The numerics of hyperbolic conservation laws, e.g., the Euler equations of gas dynamics, shallow water equations and MHD equations, is non-trivial due to the convective terms being highly non-linear and equations being coupled. Many numerical methods have been developed to solve these equations, out of which central schemes and upwind schemes (such as Flux Vector Splitting methods, Riemann solvers, Kinetic Theory based Schemes, Relaxation Schemes etc.) are well known. The majority of the above mentioned schemes give rise to very dissipative solutions. In this thesis, we propose novel low dissipative numerical algorithms for some hyperbolic conservation laws representing fluid flows. Four different and independent numerical methods which give low diffusive solutions are developed and demonstrated. The first idea is to regulate the numerical diffusion in the existing dissipative schemes so that the smearing of solution is reduced. A diffusion regulator model is developed and used along with the existing methods, resulting in crisper shock solutions at almost no added computational cost. The diffusion regulator is a function of jump in Mach number across the interface of the finite volume and the average Mach number across the surface. The introduction of the diffusion regulator makes the diffusive parent schemes to be very accurate and the steady contact discontinuities are captured exactly. The model is demonstrated in improving the diffusive Local Lax-Friedrichs (LLF) (or Rusanov) method and a Kinetic Scheme. Even when employed together with accurate methods of Roe and Osher, improvement in solutions is demonstrated for multidimensional problems. The second method, a Central Upwind-Biased Scheme (CUBS), attempts to reorganize a central scheme such that information from irrelevant directions is largely reduced and the upwind biased information is retained. The diffusion co-efficient follows a new format unlike the use of maximum characteristic speed in the Local Lax-Friedrichs method and the scheme results in improved solutions of the flow features. The grid-aligned steady contacts are captured exactly with the reorganized format of diffusion co-efficient. The stability and positivity of the scheme are discussed and the procedure is demonstrated for its ability to capture all the features of solution for different flow problems. Another method proposed in this thesis, a Central Rankine-Hugoniot Solver, attempts to integrate more physics into the discretization procedure by enforcing a simplified Rankine-Hugoniot condition which describes the jumps and hence resolves steady discontinuities very accurately. Three different variants of the scheme, termed as the Method of Optimal Viscosity for Enhanced Resolution of Shocks (MOVERS), based on a single wave (MOVERS-1), multiple waves (MOVERS-n) and limiter based diffusion (MOVERS-L) are presented. The scheme is demonstrated for scalar Burgers equation and systems of conservation laws like Euler equations, ideal Magneto-hydrodynamics equations and shallow water equations. The new scheme uniformly improves the solutions of the Local Lax-Friedrichs scheme on which it is based and captures steady discontinuities either exactly or very accurately. A Grid-Free Central Solver, which does not require a grid structure but operates on any random distribution of points, is presented. The grid-free scheme is generic in discretization of spatial derivatives with the location of the mid-point between a point and its neighbor being used to define a relevant coefficient of numerical dissipation. A new central scheme based on convective-pressure splitting to solve for mid-point flux is proposed and many test problems are solved effectively. The Rankine-Hugoniot Solver, which is developed in this thesis, is also implemented in the grid-free framework and its utility is demonstrated. The numerical methods presented are solved in a finite volume framework, except for the Grid-Free Central Solver which is a generalized finite difference method. The algorithms developed are tested on problems represented by different systems of equations and for a wide variety of flow features. The methods presented in this thesis do not need any eigen-structure and complicated flux splittings, but can still capture discontinuities very accurately (sometimes exactly, when aligned with the grid lines), yielding low dissipative solutions. The thesis ends with a highlight on the importance of developing genuinely multidimensional schemes to obtain accurate solutions for multidimensional flows. The requirement of simpler discretization framework for such schemes is emphasized in order to match the efficacy of the popular dimensional splitting schemes.

Dans une première partie de cette thèse, nous donnons des minorations universelles ne dépendant que de la dimension – explicites, de trois invariants globaux des quotients des espaces hyperboliques quaternioniques : leur rayon maximal, leur volume, ainsi que leur caractéristique d’Euler. Nous donnons également une majoration de leur constante de Margulis, montrant que celle-ci décroit au moins comme une puissance négative de la dimension. Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions un réseau remarquable des isométries du plan hyperbolique quaternionique, le groupe modulaire d’Hurwitz. Nous montrons en particulier qu’il est engendré par quatres éléments, et construisons un domaine fondamental pour le sous-groupe des isométries de ce réseau qui stabilisent un point à l’infini. / In the first part of this thesis, we derive explicit universal – that is, depending only on the dimension – lower bounds on three global invariants of quaternionic hyperbolic sapces : their maximal radius, their volume, and their Euler caracteristic. We also exhibit an upper bound on their Margulis constant, showing that this last quantity decreases at least like a negative power of the dimension. In the second part, we study a specific lattice of isometries of the quaternionic hyperbolic plane : the Hurwitz modular group. In particular, we show that this group is generated by four elements, and we construct a fundamental domain for the subgroup of isometries of this lattice stabilising a point on the boundary of the quaternionic hyperbolic plane.

The main purpose of this work is to prove short-time structural stability of compressible vortex sheets with surface tension. The main result can be summarised as follows. Assume we start with an initial vortex-sheet configuration which consists of two inviscid fluids with density bounded below flowing smoothly past each other, where a strictly positive fixed coefficient of surface tension produces a surface tension force across the common interface, balanced by the pressure jump. We assume the fluids are modelled by the compressible Euler equations in three space dimensions with a very general equation of state relating the pressure, entropy and density in each fluid such that the sound speed is positive. Then, for a short time, which may depend on the initial configuration, there exists a unique solution of the equations with the same structure, that is, two fluids with density bounded below flowing smoothly past each other, where the surface tension force across the common interface balances the pressure jump. The mathematical approach consists of introducing a carefully chosen artificial viscosity-type regularisation which allows one to linearise the system so as to obtain a collection of transport equations for the entropy, pressure and curl together with a parabolic-type equation for the velocity. We prove a high order energy estimate for the non-linear equations that is independent of the artificial viscosity parameter which allows us to send it to zero. This approach loosely follows that introduced by Shkoller et al in the setting of a compressible liquid-vacuum interface. Although already considered by Shkoller et al, we also make some brief comments on the case of a compressible liquid-vacuum interface, which is obtained from the vortex sheets problem by replacing one of the fluids by vacuum, where it is possible to obtain a structural stability result even without surface tension.

Darbo tikslas — ištirti baigtiniu skirtumu metodo antrosios eiles hiperbolinio tipo diferencialinei lygciai su nelokaliosiomis integralinemis kraštinemis salygomis stabiluma. Siekiant numatyto tikslo buvo sprendžiami šie uždaviniai: • išnagrinetas antrosios eiles hiperbolines lygties trisluoksnes skirtumines schemos suvedimas i dvisluoksne skirtumine schema; • išanalizuotas skirtuminio operatoriaus perejimo matricos spektras; • gauta pakankamoji skirtumines schemos stabilumo salyga, nusakoma nelokaliuju salygu parametrais; • atlikti skaitiniai eksperimentai, patvirtinantys teorines išvadas. Nurodyta stabilumo salyga yra esmine, sprendžiant hiperbolinio tipo uždavinius su pakankamai didelemis T reikšmemis. Skirtuminio operatoriaus perejimo matricos spektro tyrimo metodika gali buti pritaikyta placios klases diferencialiniu lygciu su nelokaliosiomis salygomis stabilumui tirti. / On the stability of an explicit difference scheme for hyperbolic equation with integral conditions. The aim of the work is stability analysis of solution of finite difference method for hyperbolic equations. Trying to achieve formulated aim these tasks were solved: • a method of transformation of three-layered finite difference scheme into two-layered one was investigated; • a spectrum of transition matrix subject to the properties of second order differential operator Lambda was studied; • stability conditions of hyperbolic type equations with nonlocal conditions subject to boundary parameters were obtained; • numerical experiments, confirming theoretical derivations were made. Derived results could be used to solve one-dimensional tasks with hyperbolic equations in different sciences, to analyse spectrum structure of mathematical models and construct new numerical methods for solving hyperbolic PDEs.

With the advances in the computing world, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is becoming more and more critical tool in the field of fluid dynamics. In the past few decades, a huge number of CFD models have been developed with ever improved performance. In this research a robust CFD model, called Riemann2D, is extended to model flow over a mobile bed and applied to a full scale dam break problem. Riemann2D, an object oriented hyperbolic solver that solves shallow water equations with an unstructured triangular mesh and using high resolution shock capturing methods, provides a generic framework for the solution of hyperbolic problems. The object-oriented design of Riemann2D has the flexibility to apply the model to any type of hyperbolic problem with the addition of new information and inheriting the common components from the generic part of the model. In a part of this work, this feature of Riemann2D is exploited to enhance the model capabilities to compute flow over mobile beds. This is achieved by incorporating the two dimensional version of the one dimensional non-capacity model for erodible bed hydraulics by Cao et al. (2004). A few novel and simple algorithms are included, to track the wet/dry and dry/wet fronts over abruptly varying topography and stabilize the solution while using high resolution shock capturing methods. The negative depths computed from the surface gradient by the limiters are algebraically adjusted to ensure depth positivity. The friction term contribution in the source term, that creates unphysical values near the wet/dry fronts, are resolved by the introduction of a limiting value for the friction term. The model is validated using an extensive variety of tests both on fixed and mobile beds. The results are compared with the analytical, numerical and experimental results available in the literature. The model is also tested against the actual field data of 1957 Malpasset dam break. Finally, the model is applied to simulate dam break flow of Warsak Dam in Pakistan. Remotely sensed topographic data of Warsak dam is used to improve the accuracy of the solution. The study reveals from the thorough testing and application of the model that the simulated results are in close agreement with the available analytical, numerical and experimental results. The high resolution shock capturing methods give far better results than the traditional numerical schemes. It is also concluded that the object oriented CFD model is very easy to adapt and extend without changing the generic part of the model.

On considère des méthodes de Galerkin stochastiques pour des systèmes hyperboliques faisant intervenir des données en entrée incertaines de lois de distribution connues paramétrées par des variables aléatoires. On s'intéresse à des problèmes où un choc apparaît presque sûrement en temps fini. Dans ce cas, la solution peut développer des discontinuités dans les domaines spatial et stochastique. On utilise un schéma de Volumes Finis pour la discrétisation spatiale et une projection de Galerkin basée sur une approximation polynomiale par morceaux pour la discrétisation stochastique. On propose un solveur de type Roe avec correcteur entropique pour le système de Galerkin, utilisant une technique originale pour approcher la valeur absolue de la matrice de Roe et une adaptation du correcteur entropique de Dubois et Mehlmann. La méthode proposée reste coûteuse car une discrétisation stochastique très fine est nécessaire pour représenter la solution au voisinage des discontinuités. Il est donc nécessaire de faire appel à des stratégies adaptatives. Comme les discontinuités sont localisées en espace et évoluent en temps, on propose des représentations stochastiques dépendant de l'espace et du temps. On formule cette méthodologie dans un contexte multi-résolution basé sur le concept d'arbres binaires pour décrire la discrétisation stochastique. Les étapes d'enrichissement et d'élagage adaptatifs sont réalisées en utilisant des critères d'analyse multi-résolution. Dans le cas multidimensionnel, une anisotropie de la procédure adaptative est proposée. La méthodologie est évaluée sur le système des équations d'Euler dans un tube à choc et sur l'équation de Burgers en une et deux dimensions stochastiques / This work is concerned with stochastic Galerkin methods for hyperbolic systems involving uncertain data with known distribution functions parametrized by random variables. We are interested in problems where a shock appears almost surely in finite time. In this case, the solution exhibits discontinuities in the spatial and in the stochastic domains. A Finite Volume scheme is used for the spatial discretization and a Galerkin projection based on piecewise poynomial approximation is used for the stochastic discretization. A Roe-type solver with an entropy correction is proposed for the Galerkin system, using an original technique to approximate the absolute value of the Roe matrix and an adaptation of the Dubois and Mehlman entropy corrector. Although this method deals with complex situations, it remains costly because a very fine stochastic discretization is needed to represent the solution in the vicinity of discontinuities. This fact calls for adaptive strategies. As discontinuities are localized in space and time, stochastic representations depending on space and time are proposed. This methodology is formulated in a multiresolution context based on the concept of binary trees for the stochastic discretization. The adaptive enrichment and coarsening steps are based on multiresolution analysis criteria. In the multidimensional case, an anisotropy of the adaptive procedure is proposed. The method is tested on the Euler equations in a shock tube and on the Burgers equation in one and two stochastic dimensions

Les premières étapes d’activation des lymphocytes T sont cruciales pour déterminer leur comportement, ainsi que leur prolifération. Ces étapes dépendent fortement des conditions initiales, particulièrement de l’avidité du récepteur du lymphocyte (TCR) pour le ligand spécifique provenant de l’antigène. La reconnaissance du virus entraine une séquence des réactions biochimiques mettant en œuvre de protéines membranaires et cellulaires. Le processus peut être mesuré par cytométrie en flux. On propose ici plusieurs modèles de différents niveaux de complexité. Ces modèles décrivent une relation entre la population de lymphocytes T et leurs composants intracellulaires et extracellulaires. Ils conduisent à des systèmes d’EDO et d’EDP dont la résolution permet d’étudier la dynamique de la densité de population des lymphocytes au cours du processus d'activation. En outre, différentes hypothèses sont proposées pour le processus d'activation des cellules filles après prolifération. Les équations de bilan de population (EBPs) sont résolues par une nouvelle méthode validée par une solution analytique quand elle existe, ou par comparaison à différentes méthodes numériques disponibles dans la littérature. L’avantage de cette nouvelle méthode est d’être utilisable dans certains cas où les méthodes classiques ne le sont pas. / The early steps of activation are crucial in deciding the fate of T-cells leading to the proliferation. These steps strongly depend on the initial conditions, especially the avidity of the T-cell receptor for the specific ligand and the concentration of this ligand. The recognition induces a rapid decrease of membrane TCR-CD3 complexes inside the T-cell, then the up-regulation of CD25 and then CD25–IL2 binding which down-regulates into the T-cell. This process can be monitored by flow cytometry technique. We propose several models based on the level of complexity by using population balance modeling technique to study the dynamics of T-cells population density during the activation process. These models provide us a relation between the population of T-cells with their intracellular and extracellular components. Moreover, the hypotheses are proposed for the activation process of daughter T-cells after proliferation. The corresponding population balance equations (PBEs) include reaction term (i.e. assimilated as growth term) and activation term (i.e. assimilated as nucleation term). Further the PBEs are solved by newly developed method that is validated against analytical method wherever possible and various approximate techniques available in the literature.

Nous étudions les triangulations dans des espaces de courbure négative constante, en théorie et en pratique. Ce travail est motivé par des applications dans des domaines variés. Nous considérons les complexes de Delaunay et les diagrammes de Voronoï dans la boule de Poincaré, modèle conforme de l'espace hyperbolique, en dimension quelconque. Nous utilisons l'espace des sphères pour la description des algorithmes. Nous étudions aussi les questions algébriques et arithmétiques et observons que les calculs effectués sont rationnels. Les démonstrations sont basées sur des raisonnements géométriques et n'utilisent aucune formulation analytique de la distance hyperbolique. Nous présentons une implantation complète, exacte et efficace en dimension deux. Le code est développé en vue d'une intégration dans la bibliothèque CGAL, qui permettra une diffusion à un large public. Nous étudions ensuite les triangulations de Delaunay des surfaces hyperboliques fermées. Nous définissons une triangulation comme un complexe simplicial afin de permettre l'adaptation de l'algorithme incrémentiel connu pour le cas euclidien. Le cœur de l'approche consiste à montrer l'existence d'un revêtement fini dans lequel les fibres définissent toujours une triangulation de Delaunay. Nous montrons une condition suffisante sur la longueur des boucles non contractiles du revêtement. Dans le cas particulier de la surface de Bolza, nous proposons une méthode pour construire un tel revêtement, en étudiant les sous groupes distingués du groupe fuchsien définissant la surface. Nous considérons des aspects liés à l'implantation. / We study triangulations of spaces of constant negative curvature -1 from both theoretical and practical points of view. This is originally motivated by applications in various fields such as geometry processing and neuro mathematics. We first consider Delaunay complexes and Voronoi diagrams in the Poincaré ball, a conformal model of the hyperbolic space, in any dimension. We use the framework of the space of spheres to give a detailed description of algorithms. We also study algebraic and arithmetic issues, observing that only rational computations are needed. All proofs are based on geometric reasoning, they do not resort to any use of the analytic formula of the hyperbolic distance. We present a complete, exact, and efficient implementation of the Delaunay complex and Voronoi diagram in the 2D hyperbolic space. The implementation is developed for future integration into the CGAL library to make it available to a broad public. Then we study the problem of computing Delaunay triangulations of closed hyperbolic surfaces. We define a triangulation as a simplicial complex, so that the general incremental algorithm for Euclidean Delaunay triangulations can be adapted. The key idea of the approach is to show the existence of a finite-sheeted covering space for which the fibers always define a Delaunay triangulation. We prove a sufficient condition on the length of the shortest non-contractible loops of the covering space. For the specific case of the Bolza surface, we propose a method to actually construct such a covering space, by studying normal subgroups of the Fuchsian group defining the surface. Implementation aspects are considered.

On dérive un nouveau modèle d’écoulements cisaillés et turbulents d’eau peu profonde. Les écarts de la vitesse horizontale par rapport à sa valeur moyenne sont pris en compte par une nouvelle variable appelée enstrophie, liée à la vorticité et à l’énergie turbulente. Le modèle comporte trois équations qui sont les bilans de masse, de quantité de mouvement et d’énergie. Le modèle est hyperbolique et peut être écrit sous forme conservative. L’énergie turbulente, dont l’intensité peut être importante, est produite par les ondes de choc qui apparaissent naturellement dans le modèle. Les écoulements rapidement variés étudiés sont caractérisés par l’existence d’une structure turbulente appelée rouleau dans laquelle la dissipation d’énergie turbulente joue un rôle majeur. Cette dissipation, qui détermine notamment le profil de profondeur, est modélisée par l’introduction d’un terme nouveau dans le bilan d’énergie. Le modèle comporte deux paramètres. L’un gouverne la dissipation de l’énergie turbulente du rouleau. L’autre paramètre, l’enstrophie de paroi, liée au cisaillement sur le fond, peut être considéré comme constant dans la partie rapidement variée d’un écoulement, sur laquelle il exerce une influence assez faible. Ce modèle a été appliqué avec succès aux vagues des trains de rouleaux et au ressaut hydraulique classique. Le profil de la surface libre est en très bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. L’étude numérique en régime non stationnaire permet notamment de prédire le régime oscillatoire du ressaut hydraulique. La fréquence d’oscillations correspondante est en accord satisfaisant avec les mesures expérimentales de la littérature. / We derive a new model of turbulent shear shallow water flows. The deviation of the horizontal velocity from its average value is taken into account by a new variable called enstrophy, which is related to the vorticity and to the turbulent energy. The model consists of three equations which are the balances of mass, momentum and energy. The model is hyperbolic and can be written in conservative form. The turbulent energy, which can be of high intensity, is produced in shock waves which appear naturally in the model. The rapidly varied flows we studied are characterized by the presence of a turbulent structure called roller in which the turbulent energy dissipation plays a major part. This dissipation, which determines, in particular, the depth profile, is modelled by the introduction of a new term in the energy balance equation. The model contains two parameters. The first one governs the dissipation of the turbulent energy of the roller. The second one, the wall enstrophy, related to the shearing at the bottom, can be considered as constant in the rapidly varied part of the flow on which it does not exert an important influence. This model was successfully applied to roll waves and to the classical hydraulic jump. The free surface profile was found in very good agreement with the experimental results. The numerical study in the non-stationary case can notably predict the oscillations of the hydraulic jump. The corresponding oscillation frequency is in good agreement with the experimental measures found in the literature.

Neste trabalho estudamos relações entre expoente de Lyapunov e continuidade absoluta da folheação central para difeomorfismos parcialmente hiperbólicos conservativos de \'T POT. 3\'. Sobre tal tema, provamos que tipicamente (\'C POT. 1\' aberto e \'C POT. 2\' denso) os difeomorfismos parcialmente hiperbólicos, conservativos de classe \'C POT. 2\' , do toro \'T POT. 3\', apresentam folheação central não absolutamente contínua. Desta maneira, respondemos positivamente uma pergunta proposta em [20]. Também neste trabalho, estudamos entropia topológica para Sistema Iterado de Funções. Neste contexto, damos uma nova demonstração para uma conjectura proposta em [14] e provada primeiramente em [15]. Apresentamos um método geométrico que nos permite calcular entropia para transformações de \'S POT. 1\', como em [15]. Além de disso o método apresentado se verifica para casos mais gerais, como por exemplo: transformações não comutativas / In this work we study relations between Lyapunov exponents, absolute continuity of center foliation for conservative partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms of \'T POT. 3\'. About this theme, (on a \'C POT. 1\' open and \'C POT. 2\'dense set) of conservative partially hyperbolic \'C POT. 2\' diffeomorphisms of the 3-torus presents non absolutely continuous center foliation. So, we answer positively a question proposed in [20]. Also in this work, we study topological entropy for Iterated Functions Systems. In this setting, we give a proof for a conjecture proposed in [14] and firstly proved in [15]. We present a geometrical method that allows us to calcule the entropy for transformations of \'S POT. 1\', like in [15]. Furthermore this method holds for more general cases, for example: non commutative transformations