This dissertation is a historical and theoretical study of a number of discourses examining colour and cinema during the period 1909 to 1935 (trade press, film reviews, publications on film technology, manuals, catalogues and theoretical texts from the era). In this study, colour in cinema is considered as producing a number of aesthetic and representational questions which are contextualised historically; problems and qualities specifically associated with colour film are examined in terms of an interrelationship between historical, technical, industrial, and stylistic factors, as well as specific contemporary conceptions of cinema. The first chapter examines notions concerning the technical, material, as well as perceptual, origins of colour in cinema, and questions concerning indexicality, iconicity, and colour reproduction, through focusing on the relationship between the photographic colour process Kinemacolor, as well as other similar processes, and the established non-photographic colour methods during the early 1910s, with an in-depth analysis of the Catalogue of Kinemacolor Film Subjects, published in 1912. The second chapter examines notions concerning the stylistic, formal and narrative functions of colour in cinema, featuring a survey of the recurring comparisons between colour and sound, found in the writing of film history, in discourses concerning early Technicolor sound films, film technology, experimental films and experiments on synaesthesia during the 1920s, as well as Eisenstein’s notions of the functions of colour in sound film montage. The third chapter examines the question of colour and meaning in cinema through considering the relationship between colours and objects in colour film images (polychrome and monochrome, photographic and non-photographic) during the time frame of this study.

This thesis deals with jokes and gender as social meaning. Here gender identity is regarded as one kind of social meaning. The gender identity of the individual is produced in interaction with other persons and is also conditioned by cultural codes. Of particular interest is how social identity is constituted by linguistic means. This is discussed using a model of indexicality, i.e. how linguistic features index one or more dimensions of the social context. Especially the indirect and constitutive relations between language and gender are discussed in terms of stances, acts and activities. In this context the speech act joking is seen as an example of a male gender constituent. A second theoretical angle consists of introducing some linguistic theories of humour and applying them to two empirical materials. The first material consists of audiovisual recordings of school pupils’ group discussions with no adult leader present. The pupils work with the same task, both in unisexual and mixed groups. The study focuses on describing how the speakers present suggestions of their own, and respond to the suggestions of others. The suggestions have lent themselves to being grouped into three categories: serious suggestions, playful suggestions, and joking suggestions. Identifying jokes in conversation can be difficult; thus four criteria for joke identification are applied: intention, structure, reaction and convention. Two types of structural criteria are used: semantic and rhetorical. The second material consists of a questionnaire administered to university students, which asks whom the informant apprehends as funny. A general tendency in the answers is that men only mention men, while women single out both women and men. Another tendency is that few women are found in the answers of the questions concerning the mass media, while women mention many funny women in the questions about their own everyday experiences. In this study it is argued that language use not only reflects our place in culture and society but also helps to constitute that place. Women and men encounter different cultural codes, and thus their performance of different speech acts also differs. This has an impact on the speakers’ social identity, one of which is gender identity.

This study offers the first comprehensive account of the problem of situation-dependence and facticity in Husserl's phenomenology of meaning. On the basis of a reconsideration of the central ideas of Husserl's phenomenological approach to meaning and intentionality, it presents a reconstruction and assessment of Husserl's revised conception of empirical meaning. Taking its lead from Husserl's self-critical remark on the analysis of "occasional expressions" in the Logical Investigations, the study uncovers the underlying problem with Husserl's initial conception of the relation between subjectivity and objectivity. It is shown that the problem of occasionality does not relate to indexicality in a standard sense, but to the essential facticity and subject-relativity of the intentional individuation of real being in general and to the contingency and inexhaustible transcendence of the world. The reconstruction of Husserl's solution is carefully related to an interpretation of central ideas of Husserl's developed philosophy. Critically reviewing influential interpretations of Husserl, the study elaborates on the question of internalism and externalism, the question of representationalism, the question of ideal contents, the notion of noema and the issues of direct reference and de re meaning. It is shown how Husserl's revised conception of empirical meaning is related to the analysis of horizon-intentionality, to the constitution of the transcendent real world and to the constitution of the lived body as a centre of situated orientation. It is argued that Husserl succeeds in maintaining phenomenological internalism with regard to intentionality in concreto, while accepting a form of externalism with regard to meaning, according to which the possibility of true identity of meaning is bound to the presumptive existence of the experienced world.

The dissertation deals with two different subjects: on the one hand the interrelations of narrative prose fiction and narrative fiction film, on the other hand fictional narration and intermediality as such. The first part discusses the concepts of medium and intermediality, and presents some general theoretical models. Of special importance is the three level structure of fictional representations: sign vehicle, meaning and fictional content. The second part focuses on the qualities of the sign vehicle, and on different kinds of meaning and fictional content. The sign vehicle of language and literature is digital, and consists of replicas of types. The film medium is analogue, the cinematic sign is a copy. The conventionality of literary fictions is primary, i. e. literary meaning depends on the conventions of language. The conventionality of film narratives is secondary, mediated by non-conventional meaning. The second part also deals with specific, general, generic, concrete and abstract meaning, and discusses the concepts of metaphor, symbol and expression. Part three focuses on iconic and index relations, i. e. relations of similarity and contiguity, of the fictional representation. Cinematic narratives are characterized by primary iconicity, i. e. all meaning and fictional content are dependent on the iconic relation between the poles of the representation. The iconicity of prose fiction is, by contrast, secondary, mediated by conventional sign relations. Also abductive and performative, fictional and non-fictional indexical signs, and different kinds of implications and lacunas are discussed. Part four deals with the concepts of fictionality and narrative perspective, such as the fictional stance, the narrator and focalization. Four different notions of fictionality are scrutinized and brought together, and narrative perspective is described and analyzed in terms of two different game fictions: epic games and perceptual games. Depending on the semiotic resources, the possibilities and limits of prose fiction and fiction film described in the first three parts of the dissertation, fictional games are shown to be more or less rich and realistic.

Στην παρούσα έρευνα, επιχειρείται η διερεύνηση των στάσεων μαθητών ΣΤ΄ τάξης Δημοτικού Σχολείου σε δύο νεοελληνικές διαλέκτους, τη διάλεκτο των Κυδωνιών (Αϊβαλί)-Μοσχονησίων και τη διάλεκτο του Πόντου. Ειδικότερα, μελετάται η ύπαρξη εγγραφών, η ανάδυση τάξεων ενδεικτικότητας και η παρουσία μεταπραγματολογικών στερεοτύπων. Παράγοντες όπως ο τόπος καταγωγής και το επάγγελμα των γονέων φαίνεται να επιδρούν στη διαμόρφωση συγκεκριμένων γλωσσικών στάσεων. Ουσιαστικά, τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης έδειξαν ότι οι μαθητές που κατοικούν στο χωριό, των οποίων οι γονείς ασκούν επαγγέλματα υψηλότερης αυτονομίας, έχουν θετική στάση απέναντι στις δύο διαλέκτους. Τέλος, μέσα από τη σύνδεση γλωσσικών τύπων με κοινωνικές σημασίες έγινε φανερή η ύπαρξη εγγραφών, δύο τάξεων ενδεικτικότητας και μεταπραγματολογικών στερεοτύπων. / This study attempts to investigate 6th grade primary education student attitudes towards two modern greek dialects, dialect of Kydonies (Aivali)-Moschonisi and Pontic dialect. Specifically, I study the existence of enregisterments, the emergence of orders of indexicality and the presence of metapragmatic stereotypes. Factors such as region and profession of students’ parents seem to formulate specific language attitudes. In fact, the results of the present study show that students who live in village, whose parents occupy with professions of higher autonomy, have positive attitude towards both Aivalic and Pontic dialect. Finally, connecting linguistic forms with social meanings indicate the presence of enregisterments, two orders of indexicality as well as metapragmatic stereotypes.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-16T19:46:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Clarice_Regina_de_Souza_Cabral.pdf: 1932283 bytes, checksum: 83baf9a5ae86a79b797a52d3ee5d96e7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T21:23:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Clarice_Regina_de_Souza_Cabral.pdf: 1932283 bytes, checksum: 83baf9a5ae86a79b797a52d3ee5d96e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T21:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Clarice_Regina_de_Souza_Cabral.pdf: 1932283 bytes, checksum: 83baf9a5ae86a79b797a52d3ee5d96e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Sem bolsa / No atual panorama social da modernidade tardia, percebemos o crescimento no índice de reflexões e discussões sobre desigualdade de gênero, com o auxílio da popularização do uso da Internet e aumento de usuários ativos na Web 2.0 e suas redes sociais. Com isso, os grupos do(s) movimento(s) feminista(s) possuem mais espaços para realizar questionamentos sobre as opressões vividas pelas mulheres na sociedade e, a partir disso, desconstruir Discursos que regulamentam e ferem corpos e comportamentos femininos. Desta forma, a luta feminista ganha maior visibilidade e possibilidade de atingir as diversas camadas sociais. Assim, se apresenta de maneira urgente compreender os embates discursivos que emergem nestes espaços, concebendo que a linguagem é constituidora do ser e, portanto, criadora, reafirmadora e modificadora de realidades da vida prática/virtual (MOITA LOPES, 2006). Objetivamos, com este estudo, analisar Discursos que buscam controlar o comportamento feminino, criando verdades, efeitos de sentido e consequências nas práticas sociais, a partir dos comentários de postagens em páginas feministas da rede social Facebook. Para tanto, nos embasamos nos preceitos da Linguística Aplicada Transgressiva (PENNYCOOK, 2006), que possui uma agenda de pesquisa com compromisso ético ao tratar da vida social, apontando seu olhar para os sujeitos que se encontram às margens e transgredindo fronteiras disciplinares convencionais, a fim de dar voz aos sujeitos de pesquisa e significar os processos socioculturais que atravessam suas vidas. Para análise de dados, nos apoiamos nos pressupostos metodológicos da etnografia digital (HINE, 2000) e utilizamos as teorias das escalas sociolinguísticas, ordens de indexicalidade e outscalings propostos por Blommaert (2010a), a fim de entender o percurso dos d/Discursos (GEE, 1999) analisados no EspaçoTempo. A pesquisa aponta que, nos debates selecionados, foram mobilizados Discursos como a maternidade compulsória, pressão social pela performance de feminilidade da mulher, Discursos esses que relacionam respeito e caráter feminino de acordo com as roupas utilizadas ou número de parceiros em suas vidas. Além disso, mobilizaram ordens de indexicalidade de padronização de comportamento feminino para que as mulheres sejam socialmente aceitas, e de culpabilização da mulher em casos de crimes de cunho sexual, violências e assédio. Por fim, a investigação nos mostrou que as mulheres feministas problematizam os Discursos em circulação no macro espaço e questionam essas verdades no micro espaço, utilizando a estratégia de contar narrativas autobiográficas a fim de criar outscalings e modificar os Discursos que normatizam os comportamentos femininos na sociedade. / In the current social panorama of later modernity, we perceive the growth in the index of reflections and discussions on gender inequality, with the help of popularization of the Internet use and increase of active users in Web 2.0 and its social networks. With this, the groups of the feminist movement (s) have more spaces to question the oppressions experienced by women in society and, from this, to deconstruct discourses that regulate and injure women's bodies and behaviors. With this, the feminist struggle gains greater visibility and possibility of reaching the different social strata. Thus, it is urgently presented to understand the discursive conflicts that emerge in these spaces, conceiving that language is constitutive of being and therefore creative, reaffirming and modifying realities of practical / virtual life (MOITA LOPES, 2006). We intend, with this study, to analyze Discourses that seek to control female behavior, creating truths, meaning effects and consequences in social practices, from the comments of posts in feminist pages of the social network Facebook. For this, we based us on the precepts of Transgressive Applied Linguistics (PENNYCOOK, 2006), which has a research agenda with ethical commitment in dealing with social life, aiming its eyes to the individuals that are on the margins and transgressing conventional disciplinary boundaries, in order to give voice to research subjects and to mean the socio- cultural processes that cross their lives. For data analysis, we based on the methodological assumptions of digital ethnography (HINE, 2000) and use the theories of sociolinguistic scales, indexicality orders and outscalings proposed by Blommaert (2010a) in order to understand the course of d/Discourses (GEE,1999) analyzed in TimeSpace. The research presented that, in the selected debates, discourses such as compulsory maternity, social pressure for the performance of woman's femininity and that relate respect and feminine character according to the clothes used or number of partners they have had in their lives. In addition, they mobilized indexical orders to standardize women's behavior so that women are socially accepted and blame the woman for cases of sexual crimes, violence and harassment. Finally, this research has shown us that feminist women problematize the circulating Discourses in the macro space and question these truths in the micro space, using the strategy of the use the autobiographical narratives in order to create outscalings and to modify the Discourses that normalize the feminine behaviors in the society.

Ce travail de thèse interroge le lien qui existe entre voix et genre. Le triple dispositif analytique sociophonétique, consistant à articuler données phonétiques, expérimentales et ethnographiques, a permis d’étudier comment une voix est perçue comme genrée et comment des locutrices/eurs utilisent des pratiques vocales pour indexer des identités de genre. Deux expériences dans lesquelles étaient utilisés comme stimuli des voix de synthèse et des voix resynthétisées ont permis d’observer que la fréquence fondamentale et les fréquences de résonance jouent des rôles différents dans la perception du genre. Une troisième expérience avec des voix de locutrices/eurs trans (transgenres, transsexuel-le-s) a permis de reproduire les résultats des deux expériences précédentes : en deçà d’un certain seuil de fréquence fondamentale, les voix tendent à être perçues comme « voix d’hommes » ; la perception genrée de voix produites avec des fréquences fondamentales supérieures à ce seuil est cependant largement déterminée par les fréquences de résonance.L’étude de pratiques vocales utilisées par des locutrices/eurs trans a soulevé un ensemble de questions sur le passing de genre et sur la co-indexation d’identités et de postures par la voix. Elle a aussi soulevé la question de la légitimité de chercheurs identifiés comme hommes cisgenres à réaliser ce type d’étude. Une démarche ethnographique a pu apporter des éléments de réponse à ces différentes questions. Une analyse de la littérature phonétique a finalement permis de montrer que celle-ci, à travers ses questions et hypothèses de recherche, ses axiomes, ses analyses et interprétations des données, peut véhiculer une idéologie de genre binaire et sexiste. / The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the relationship between voice and gender. Phonetic, experimental and ethnographic data have been used to study how the voice is perceived as gendered and how speakers use vocal practices to index gender identities. Two experiments with synthetized and resynthesized voices have shown that fundamental frequency and resonance frequencies play different roles in the perception of gender. The results of these experiments could be reproduced in a third experiment with voices of transgender speakers: under a certain fundamental frequency threshold, voices tend to be perceived as “male voices”; but above this threshold, resonance frequencies define if the voice is perceived as “female voice” or “male voice”. The study of the vocal practices of transgender speakers raised questions about gender passing, and about the indexical link between identities, stances and voice. It also raised the question of the legitimacy of researchers that are identified as cisgender males to do research on trans speaker voices. These different questions could be addressed through ethnographic data. Finally, an analysis of the phonetic literature showed that the research questions and hypotheses, the axioms, the analyses and interpretations of data one can find in phonetic studies can be a vehicle for a sexist and binary gender ideology.

Le transfert linguistique est un grand défi contemporain touchant tout particulièrement les langues d’héritage, qui courent le risque d’être remplacées par les langues majoritaires ou dominantes en contexte migratoire (Fishman 2006, 1968). En effet, l’institutionnalisation d’une langue officielle affecte inévitablement l’emploi des autres langues, y compris celles des communautés immigrantes allophones. Les cours de langues d’héritage cherchent à pallier le transfert à travers l’enseignement explicite de la langue, souvent axé sur une variété standard de celle-ci. Or, cette socialisation linguistique formelle et prescriptive n’entraîne pas toujours une attitude positive envers les langues d’héritage, puisque les apprenants sont demandés de les « performer », plutôt que les employer en tant que moyen de communication (Meek 2010, Das 2008). Notre étude se focalise sur le rôle des institutions religieuses dans le maintien des langues d’héritage à Montréal. Nous démontrons que les lieux de culte fondés par et rattachés à une communauté immigrante ouvrent des espaces où la relation entre langue et identité n’est pas fixe, précisément parce que le but des activités et événements n’est pas la langue en tant que telle. Étant donné que la langue n’est pas la cible mais le médium, ces institutions fournissent des conditions propices aux interactions en langue d’héritage. Ce mémoire est basé sur notre terrain ethnographique dans cinq églises à Montréal, chacune caractérisée par une conceptualisation différente de la relation entre la langue et la religion, et reliée à une communauté immigrante allophone distincte. Notre recherche démontre l’importance des institutions affleurant des communautés immigrantes elles-mêmes dans le maintien linguistique. / Language shift from heritage languages to dominant, national languages among immigrant communities has been an important object of study in the sociology of language (Fishman 2006, 1968). The institutionally stabilized and ideologically sanctioned hegemony of the national language inevitably affects the use of all other languages, including those of allophone immigrant communities. Heritage language programs attempt to stay language shift by explicit language instruction often itself focused on a standard variety of the heritage language. However, explicit language socialization does not always foster a positive attitude towards heritage languages, since learners are solicited to “perform” linguistic competence, rather than use them as a means of emergent quotidian communication (Meek 2010, Das 2008). My study focuses on the role of religious institutions in maintaining heritage languages in Montreal. I show that places of worship founded by and linked to an immigrant community generate spaces where the relationship between language and identity is not over-determined, allowing for flexible and heterogeneous engagements with the heritage language. The focus of activities in religious settings is geared towards fostering a sacred community, not language instruction per se. Such settings, in which language is not the goal but the medium of collective activity, provide conditions favourable to interactions in heritage language. This thesis is based on our ethnographic field research in five churches in Montreal, each characterized by a different conceptualization of the relationship between language and religion, and each linked to a distinct allophone immigrant community. My research shows the importance of institutions that emerge from immigrant communities in language maintenance.

In this dissertation, I examine the temporal and material connections between component parts of hybrid artworks, specifically between live events / acts of performance and the long-lasting sculptural elements that those events / performances produce. I propose a re-orientation of the temporal gaze of performance art history, from one oriented to the past to one focused on the continually unfolding present. Such a re-orientation requires a nonlinear approach to art making that complicates set boundaries of past and present, liveness and record, and presence and absence, and disrupts in potentially corrective ways our historically normative systems of looking, categorizing, and archiving art. Through a transfeminist analysis that prioritizes multiplicity rather than categorization, I consider elements of liveness in relation to subjectivity and agency, paying attention to their effect on the works’ ongoing reception and classification in archiving systems. I examine three elements of liveness as maintained through indexicality: action, endurance, and presence. Each of these elements has been historically associated with live art but not with static objects; each has been considered only in the past tense after the initial performance has ended. Using definitions of indexicality, nonlinearity, and agency as starting points, I examine how performance-based artworks connect the performance and subjectivity of the artist across time. This project loosely takes the form of three case studies of hybrid art practices by contemporary artists: Kate Gilmore, Mary Coble, and Cassils.

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