleitung..............................................................................................23 Ziel der Studie........................................................................................24 Material und Methode.............................................................................25 Ethische Überlegungen...........................................................................25 Ergebnisse der Studie.............................................................................26 Diskussion.............................................................................................27 Literaturverzeichnis................................................................................29 Anlagen.................................................................................................34 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit............................34 Publikation.............................................................................................36 Danksagung...........................................................................................38

Few studies regarding treatment seeking behaviour related to Malaria have been conducted in Uganda, and most of the studies regarding use of mosquito nets that have been conducted are quantitative. There is thus a need for qualitative studies for a deeper understanding of the complex issue of coping with malaria in a resource limited setting. The aim of this study is to understand sociocultural and structural factors influencing the coping with malaria in rural Uganda. Focus is on the local experiences, perceptions and hardships regarding seeking treatment for malaria and preventative measures like the use of mosquito nets. A theoretical framework based on Political ecology of health, with a focus on human agency, is used to analyse these issues. The village Nyakasojo in Kasese district was selected for a field study. The main source of information was open-ended interviews conducted in March 2020. The study showed that the main reason for not using mosquito nets was lack of access to nets and easily torn nets, rather than unwillingness to use mosquito nets. Further, the study showed that the unequal access to healthcare in combination with livelihood vulnerability forces people to wait before seeking treatment and/or taking half doses of antimalarials, probably leading to unnecessary malaria transmission. A more holistic approach to malaria control would be beneficial, including the aspect of treatment in addition to the present narrower focus on prevention.

Region Östergötland engages in many international collaborations as a way to exchange knowledge and insights with other organizations. The organization has had a collaboration focused on patient safety with Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya, since 2015. Kenya is considered a low and middle-income country, while Sweden is considered a high-income country. The aim of this study was to describe patient safety development using activity theory, with a special focus on how Region Östergötland supports patient safety development in a low and middle-income country’s healthcare system. Data was collected by conducting interviews with six participants involved in the patient safety collaboration, by visiting Eldoret to conduct a participant observation and by analyzing relevant policy documents. The results showed that many factors are involved in patient safety development, both within an organization and in supporting the development in a low and middle-income country’s healthcare system. Healthcare organizations should strive for commitment to patient safety development from all levels of the organization, and for a safety culture where staff members are comfortable reporting errors. The management must pursue patient safety questions and put aside resources for patient safety development. As Sweden and low and middle-income countries are different in many aspects, it’s important for the supporting part, in this case Region Östergötland, to be attentive to and understanding of prevailing differences caused by available resources, cultural norms, rules and organizational structures. Many of the requirements for an organization’s patient safety development, and for a successful collaboration between Region Östergötland and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, were shown to be achieved or at least functioning. Even though all requirements are not fulfilled, they are all matters that can be improved by the continuation of the collaboration. Region Östergötland can learn from the collaboration by seeing how results can be achieved in an organization with few resources, how efficiently changes can be made within an organization, as well as by gaining knowledge about another culture and country. These factors create opportunities for project participants to be inspired and question current methods and norms in their own organization, which can result in improvements of Region Östergötland as on organization in the future.

Background: One of society's most pressing social challenges is the state of people's psychological health. Healthcare institutions have adopted e-health due to the noticeable rise in psychological health issues and growing societal reliance on digital technologies. Internet based Cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) is essential for those with psychological health issues. Since 2012, the Department of Swedish Municipalities and Regions (SKR) has coordinated the 1177 healthcare programme, a digitisation initiative. By 2025, the Swedish Government hopes to be a global leader in digitising social services and health care. This ehealth system must promote the welfare and good health, which are founded on the idea of equality between individuals. It must increase patient engagement and confidence while bridging the gap between patient needs and what the healthcare system can supply.  Aim: To describe the access to e-health within Swedish healthcare programs for psychological health problems.  Method: Summative qualitative content analysis of data from websites regarding access to e-health services or iCBT in the Swedish local authorities and regions through an inductive approach.  Findings: The results show that e-health services and resources are unequally distributed among local authorities and regions in Sweden.  Conclusion: Results of the study show that unequal e-health service and resource distribution might result in stigmatization and a decline in patient's willingness to seek care. / Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa är en av de stora samhällsutmaningarna idag. Hälso- och sjukvården har implementerat e-hälsa på grund av den märkbara ökningen av psykiska hälsoproblem och samhällets växande beroende av digital teknik. Internet baserad kognitiv beteende terapi (iKBT) som levereras online är viktig för dem med psykiska hälsoproblem. Sedan 2012 har Sveriges kommuner och regioner (SKR) samordnat digital vårdprogram 1177. Svenska regeringen syftar till att vara världsledande inom digitalisering av socialtjänst och hälso- och sjukvård. Detta e-hälsosystem måste främja välfärden och den goda hälsan, som bygger på idén om jämlikhet mellan individer. Det måste öka patienternas engagemang och förtroende samtidigt som den måste överbrygga klyftan mellan patienternas behov och vad hälso- och sjukvården kan tillhandahålla. Syfte: Att beskriva tillgången till e-hälsa i svenska vårdprogram för psykisk ohälsa. Metod: Summativ kvalitativ innehållsanalys av data från webbplatser om tillgänglighet till e-hälsa tjänster eller iKBT i de svenska kommuner och regioner genom en induktiv ansats. Resultat: Resultaten visar att tillhandahållandet av e-hälsa tjänster och resurser är ojämnt fördelat mellan olika kommuner och regioner i Sverige. Konklusion: Studie visar att ojämn fördelning av e-hälsa tjänster och resurser kan orsaka stigmatisering och minskad motivation bland de patienter som tänker söka vård och hjälp.

Non-communicable diseases are on the increase worldwide, causing more than 36 million deaths each year. Evidence of the link between the role of nutrition and reducing non-communicable diseases is predominant in the literature. The factors influencing intervention strategies/policies and activities, however, need attention. AIM: The study aims to examine the factors that influence nutrition interventions within the United Arab Emirates’ healthcare system. METHOD: This research adapts an interdisciplinary approach where a triangulation mixed methodology is applied. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, through the analysis of ten interviews with policy makers, four case studies and 161 questionnaires. Furthermore, the research framework, which emerged from the literature search and qualitative analysis, is tested and validated by rigorous quantitative analysis using SPSS. The statistical analysis, using factor analysis, MANCOVA and ranking analysis aims to provide solid support for the resulting factors. MAIN FINDING: The study identifies five factors that influence nutrition interventions in a healthcare system, and could enhance the effectiveness of nutrition interventions. The factors are 1) quality and processes, 2) training and use of technology, 3) senior management involvement and responsibility, 4) patient diversity, and 5) multidisciplinary teams. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to the emerging literature on management in nutrition interventions and the theory and importance of preventative measures in relation to nutrition. This study provides a roadmap for policy makers to adopt in order to enhance the role of nutrition interventions in healthcare settings. / Culture Department of the Emirates’ Embassy and Ministry of Higher Education (UAE)

No description available.

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников и приложения. в которых подробно проанализированы проблемы здравоохранения, в т.ч. в части оплаты труда медицинских работников, представлена система государственного финансирования здравоохранения РФ, проведено международное сравнение целевых показателей (смертность, рождаемость, продолжительность жизни, доля расходов на здравоохранение от ВВП). В заключении предложены мероприятия по повышению эффективности здравоохранения. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used and appendices. In which the problems of healthcare are analyzed in detail, including in terms of remuneration of medical workers, the system of state financing of healthcare in the Russian Federation is presented, an international comparison of targets (mortality, fertility, life expectancy, the share of healthcare costs from GDP) is carried out. In conclusion, measures to improve the efficiency of healthcare are proposed.

The need for donor funding has increased significantly over the last decade. Without donor funding millions of people wouldn’t be alive today. Thanks either to research finding a cure, successful treatment, funds donated for food, aid toward building infrastructure, or giving people the opportunity to further their education. Donor funding thus facilitates a better future. A literature review was conducted to give background on the health sector and how these funds were distributed, ethical clearance, different types of reporting, the role project managers pays in a project and the sustainability of projects. Expenses in different countries were evaluated by gathering data from the internet, while two international funded projects are also used to state how funders divide their line items into different categories. The empirical study used a qualitative research approach by collecting and analysing data obtained from the MDG 2010 report and other freely available data on the web. The main findings from this thesis are: *The Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) influence donor funding as it gives donors a guide towards funding needs. Donors are also influenced by their own preferences or what poses a burden to them individually. *The different types of reporting required for funding received, delay a project and the bureaucratic structures thereof are a hindrance. *Ethical clearance plays a fundamental role in the outcome of a project, as without ethical clearance a project cannot commence. *The objectives of a project play a critical role when applying for funding. This can change the focus of a project. *Expenses differ from country to country and funders need to take this into account when giving funding to recipient countries. *Project Managers and community involvement plays a critical role in ensuring sustainability of projects. THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DONOR FUNDED PROJECTS IN THE HEALTH SECTOR *The MDG’s are not on track and aid are focus on singular goals instead of multiple goals, to ensure an overall improved result. There is a major gap between needed funds and given funds. A single injection of funds will not be the solution to our health problem; different sectors need to collaborate together as we are facing a multi-dimensional problem. Trade and reform must also form part of this aid, ensuring a sustainable progression in the life’s of people. Donor funded projects may have a sustainable future, when taking in account the abovementioned findings. With the world trend in reporting changing rapidly, cost and management accountants as well as financial accountants and project managers have to equip them to adhere to the new way of reporting, namely integrated and sustainability reporting. South Africa is way behind and needs to catch up fast if they want to stay competitive in the “global donor funding market”. The limitations in this study were that not all expenses were evaluated and only 15 countries were looked at. An indebt look was taken into Africa with the empirical review, while Asia is also combating poor health issues. Some African countries like Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe did not have sufficient data to compare with other countries. From the research conducted, the following topics were identified that require further research: *Why are most projects in Third World countries not sustainable? *What plans are put into action to ensure that the MDG goals are reached? *Investigate what works for First World countries health systems and consider how that can be applied to Third World countries to ensure that they also get the best health care available. *Do donors take into account the different costs of countries when allocating funding to that specific country? *Establishing models to evaluate the sustainability of pilot projects and normal projects. *Establishing a model on how to distribute donor funds across different needs and not only one specific need. / MCom (Management Accountancy), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013