Ever since the discovery of seafloor hydrothermal systems at mid ocean ridges, scientists have been trying to understand the complex dynamic processes by which thermal energy is transported advectively by chemically reactive aqueous fluids from Earth's interior to the surface. Hydrothermal systems are generally assumed to consist of a heat source and a fluid circulation system. Understanding the interconnected physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes at oceanic spreading centers is important because these processes affect the global energy and biogeochemical budgets of the Earth system. Despite two decades of focused study of hydrothermal systems, several key questions remain concerning the behavior and evolution of hydrothermal vent systems. Among these are: (a) the partitioning of heat transport between focused and diffuse flow, and (b) the spatial extent and distribution of hydrothermal recharge. These are the main topics of investigation in this thesis. To address these issues, I first use a single-pass modeling approach using a variety of observational data in a simple parametric scale analysis of a hydrothermal vent field to determine fundamental parameters associated with the circulation and magmatic heat transfer for a number of seafloor hydrothermal systems for which the constraining data are available. To investigate the partitioning of heat flux between focused high temperature and diffuse flow I extend the one-limb single pass model to incorporate two single-pass limbs to represent deep and shallow circulation pathways. As a result, I find that 90% of the heat output is from high temperature fluid circulating in the deep limb even though much of the heat loss appears at the seafloor as low-temperature diffuse flow. Next, I use the parametric description of hydrothermal circulation to investigate hydrothermal recharge at the East Pacific Rise 9°50′ N hydrothermal site. Using a 1-D model of recharge through an area of 10⁵ m² elucidated by microseismicity in the oceanic crust I find that anhydrite precipitation is likely to result in rapid sealing of pore space in the recharge zone. This would lead to rapid decay of hydrothermal venting, which is contrary to observations. Then I consider two-dimensional numerical models of hydrothermal circulation in a porous box heated from below. The preliminary results of these models suggests that the anhydrite precipitation zone will be more diffuse, but additional work is needed to test whether anhydrite precipitation will seal the pore space. / Master of Science

[pt] Esta tese apresenta uma nova proposta para modelagem das funções de custo futuro, utilizadas na Programação Dinâmica Estocástica (PDE). A técnica proposta é aplicada ao planejamento da operação de médio prazo de sistemas elétricos de potência. Através da discretização do espaço de estados, o algoritmo de fechos convexos (convex hull) é utilizado na obtenção de uma série de hiperplanos que compõe um conjunto convexo. Estes planos representam uma aproximação linear por partes da função de custo futuro. O custo operacional médio utilizando a metodologia proposta considerando-se um único cenário de afluências foi comparado com o custo obtido da programação dinâmica dual determinística para o mesmo cenário de afluências. Esta análise mostra a convergência das duas metodologias e é utilizada para determinar o nível mínimo de discretização necessário para modelagem das funções de custo futuro. A partir deste resultado é feita a extensão da análise para diversos cenários de afluências utilizando-se a metodologia proposta, sendo a função de custo futuro obtida através da média do custo de operação para os diversos cenários, em cada discretização. A aplicabilidade do método é mostrada utilizando um caso exemplo de duas usinas hidrelétricas reais em cascata. Adicionalmente, um estudo de caso analisa as vantagens da paralelização do código de programação, onde métricas tais como fator de aceleração e eficiência são analisadas. Por fim, é apresentada uma simulação contendo todo o sistema elétrico brasileiro, representado por reservatórios equivalentes. / [en] This thesis presents a new approach for the expected-cost-to-go functions modeling used in the stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) algorithm. The proposed technique is applied to the long-term operation planning of electrical power systems. Using state space discretization, the convex hull algorithm is used for constructing a series of hyperplanes that composes a convex set. These planes represent a piecewise linear approximation for the expected-cost-to-go functions. The mean operation costs obtained by the proposed methodology for a single water inflow scenario were compared with those from the deterministic dual dynamic programming for the same inflow scenario.This sensitivity analysis shows the convergence of both methods and is used to determine the minimum discretization level necessary to model the expected-cost-to-go functions. From the obtained result the proposed methodology is extended to the analysis of a set of water inflow scenarios, where the expected-cost-to-go function is obtained by the mean operation cost to all the considered scenario in each discretization level. The applicability of the proposed methodology for two hydro plants in a cascade is demonstrated. Additionally, a case study using code parallelization is presented aiming at gaining computational performance, where the parallelization performance, as speedup and efficiency are measured. To finish with a simulation with the whole Brazilian electrical system considering aggregated reservoir is presented.

Les données sismiques et les forages des marges continentales distales permettent de comprendre l'architecture et l'évolution de ces domaines, dont l’évolution thermique est peu connue, même si on connaît que les systèmes hydrothermaux jouent un rôle clé dans la distribution des flux de chaleur. Cette thèse vise à étudier les produits diagénétiques dans les sédiments de pré- à post-rift, qui enregistrent l'évolution des interactions roche-fluide. Deux analogues fossiles ont été étudiés: la marge distale adriatique et le système hyper-étiré pyrénéen. Les études de terrain, pétrographiques et géochimiques révèlent une forte hétérogénéité dans la composition des fluides. Dans les premières phases de rifting, dominées par des failles normales à fort pendage, les fluides sont riches en carbonate,tandis que dans les dernières phases, caractérisées par des failles de détachement à faible pendage qui exhument les roches de la croûte continentale et du manteau, les fluides résultent riches en silice. Cette thèse a donc démontré que l'évolution tectonique des marges de rifting comporte aussi des changements spécifiques dans la chimie des fluides hydrothermaux. / Seismic and drill hole data from deep-water distal rifted margins allow to understand the architecture and evolution of these yet little investigated domain. Nonetheless, the thermal evolution is poorly constrained even if hydrothermal systems play a key role in determining the heat fluxes. This Thesis aims to investigate breccias, cements, veins and replacement minerals within the pre- to post-rift sediments that could testify the space-time evolution of rock-fluid interactions. Two fossil analogues are studied: the Adriatic distal margin and the Pyrenean hyper-extended system. Field, petrography and geochemical analyses reveal a strong heterogeneity in the composition of the fluids as well as their hydrothermal features. Two main types of fluids occur: carbonate-rich fluids refer to early rifting phases dominated by high-angle normal faults; silica-rich fluids are related to the last rifting stages characterized by low-angle detachment faults exhuming upper crust and mantle-related rocks. The results of this Thesis highlight how specific changes in the chemistry of the fluid system are intimate lylinked to the tectonic evolution of rifted margins.

[pt] No Brasil, o planejamento da operação energética do Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN é realizado atualmente por meio de uma cadeia de modelos matemáticos concebidos para otimizar o planejamento segundo o critério de minimização do valor esperado do custo total de operação. No entanto, desde a crise ocorrida no Setor Elétrico Brasileiro entre os anos de 2001 e 2002, cujo ápice ocorreu no racionamento de energia, houve uma intensificação na busca por métodos de otimização que permitam a consideração explicita de critérios adicionais na otimização, tal como a segurança operativa. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe uma modelagem utilizando algoritmos genéticos que permite a consideração de múltiplos objetivos no processo de otimização sem que a representação física do sistema e de suas incertezas se- jam comprometidas. A abordagem multicritério para o problema possibilita que diversos indicadores, dentre os quais destaca-se o risco anual de déficit, que atualmente são apenas resultados da otimização, se tornem controláveis a partir de sua consideração diretamente no processo de otimização. A modelagem proposta foi computacionalmente implementada na linguagem C# utilizando a biblioteca GAcom desenvolvida pelo ICA/PUC-Rio. O desempenho da metodologia proposta foi avaliado por meio de estudos de casos aplicados ao SIN. Os resultados obtidos, assim como as vantagens observadas ao se utilizar a otimização multicritério, são discutidos ao longo do texto. / [en] In Brazil, the planning of the energy operation of the National Interconnected Power System is currently done through a chain of mathematical models designed to optimise the planning according to criterion of minimisation of the expected value of the total operation`s cost. However, since the 2001-2002 energy supply crisis, there was an intensification in the search for methods of optimization allowing explicit consideration of additional criteria, such as the operative security. In this context, this work proposes a modelling using genetic algorithms that makes possible the consideration of multiple objectives in the optimisation process without compromising the physical representation of the system and its uncertainties. A multicriteria approach to the problem allows that various indicators, like, for instance, annual deficit, which currently are only results of the optimisation, become controllable from its consideration in the optimisation process. The modelling proposal was computationally implemented in language C# using the GAcom library developed by the ICA/PUC-Rio. The performance of the proposed methodology was evaluated through potential National Inter- connected Power System case studies. The results, as well as the benefits seen when using the multicriteria optimisation, are discussed throughout the text.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-06-19T13:06:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Henrique Fernandes de Camargo - 2017.pdf: 1478139 bytes, checksum: 1a8dae23d70a76b9e72b96aae929d85e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-10T12:28:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Henrique Fernandes de Camargo - 2017.pdf: 1478139 bytes, checksum: 1a8dae23d70a76b9e72b96aae929d85e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T12:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Henrique Fernandes de Camargo - 2017.pdf: 1478139 bytes, checksum: 1a8dae23d70a76b9e72b96aae929d85e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / For countries like Brazil, which has hybrid resources as the major source of electricity, the optimization of the operation of the hydroelectric plants is extremely important and it’s being studied recurrently. Adopting a known temporal decomposition model of this optimization problem, this dissertation is proposed to compare the best multiobjective algorithms of the current literature, applying them to the medium term planning of hydroelectric plants. After several experiments, two algorithms are selected as the best options. / Para um país como o Brasil, que tem seus recursos hídricos como maior fonte de geração de energia elétrica, a otimização da operação das usinas hidrelétricas é extremamente importante e vem sendo estudada de maneira recorrente. Adotando um conhecido modelo de decomposição temporal desse problema de otimização, esta dissertação propôe-se a realizar uma comparação entre os melhores algoritmos de otimização multiobjetivo da literatura atual, aplicado-os ao planejamento de médio prazo de usinas hidrelétricas. Após diversos experimentos realizados, dois algoritmos são selecionados como as melhores opções.

The thermal springs along the Middle Fork of the Boise River (MFBR) within the Atlanta lobe of the Idaho batholith discharge in discrete locations that appear to be part of self-organizing flow systems. Infiltrating water flows through Basin and Range fractures to depth where it is heated and ultimately discharged at the intersection of trans-Challis oriented faults along the MFBR. Isotopic compositions of the thermal waters have a linear trend with elevation suggesting that the recharge locations are near each thermal spring and the hydrothermal system is not one large interconnected system, but rather multiple individual hydrothermal systems. Water chemically evolves along the hydrothermal flow paths dissolving feldspars and precipitating secondary minerals. PHREEQC inverse modeling of the chemical evolution based on identified minerals within the system predicts positive volume changes in the pore space within the hydrothermal flow systems can occur. Precipitation of secondary minerals is likely to occur in the cooler, subsidiary, less-efficient fractures of the hydrothermal system. Flow areas calculated using heat flow, exponential decay, and a combination of the two, show that the topographic watershed is inadequate to accommodate the water supporting the thermal springs indicating that water is being captured from outside the watershed. The positive volume changes coupled with the water capture is evidence of positive feedback loops are active within the hydrothermal system providing a mechanism for self-organization to occur in the hydrothermal systems of granite.

La circulation hydrothermale océanique est un élément clé dans le transfert de chaleur et de matière des profondeurs de la Terre vers sa surface. Certains sites hydrothermaux produisent de grandes quantités d’hydrogène et de méthane. C’est le cas du site de Rainbow (36°N), situé sur la dorsale médio-atlantique, auquel on s’intéresse ici. Les fortes concentrations d’hydrogène ([H2]=16 mM kg-1) et de méthane ([CH4]=2,5 mM kg-1) des fluides chauds (~365°C) émis par ce site ont été interprétées comme étant issues de l’hydratation des péridotites du diapir mantellique qui constitue son socle géologique du site, mais l’altération d’assemblages gabbroïques pourrait également être à l’origine de sa production d’hydrogène. Ces processus géochimiques dépendent fortement des caractéristiques de l’écoulement des fluides au sein de la matrice poreuse et fracturée du site. Cette étude a donc consisté au développement et à l’application de modèle numériques, thermo-hydrogéologique et géochimique et de leur chaînage, dans le but de caractériser la circulation hydrothermale, la production d’hydrogène et son transport au sein du site de Rainbow. Plusieurs résultats découlent de ces modélisations : la circulation hydrothermale est tridimensionnelle, de faible extension horizontale (Ø~2-8km), doit très probablement être canalisée par un chemin préférentiel de forte perméabilité, et peut être stable sur plusieurs milliers d’années. Nous avons pu montrer que l’hydrogène est produit par serpentinisation en amont de la zone de décharge et estimer les coefficients cinétiques in situ, la quantité d’hydrogène produite et montrer la possibilité d’une production d’une durée supérieure à 25 000 ans. / Hydrothermal activity along the axis of mid-ocean ridges is a key driver for energy and matter transfer from the Earth’s interior to the ocean floor. Numerous hydrothermal sites have been discovered, and some of them emit high quantities of hydrogen and methane. In this manuscript, the presented studies focus on the Rainbow site (36°N), situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest. The high hydrogen and methane concentrations ([H2]=16 mM kg-1and [CH4]=2,5 mM kg-1) of the hot fluids at this site have been interpreted as indicators of ongoing serpentinization processes. However, such high hydrogen and methane concentrations might be also produced by gabbroic alteration processes which could lead to a mineral assemblage such as chlorite + talc + magnetite + tremolite. These alteration processes are strongly dependent on the hydrothermal circulation characteristics and behaviours. In this study, we developed and used thermo-hydrogeological and geochemical numerical models, and their coupling, for characterization of hydrothermal circulation, and hydrogen production and transport, of the Rainbow vent site. We showed that hydrothermal circulation is conditioned by its 3D spatial configuration. This circulation is of small dimension (Ø > 2km), and should probably be organized by a preferential pathway of high permeability values. It has remained stable for several thousand years. We also showed that hydrogen was a product of serpentinization process that occurs far from the discharge zone. We estimated in situ kinetic coefficients, and the hydrogen mass currently produced each year. We showed the possibility of a long lifetime hydrogen production (>25000 yrs).

Em função do crescente processo de liberalização dos mercados de gás natural e de energia elétrica nos países do hemisfério norte, bem como pelo aumento das restrições ambientais, as projeções de demanda mundial de gás natural indicam um forte crescimento, principalmente no segmento de geração de energia elétrica. Assim, pode-se afirmar que haverá uma convergência cada vez maior entre os mercados de gás natural e de eletricidade. O transporte do gás natural em sua forma liquefeita, o GNL (Gás Natural Liquefeito), representa um importante pivô para essa convergência, bem como para uma integração global crescente dos mercados de gás natural e eletricidade. Essas evoluções sempre estiveram distantes da realidade brasileira, pois a geração elétrica predominantemente hídrica historicamente reservou um papel limitado para a geração termelétrica. No entanto, desde 2001, como resultado da crise de abastecimento de energia elétrica, o Brasil também fez esforços importantes rumo a uma maior convergência entre os mercados de gás e eletricidade. Desde 2005, a importação de GNL tem sido analisada para o caso brasileiro, visando prioritariamente o atendimento de uma demanda termelétrica para o gás natural. A característica principal deste modelo é a necessidade de se garantir uma oferta de combustível flexível para usinas que deverão suprir uma demanda termelétrica igualmente flexível: oferta flexível para demanda flexível. A luz das evoluções em curso no mercado global, o presente trabalho avalia a viabilidade deste modelo a partir da análise das possibilidades do suprimento de GNL ser efetuado de forma flexível, atuando, assim, como mecanismo de flexibilização da oferta de gás natural e garantindo um melhor aproveitamento da capacidade de geração elétrica atualmente instalada no Brasil. / Due to the growth of liberalization process on natural gas and electricity markets on northern hemisphere countries, as well as due to raising environmental restrictions, world natural gas demand projections indicate a strong growth, mainly driven by the power generation segment. Therefore, we can affirm that will have an even higher convergence between natural gas and electricity markets. Natural gas transportation in its liquefied form, the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), represents an important pivot for this convergence, as well as for the raising global integration of electricity and natural gas markets. These evolutions were always distant from Brazilian reality, as dominant hydroelectric generation historically reserved a limited role for thermoelectric generation. However, since 2001, as a result from the electricity supply crisis, Brazil also did important efforts towards a greater convergence between natural gas and electricity markets. Since 2005, LNG importation has been analyzed for the Brazilian case, primarily focusing thermoelectric demand utilization for the natural gas. The main characteristic of this model is the necessity to guarantee a flexible fuel supply for power plants that shall supply an equally flexible thermoelectric demand: flexible supply for flexible demand. In light of the evolutions underway on the global market, this study evaluates the viability of this model based on the possibility of LNG supplies be done on flexible way, acting then as a natural gas supply flexibility mechanism and guaranteeing a better utilization of the thermoelectric generation capacity already installed in Brazil.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-15T17:01:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Filipe Marinho de Brito.pdf: 17131597 bytes, checksum: 477190303473bc899a0003fa4fa5d986 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-15T17:49:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Filipe Marinho de Brito.pdf: 17131597 bytes, checksum: 477190303473bc899a0003fa4fa5d986 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-15T17:49:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Filipe Marinho de Brito.pdf: 17131597 bytes, checksum: 477190303473bc899a0003fa4fa5d986 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-03 / The operation planning process for hydrothermal generation systems is complex and depends on a large demand of organized data to find rational strategies of operation. These data although vast, often are shown in closed formats, tabular or graphical to satisfy a specific interest. What comes as closest as raw data, that allows the application of mathematical models to find rational strategies of operation are the decks. Although the wide range of papers developed to solve this planning, these are usually applied in a restricted sample of data because there is a great difficulty in reading the decks, for example the lack of standarts in the identification of a plant and the presence of binary files. In order to solve the problem in obtaining and handling data of plants, the Faraday System was developed, which promotes reading, organization, standardization, reporting and editing data of plants from decks and other information bases, as data flows reading from governmental institutions sites. The Faraday system is a web application platform, focusing on mobile computing, and can be accessed by tablets, smartphones or any devices that have access to browser and internet, introducing the science of energy research in mobile computing. / O processo de planejamento de operações de sistemas de geração hidrotérmicos é complexo e depende de uma grande demanda de dados organizados para encontrar estratégias racionais de operação. Estes dados apesar de vastos, costumam ser apresentados em formatos fechados, gráficos ou tabulados de modo a atender a um interesse específico. O que mais se aproxima de dados mais embrutecidos, que possibilitem a aplicação de modelos matemáticos para encontrar estratégias racionais de operação, são os decks. Apesar da ampla gama de trabalhos científicos desenvolvidos no sentido de solucionar o planejamento, estes costumam ser aplicados em uma amostra restrita de dados pois existe uma dificuldade grande na leitura dos decks, dentre eles pode-se citar a falta de padronização na identificação de uma usina e a presença de arquivos binários. Visando solucionar o problema na obtenção e manipulação de dados de usinas, foi desenvolvido o Sistema Faraday, que promove a leitura, organização, padronização, emissão de relatórios e edição de dados de usinas provinientes de decks e outras bases de informação, como dados de leitura de vazão provinientes de sites de instituições governamentais. O Sistema Faraday é uma aplicação web, multiplataforma, com foco na computação móvel, podendo ser acessada por tablets, smartphones ou quaisquer dispositivos que possuam navegador e acesso à internet; introduzindo a ciência da pesquisa energética na computação móvel.

Neste trabalho foi investigado um novo modelo baseado em inteligência artificial como ferramenta para a resolução do problema de planejamento da operação de sistemas hidrotérmicos de potência. Esta abordagem, que utiliza os princípios da evolução genética, tem se destacado com alta eficiência na solução de problemas de otimização. Para atender a todas as características do problema foram feitas algumas adaptações dos operadores genéticos tradicionais de recombinação e mutação, sendo o problema codificado usando uma cadeia de números reais, e não binários como normalmente é apresentado na literatura. Para isto, foram realizados vários testes visando moldar a técnica ao problema em questão, levando em conta suas características específicas. O algoritmo proposto também foi aplicado em vários testes com usinas pertencentes ao sistema hidroelétrico brasileiro e mostrou o bom desempenho desta abordagem em determinar uma operação ótima, garantindo, da melhor forma possível, o atendimento da demanda por um custo mínimo e com confiabilidade. As aplicações incluíram sistemas complexos, de grande porte, com até 35 usinas hidroelétricas, onde foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios. / The present thesis investigates a new model based on artificial inteligence as a tool to solve the problem of the operational planning of hydrothermal systems. This approach, which uses the principle of genetic evolution, has been very successful and efficient in the solution of optimization problems. To represent all the characteristics of the problem some adaptations of the traditional genetic operators of recombination and mutation were made. The problem used a string of real numbers instead of binary as usually presented in the literature. Thus, several tests were performed in order to adapt the technique to the problem, taking into account its specific characteristics. The proposed algorithm has been applied in several tests in real hydrothermal systems, with plants belonging to the brazilian southeast system. The results achieved so far have indicated that the proposed approach can be an effective alternative or a complementary technique for the planning of hidrothermal system, as it determines an operation strategy for each power plant and minimizes the expected value of the operative cost along the planning horizon. The applications include large systems, with up to 35 hydroelectric plants, where good results were obtained.