本研究利用資料包絡分析法探討被併購標的銀行於購併前後是否能增加效率，以及具有何種特徵之銀行較易成為金控公司併購之對象。 研究結果發現標的銀行於購併之後，雖能促進效率，但結果並不顯著，顯示合併之後效率提升是綜合標的銀行之高資產品質、高獲利能力、低利率風險及分行數少才使購併後效率提升。在標的銀行的特徵方面顯示當銀行處於非遞減規模報酬、財務上呈現弱點，但銀行資本結構較佳、利率風險較低時，容易成為金控公司購併的對象。 / This paper tried to apply Data Develop Analyis (DEA) to examine whether M&A could promote the targeted banks’ efficiency and the criterions when financial holding companies choose the targeted bank. The experical resoults suggested that although the targeted banks denoted higher efficiency gains, however, the gains do not achieve statiscally signicant level. The results implied that the higher efficiency gains might come from the targeted banks’ high quality assets, greater profitability, lower interest risk and less number of branches. On the other hand, the banks operated under non-decreasing return to scale, financially vulnerable banks, better capital structure, and lower interest risks were more likely to be the acquisition targets.

本研究以民國86年至90年之54檔投資台灣開放式一般股票型之共同基金為研究對象，探討財務資訊與股票型基金持股間之關聯。主要實證議題包括：（一）在不同的產業之下，共同基金經理人從事持股決策所重視的財務屬性是否有差異及（二）公司之財務表現與共同基金對該公司平均持股比例之關聯性。 本研究分別針對建築、食品、塑化、紡織、電機、資訊電子及服務銷售類等七個產業，首先利用因素分析將16項財務比率萃取出數個具代表性之財務屬性，並加入股票週轉率、淨值市價比、本益比與每股股價等控制變數進行迴歸分析，以探討財務屬性與共同基金平均持股比例之關聯性。 實證結果發現，償債能力、經營能力、投資報酬、經營績效、固定資產資金之安全與效率和現金支應能力六個財務屬性最能代表建築產業之財務表現；償債能力、經營能力、應收帳款週轉率和獲利能力四個財務屬性最能代表食品產業之財務表現；償債能力、利息保障倍數、經營能力、和獲利能力四個財務屬性最能代表塑化產業之財務表現;償債能力、利息保障倍數、經營能力、獲利能力和財務結構五個財務屬性最能代表紡織產業之財務表現;償債能力、資金適足率、經營能力、獲利能力和財務結構五個財務屬性最能代表電機產業之財務表現；償債能力、經營能力和獲利能力三個財務屬性最能代表資訊電子產業之財務表現；而償債能力、經營能力、獲利能力、負債比率和固定資產資金之安全與效率五個財務屬性最能代表服務銷售產業之財務表現。各個產業所萃取出之財務屬性因素不盡相同，顯示彙總公司財務狀況及經營績效的財務屬性確有產業別之差異存在。在所探討的財務屬性構面中，償債能力、經營能力、獲利能力為各產業共同強調之財務屬性。 就基金經理人所做的持股策略來看，不論針對何種產業，償債能力、經營能力及獲利能力均是基金經理人最為重視的財務屬性指標。研究結果另外也顯示，除了服務銷售業、食品業與建築業外，其他產業之償債能力屬性表現越好，基金持股比例愈高。塑化業、紡織業、電機業、資訊電子業和服務銷售業之經營能力屬性表現愈好，基金持股比例也相對愈高。至於獲利能力屬性則在紡織業、電機業、資訊電子業和服務銷售業顯著地對基金持股比例有正面的影響。 本研究之發現顯示，不同的產業在不同的經營環境下，反映公司狀況的財務資訊會因產業別而有所不同，即使在相同的財務比率下，彙總公司財務狀況及經營結果之財務因素屬性仍有所差異，並進而影響基金經理人的持股決策，尤其是償債能力、經營能力和獲利能力，更是投資各產業時廣泛參考的基本財務屬性指標。 關鍵字：股票型基金、財務屬性、基金持股比例 / The primary object of this research is to exam the relationship between financial information of a firm and its share held by mutual funds, based on 54 mutual funds of general stock investments in Taiwan over the period of 1997 to 2001. Two major research issues are investigated in this thesis. The study first explores whether the managers of mutual funds emphasize on the same attributes abstracted from financial statements across different industries for their share-holding decisions. The study then examines the relationship between financial performance of a company and its average invested percentage by mutual funds. This thesis focuses on architecture, foods, plastic, textile, electrical machinery, information electronics, as well as service and sales industries. Based on a factor analysis approach, the thesis is able to obtain several representative dimensions of financial attributes out of 16 financial ratios. Then, the use of multiple regression models enables the study to investigate the relationship between financial attributes and average shareholding percentage of the mutual funds across industries. The empirical results indicate that financial attributes extracted are not exactly the same across industries. It implies that industry differences do exist in financial attributes that summarize the financial conditions and operating performances of companies. Among others, attributes that characterize the performance of liquidity, operating efficiency, and profitability of a firm are found important for share-holding percentage across all industries examined. The research findings show that with exceptions in the service and sales, foods, and architecture industries, liquidity has found to have a significant and positive relation with the share-holding percentage of mutual funds in all industries examined. Operating efficiency has also found to be significantly and positively associated with the share-holding percentage in the plastic, textile, electrical machinery, information electronics, as well as service and sales industries. In addition, a significant and positive relation is found between profitability and the share-holding percentage in the electrical machinery, information electronics, textile, as well as service and sales industries. The finding of this study implies that difference in financial conditions of firms may result in difference in financial attributes across industries; even the analysis is based on the same financial ratios. Further, the liquidity, operating efficiency and profitability are the most essential indicators shared by mutual funds managers in making investment decisions. Keywords: stock-type mutual fund, financial attribute, share-holding ratio

本論文利用研究服務品質的「缺口模型」（PZB Model或Gap Model），篩選近半年內某一月成交量超過新台幣伍千萬元以上之A金控證券商公司法人部客戶。利用SERVQUAL量表以選擇題式問卷對特定族群做訪談來收集資料，以期找出台灣證券市場中，成交重心客戶群對證券商五大服務構面（即有形性、可靠性、反應性、保證性、關懷性）之22個量表項目的重視程度。研究結論發現，投資者的「期望服務水準」與「認知服務水準」間確實具有顯著差異。其次，從服務缺口分析來看，二項最需要改善的項目分別屬於「關懷性」與「可靠性」二構面。 此外，從服務缺口差距較小（服務品質較高）的項目來看，「有形性」問項，對投資者的期望相對來說都最低。因此，對於「有形性」構面，管理者可以在其他缺口較大的項目改進到一定的服務水準之後，再來考慮提升其服務品質。進一步將服務構面與證券商交易頻率進行迴歸分析。結果發現，服務品質與投資者和證券商交易頻率之間有顯著關係，而各構面中，只有「信任性」達顯著水準，故可推論若金控證券商在信任性構面因素表現愈好，則投資者和證券商再次交易的意願愈強烈。 最後，由單因數變異數分析，探討各人口統計變數與服務品質構面的影響，發現性別、與證券商交易頻率、同時與多少家證券商交易等因素，對金控證券商服務品質的評估有顯著差異。 / This study aims to analyze service quality of a financial holding security company’s institutional department. Using PZB Model and SERVQUAL scale presented to measure customer satisfaction of the study. SERVQUAL scale is used to evaluate service quality, which is defined as “perceived service quality” is the difference between customers “perceptions” and “expectations.” The research used these two elements to evaluate service quality and customers satisfaction, and to take perception-minus- expectations measurement of service quality as an improving index. This study proposed the five dimensions including tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The analyzed result revealed that there were obvious differences between service expectation and perceived service performance, and had to improve two dimensions: “empathy” and “reliability.” In addition, customers had more satisfactions with “tangibility,” means managers should improve firstly other service dimensions with less satisfactions. Meanwhile, according to the regression analysis, this study showed there had a significant difference between service quality and transaction frequencies with security companies. If financial holding security company can improved the “reliability,” the investors would have more willingness to deal with. Finally, according to One-Way ANOVA analysis, this study showed that there were also some obvious difference between the population statistic variables (gender, transaction frequencies and numbers of security companies), service expectation, perceived service performance and overall satisfaction of maintenance.

Social dominance relationships are formed within numerous animal species and reduce costly fights over resources. Dominant individuals often enjoy greater access to important resources such as food and mating partners, and are generally more aggressive, bold, active and explorative compared to subdominant individuals. These behavioural traits can differ among individuals, but they can also be consistent within the individual, thereby describing the individual’s personality type. However, the causal direction of the observed correlation between dominance and personality is not well studied. One possibility is that some personality types have higher chances of obtaining a dominant social position. This would suggest that personality has consequences for fitness. Another possible explanation is that possessing different social positions gives rise to consistent behavioural differences among individuals on various timescales. If social status has a lasting effect on behaviour, social status would constitute a ‘stable state’ that explains some of the diversity of personality types that has been observed in a multitude of animal species. Dominance and personality may also share underlying proximate factors. In this thesis, I investigate the relationship between social dominance and personality using male domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus. The species is group-living with pronounced dominance hierarchies, and dominance increases male access to mating partners. I show that some aspects of personality, exploration, vigilance and in particular aggressiveness, increased a male’s chances of obtaining dominance (paper III, IV, V), and that aggressiveness can be even more important than body weight and ornament size (comb size, paper V) or recent experience of winning or losing (paper IV). Winning a social interaction resulted in an increase in aggressiveness, while a decrease was seen in males that experienced a loss (paper IV). By observing behaviour before and after changes in male dominance relationships, I further show that a recent (2 days earlier) change in social status induced behavioural adjustments to the new social status in activity, exploration and vigilance (paper I). By extending the time of the new social relationship to 3 weeks, I show that such behavioural changes did not continue (paper II). Finally, I show that the social environment during juvenile development had little impact on adult male competitiveness (paper V). Social interactions appear to have several short-term effects on behaviour, but did not contribute significantly to variation and long-term consistency of personality in male fowl. Instead, a male's personality, and in particular his aggressiveness, affected the outcome of dominance interactions. Overall, my studies reveal important consequences of individual differences in behaviour, and contribute to the highly sought-after empirical testing of hypotheses explaining variation in animal personality. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

L'ouverture du secteur bancaire chinois apporte des opportunités de coopération aux institutions financières étrangères en Chine. Dans ce contexte, les banques à capitaux étrangers participent par actions dans des banques chinoises pour renforcer leur développement local.Nous avons remarqué des influences sur la banque chinoise après l'introduction de leurs investisseurs stratégiques occidentaux. Notre recherche dans son ensemble vise à analyser et à évaluer les éléments clés de l'évolution dans des banques chinoises. Les questions sont formulées autour des principaux problèmes des créances douteuses, de la faible rentabilité, de l'insuffisance du capital et du manque de la culture de crédit. Ces quatre pistes de réflexion nous permettent d'offrir un cadre opératoire à la disposition des dirigeants des banques à capitaux étrangers qui désirent jouer un rôle important dans l'amélioration des exploitation de leur partenaire chinois. / The opening of the Chinese bank sector brings co-operation opportunities to the foreign financial institutions in China. In this context, the foreign banks take part by holding stock in Chinese banks to strengthen their local development.We have noticed the influences on the Chinese banks after the introduction of their western strategic investors. Our research as a whole aims at analyzing and at evaluating the key elements of the evolution in Chinese banks. The assumptions are formulated around the principal problems of the Non Performing Loans, the low profitability, the insufficiency of the capital and the lack of the culture of credit. These four tracks of reflexion enable us to offer an operational framework for the leaders of the foreign banks which wish to play an important part in the improvement of their Chinese partner.

Le trafic aérien en Europe représente environ 30 000 vols quotidiens actuellement. Selon les prévisions de l’organisme Eurocontrol, ce trafic devrait croître de 70% d’ici l’année 2020 pour atteindre 50 000 vols quotidiens. L’espace aérien, découpé en zones géographiques appelées secteurs de contrôle, atteindra bientôt son niveau de saturation vis-à-vis des méthodes actuelles de planification et de contrôle. Afin d’augmenter la quantité de trafic que peut absorber le système, il est nécessaire de diminuer la charge de travail des contrôleurs aériens en les aidant dans leur tâche de séparation des avions. En se fondant sur les demandes de plans de vol des compagnies aériennes, nous proposons une méthode de planification des trajectoires en 4D permettant de présenter au contrôleur un trafic dont la plupart des conflits auront été évités en avance. Cette planification s’établit en deux étapes successives, ayant chacune un unique degré de liberté : une allocation de niveaux de vol permettant la résolution des conflits en croisière puis une allocation d’heures de décollage permettant de résoudre les conflits restants. Nous présentons des modèles pour ces deux problèmes d’optimisation fortement combinatoires, que nous résolvons en utilisant la programmation par contraintes ou les algorithmes évolutionnaires, ainsi que des techniques permettant de prendre en compte des incertitudes sur les heures de décollage ou le suivi de trajectoire. Les simulations conduites sur l’espace aérien français mènent à des situations où tous les conflits sont évités, avec des retards alloués de l’ordre d’une minute en moyenne (80 à90 minutes pour le vol le plus retardé) et un écart par rapport à l’altitude optimale limité à un niveau de vol pour la quasi totalité des vols. La prise en compte d’incertitudes de manière statique dégrade fortement ces solutions peu robustes, mais nous proposons un modèle dynamique utilisant une fenêtre glissante susceptible de prendre en compte des incertitudes de quelques minutes avec un impact réduit sur le coût de l’allocation. / Air traffic in Europe represents about 30,000 flights each day and forecasts from Eurocontrol predict a growth of 70% by 2020 (50,000 flights per day). The airspace, made up of numerous control sectors, will soon be saturated given the current planification and control methods. In order to make the system able to cope with the predicted traffic growth, the air traffic controllers workload has to be reduced by automated systems that help them handle the aircraft separation task. Based on the traffic demand by airlines, this study proposes a new planning method for 4D trajectories that provides conflict-free traffic to the controller. This planning method consists of two successive steps, each handling a unique flight parameter : a flight level allocation phase followed by a ground holding scheme. We present constraint programming models and an evolutionary algorithm to solve these large scale combinatorial optimization problems, as well as techniques for improving the robustness of the model by handling uncertainties of takeoff times and trajectory prediction. Simulations carried out over the French airspace successfully solved all conflicts, with a mean of one minute allocated delay (80 to 90 minutes for the most delayed flight) and a discrepancy from optimal altitude of one flight level for most of the flights. Handling uncertainties with a static method leads to a dramatic increase in the cost of the previous non-robust solutions. However, we propose a dynamic model to deal with this matter, based on a sliding time horizon, which is likely to be able to cope with a few minutes of uncertainty with reasonable impact on the cost of the solutions.

9 Abstract Title: Influence of Power Plate machine vibrations on m. levator ani contraction. Objectives: In my thesis I would like to follow up on my bachelor`s thesis in which I was analyzing the importance of exercise on the Power Plate machine from a theoretical point of view. I set the objective of my thesis, in co-operation with professionals in this area, to find out whether Power Plate machines have any impact on the pelvic floor contractions, especially on the m. levator ani. Methods: Theoretical part of my thesis was conducted using the research (exploration of facts) method. For theoretical input I mainly used my bachelor`s thesis which was being followed up with. Majority of studies regarding WBVT (whole body vibration training) influence on human body is available from foreign sources. The practical part of my research was conducted via the quantitative quasiexperimental method. The works was further performed with use of the explanation (empirical and generally theoretical) methods and interpretation methods. For the data analysis were used the basic descriptive statistics, analysis of variance with repetition with Geisser-Greenhouse adjustment and paired t-test. Interpretation method was used to generalize the research outcomes, to confront them with existing knowledge, and to debate their...

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux sur l'analyse des pratiques dans le champ de l'enseignement.Parmi les nombreux dispositifs, à la jonction du psychique et du professionnel, celui de Groupe de Soutien au Soutien(GSAS) travaille la complexité du lien enseignant-élève à partir des cas d'élèves apportés par les participants.L'objectif de la thèse est de comprendre et d'analyser l'efficacité du fonctionnement de la méthode des GSAS àpartir de deux hypothèses. Premièrement, la structure temporelle soutient le travail de contenance du groupe enpermettant une expérience singulière d'empathie. Deuxièmement, l'appropriation subjective de cette expérienceempathique contribue à une modification du lien enseignant-élève sur le terrain. Le matériel clinique provient de deuxsources de données complémentaires : d'une part, le fonctionnement des groupes en tant qu'observatrice-participante etanimatrice et d'autre part, des entretiens cliniques réalisés auprès de participants.Une première partie théorique montre l'ancrage du GSAS imaginé par le psychanalyste J. Lévine dans l'histoiredu mouvement de la pédagogie psychanalytique, sa filiation et ses écarts aux groupes-Balint. Elle présente la méthodeen trois temps suivis d'un moment initié dans le groupe pour préparer le retour en classe. La seconde partie théoriquetraite de l'empathie, d'un point de vue historique et conceptuel. Puis, l'empathie, articulée au Moi-peau et dans undialogue entre le Moi et le Soi, est explorée dans une perspective psychanalytique et une approche spirituelle.Les résultats de la partie clinique montrent que l'expérience du processus empathique prépare aupositionnement empathique. L'accueil des affects ou émotions d'un sujet exposant un cas d'élève puis, le jeud'identifications et de projections pour entrer dans le paysage intérieur supposé de l'élève et, en dernier lieu, leséchanges autour de pistes psycho-pédagogiques sont constitutifs de l'expérience groupale. Celle-ci prépare au gesteintérieur qui caractérise le positionnement empathique : accueillir-comprendre-accompagner.La spécificité de ce dispositif est de transmettre envers les élèves une posture proche de l'empathie maternelle.Le travail psychique de l'attention et celui de l'identification projective normale, à l'oeuvre dans cette pratique cliniquegroupale, pourraient concerner d'autres métiers du lien, là où des sujets, confrontés à la souffrance d'autres sujets, ontbesoin d'un étayage de leur Moi-professionnel. / This thesis continues the works on practice analysis in the teaching field. Among the numerous settings inwhich the psyche and the professional meet, the Support to Support Group works (in french GSAS) on the complexityof the teacher-pupil relationship, through case studies of pupils brought in by participants.The aim of this thesis is to understand and analyse the efficiency of the GSAS method. Two hypotheses haveguided the research: first, the time-structure process supports the holding work of the group, allowing for a uniqueempathic experience; second, the subjective appropriation of this empathic experience contributes to modify theteacher-pupil relationship in the classroom. The clinical material derives from two complementary sources: the waygroups function as observed as a participant and trainer on the one hand, as well as clinical interviews of GSAS parti -cipants on the other.A first theoretical part shows how the GSAS, imagined by the psychoanalyst J. Lévine, is rooted in the historyof the psychoanalytic pedagogy movement, how it derives and differs from Balint Groups. It introduces the 3 phasesmethod, followed by a moment initiated in the group to prepare the return in the classroom. The second theoretical partdeals with empathy from a historic and conceptual point of view. The empathy, then related to the skin-ego and in adialogue between the ego and the self, is explored in a psychoanalytical perspective and a spiritual approach.The results of the clinical part show that experimenting the empathic process prepares for the empathic positioning.Receiving the affects or emotions of a person presenting a pupil’s case, then the interplay of identifications andprojections to enter the pupil’s supposed inner landscape, and lastly, the exchanges around psycho-pedagogical hypothesesare all part of the group experience. This experience prepares for the inner gesture which characterises theempathic positioning: receiving-understanding-supporting.The specificity of this setting is to pass on a posture close to maternal empathy towards the pupils. The psychologicaltasks of attention and of normal projective identification at work in this clinical group practice could concernother professionals confronted with the suffering of others, who also need to be supported in their professional-ego.

My dissertation deals with personality of Jan Sádlo of Smilkov, who was a noble man in king's sevices and who lived at he turned of 13th and 14th century. Dissertation tries to express elemental aspects of his life, which determined his life and this dissertation also tries to complete missing information about his family, property and also tries to find in which community he could be found and with whom he kept in touch with and how can these persons influence his personality. Dissertation also deals with his career, mainly his activity in king's Václav IV. court, where he became a influential person, who became involved in political situation in country during the beginning of hussite revolution. In dissertation is also covered his political downfall and his death. Life of Jan Sádlo of Smilkov was in my dissertation shown as an exapmle of low nobleman who could due to political situation become influential person and who could become involved in political development. . Keywords gentry, court of Václav IV., holding, followers of Jan Hus, administrator of ro

De nombreuses recherches se focalisent sur l'étude des aires de distribution des espèces qui se décalent vers des conditions plus adaptées à leurs besoins physiologiques sous l'effet du changement climatique. Le choix des indices utilisés pour caractériser l'écologie des espèces et définir leur vulnérabilité au réchauffement en cours est souvent conditionné par leur disponibilité, alors qu'il devrait être basé sur les connaissances en écophysiologie qui les concernent. D'autre part, la résolution spatiale parfois grossière utilisée n'est pas toujours pertinente au regard de l'échelle à laquelle les processus biologiques se déroulent. Dans ce cadre, l'objectif de ce travail est de cartographier à fine résolution spatiale les bilans en eau des sols et leurs différentes composantes à l'échelle des forêts de France, et d'évaluer leur intérêt pour modéliser la distribution ou la productivité des espèces au regard des indices traditionnellement utilisés. Dans un premier temps, nous avons modélisé et cartographié les différentes composantes du bilan en eau des sols, et tout particulièrement le rayonnement solaire et la réserve utile maximale en eau (RUM) des sols forestiers à partir des relevés de l'Inventaire Forestier National (IFN). Ces données ont été combinées avec des températures et des précipitations pour spatialiser le bilan en eau des sols forestiers de France. Les principaux résultats montrent l'importance de la nébulosité dans la prise en compte du calcul du rayonnement solaire, et l'inefficacité des indices dérivés de l'exposition pour en simuler les valeurs à l'échelle de la France. Nous avons également déterminé qu'il est possible de réaliser avec des informations simples à collecter une carte des RUM des sols forestiers de France. Elle permet de prédire la croissance des essences avec une efficacité comparable aux valeurs relevées sur des placettes et d'améliorer la modélisation de la distribution de certaines essences. Enfin, nous démontrons que les calculs de bilans en eau qui prennent en compte la réserve en eau des sols sont plus efficaces que les bilans hydriques climatiques ou les pluies, particulièrement pour ce qui concerne les espèces hygrophiles ou xérophiles. Ces résultats laissent penser que l'importance de l'eau a été sous-estimée dans l'analyse de la distribution des espèces et l'étude des conséquences du changement climatique sur les plantes. Les données produites permettent de progresser dans la connaissance de l'écologie des espèces et de mieux caractériser la vulnérabilité des espèces, ouvrant la porte à la création d'outils plus fonctionnels pour aider les gestionnaires à évaluer les impacts du changement de climat et à s'y adapter. / Numerous researches focus on species distribution shifts toward ecological conditions most suited to plants under climate change. Ecological indices used to characterize species ecology and to define their vulnerability over broad areas are often at coarse resolution and are determined by data availability. The aim of this work was to map soil water balance and its different components at a fine spatial resolution, and to evaluate their interest to model plant distribution and growth over the whole French forests. We firstly modeled and mapped the solar radiation and the soil water holding capacity of forest soils. These data were combined with temperatures and precipitation to map the soil water balance. For solar radiation, the main results showed that this parameter is only accurately predicted at the French scale when cloudiness is taken into account. We also showed that soil water holding capacity can be mapped at the French scale using the basic information collected on numerous plots from the French national forest inventory. Values extracted from the soil water holding capacity map allowed predicting tree species growth with efficiency similar to values estimated on plots. We also demonstrated soil water balance is more efficient than climatic water balance or precipitation to model species distribution, mainly for hygrophilous and xerophilous species. These results suggest importance of available water could be underestimated when determining the ecological niche of species. These maps allow to improve species ecology knowledge and to help in the determination of their vulnerability area to climate change.