Thesis topic is individualization in education as a means to educate gifted students at the elementary school. The aim is to find out how teachers educate gifted students at the elementary school and what types of individualization techniques applied in everyday teaching. Teacher's attitude to education of gifted students, issues orientation and differentiation of educational offerings. The focus of the theoretical part is description of the specific characteristics and the problems of gifted children, which affects educational process and the relationships with the teacher and classmates. Options education of gifted pupils, modification methods, forms of teaching and learning environment. The multiple practical part includes the study of three elementary schools, which includes observation of teaching involved interviews with teachers. The research described disunited approach teachers for gifted children with their education. Comparisons between schools showed large differences in the education of gifted children in the primary school. Each school uses a different system of education of gifted students, has other goals in the education of gifted students and each school has different approach to the problem of gifted children. Key words Gifted children, individualization, differentiation methods,...

Diploma thesis Utilization of weekly diary for developing personal competences of primary school pupils deals with strategies of development of pupils' social and personal competences, namely with fulfilling the chosen goals of personal and social education in primary school. The theoretic part of my thesis proves the meaning of the goals of personal and social education and lists the possibilities of their realisation in primary school. The thesis is farther concerned with the development of the key competences with the help of personal and social education and its methods. I concentrate on the meaning of the individualisation in pupils' education and the means of the development of reflective skills in a heterogenous class. The empirical part is an teacher's action research in its character. It presents a description of an authentically created process of the introduction of Weekly diary method to the work of primary school pupils'. The purpose of Weekly diary is to help the development of pupils' skills of self-reflexion. Alongside it should support good climax in the class, make the pupil - teacher relationship closer and the individualised support of the pupils' learning process more effective. This thesis records the gradual development of Weekly diary, changing of its form and work with this...

Advancing technology has caused rapid and dramatic changes in the world of work. Labour law systems grounded in the industrial era, with their emphasis on collective bargaining, are not suitable in today’s world of work. Throughout the world, the ‘atypical employee’ is replacing the standard or typical employee whose terms and conditions of employment were generally regulated by collective agreements. Atypical employee’s terms and conditions of employment generally are not regulated by collective agreements. World– wide trends in the decentralisation of collective bargaining, decollectivisation and individualisation of the employment relationship have contributed to a decline in trade union power and influence. Consequently the number of workers covered by collective agreements has decreased. Collective bargaining has been rendered less effective because of the changing the world of work. The South African labour law system places a huge emphasis on collective bargaining, particularly at industry level, for the protection of employee interests. Given these trends in the changing world of work, the appropriateness of this emphasis on industry or central level collective bargaining is questioned. The vacuum left by the inadequacy and inability of trade unions to protect employee interests in a comprehensive manner by means of collective bargaining, needs to be addressed. The following alternative means of protecting employee interests are considered: (i) The socialisation of the law of contract; (ii) the interpretation given to the constitutional right to fair labour practices; and (iii) the role of good corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. These alternative means of addressing legitimate employee interests could play a role in filling the vacuum created by trade union decline. The South African law of contract is capable of bridging the gap between law and justice by the application of the concepts of good faith and public policy, so that employment contracts may take cognisance of employee interests despite the imbalance of power between employer and employee. The protection of worker interests by means of the constitutional right to fair labour practices depends on the judge’s interpretation of what is fair. Implementation of good corporate governance codes can be influential in protecting and promoting employee interests. / Thesis (LLD (Mercantile Law))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

This thesis describes and discusses distance education of pupils at elementary school. It is divided into a theoretical part and an empirical part. The theoretical part defines the concept of distance education and its changes due to the changes in the Czech education related to the pandemic covid-19. Futhermore, some methodologies and recommendations for the organization of distance education and research are presented. Subsequently, the development of measure abroad is briefly outlined, some foreign studies are presented. Finally, the functions of the school and its importance in the child's life are briefly described. The empirical part describes the research, of which primary goal was to map the organization of distance learning at a selected primary school. The research sample consisted of 7 primary school teachers, as well as a headmaster and school special pedagogue. Based on the analysis of the data from interviews, the course of distance education was determined. The results suggest that the great advantage of the school, which facilitated the transition to distance learning, was the timely setting of rules and general principles of acces to distance learning. Cooperation between pedagogical staff works very well at the school, which facilitates the work of teachers and makes it easier to...

The thesis focuses on differentiation, which is currently a highly discussed topic in connection with inclusive education. Teachers are expected to adjust their way of teaching to the individual needs of students in heterogeneous classrooms. The aim of this thesis is to examine various differentiation strategies and methods, which teachers could use and moreover, to discover whether the methods are being applied to education scheme in a private primary school and if so, then in what ways. The theoretical part introduces the terms differentiation and individualisation and in addition, explores teaching strategies and methods supporting differentiation together with allowing for the individual students' needs. The empirical study investigates the use of differentiation strategies among private primary school teachers. Qualitative research is based on in-depth interviews with teachers, which were conducted right before and after detailed in class-observation of their teaching. The research discovered that out of various differentiation strategies and methods, which were introduced in the theoretical part, the majority of observed classes were focusing on group work and critical thinking. It was clear that in practice, the internal differentiation prevailed over the external one together with working...

HAVLÍKOVÁ, Andrea. Cooperation and engagement of pupils in centres of activities in the Step by Step program. [Diploma Thesis]. Charles University in Prague. Prague : 2019. 107 pages. The aim of the thesis was to theoretically elaborate and practically solve the problems of cooperation and involvement of pupils in the centres of activities within the Step by Step program. Several methods were used to process this thesis. In the theoretical part, an overview of relevant information related to the topic was carried out on the basis of a search and by using a description method. The practical part was based on action research, which was carried out in the class of the author. The research was carried out as an unstructured observation and experiment, the outcomes were in the form of reflections. Based on reflections the centres of activities in the monitored class were improved, especially in the area of pupils' involvement and cooperation. Improved centres of activities based on the reflection of the original centres of activities have certainly led to improvements in the involvement and cooperation of pupils in the studied classroom. Guidelines for improvement were drawn both from theoretical knowledge and from the author's own practical experience. KEY WORDS Step by step, centres of activities,...

Syftet med studien är att utveckla ett analytiskt ramverk som fungerar för analysering av 11 appar och kategorisera dem utifrån deras användbarhet i undervisningen av elever i matematiksvårigheter. Vilka undervisningsaspekter som valdes ut grundades på en anpassning för elever i svårigheter i matematik. Alla appar används av elever i förskoleklass eller grundskolan år 1-6. Det urval som gjorts för studien var appar som redan granskats av tidigare forskare. Aspekterna som valdes ut för studien var explicit undervisning, visuella representationer, belöningssystem och färdighetsträning. Apparnas möjlighet till explicit undervisning skapar förutsättningar för att eleverna ska bli självständiga och känna sig trygga. Visuella repesentationer presenterar om appen ger eleven ett bildligt verktyg för att kunna utveckla sitt lärande. Området belöningssystem i apparna erbjuder återkoppling och skapar förutsättningar till engagemang hos eleven. Om eleven får utöva färdighetsträning kommer arbetsminnet att stärkas och den matematiska förmågan att utvecklas. Det är viktigt att lösa många uppgifter för att nå djupare kunskaper i matematikämnet.  Studien resulterade i att det analytiska ramverket kan användas av lärare för att analysera vilka aspekter som ger ett fungerande stöd för elever i matematiksvårigheter, när de arbetar i den utvalda appen. / The purpose of the study is to develop and use an analytical framework that works for the analysis of 11 apps and categorize them based on their applicability in teaching students with mathdifficulties. Which teaching aspects were selected was based on an adaptation for students with difficulties years 1-6. The selection made for the study was apps that are already being reviewed by previous researchers. The aspects selected for the study were explicit teaching, visual representations, reward systems and skilling training. The apps opportunity for explicit teaching creates the condition for students to become independent and confident. Visual representations present whether the app gives the students a pictorial tool to be able to develop their learning. The area of rewards systems in the apps offers feedback and creates conditions for the students commitment. If the student is allowed to practice skills training, the working memory will be strengthened, and the mathematical ability will be developed. It is important to solve many tasks to reach deeper knowledge in the subject of mathematics. The study resulted in an analytical framework that provides a tool for teachers. The tool can be used when scrutinizing apps aiming for a functional support for students with mathematical difficulties.

There are shared opinions about how young people's participation in politics looks like today. Some studies show that young people's participation in party politics has been drastically reduced. Simultaneously, other studies show how young people are more politically interested today than in a long time. Thus, young people have a strong interest in politics, but participate to a lesser extent in party politics. Then where does young people's doing of politics go? The purpose of this study is to show how societal changes such as increased individualization and digitalization have come to influence how young people do politics today. In order to understand the changes that have taken place in what is considered to be politics and how politics is being practiced today, we need to take a step back and look at the major societal changes that have taken place in late modern society. Through a qualitative study based on interviews, this paper has sought answers to how today's young people are doing politics in late modern society and how it can explain the paradox of declining participation in party politics and at the same time increasing interest in politics. The result showed that young people's doing of politics today has come to be individualized, where much of the doing of politics is based on the individual and everyday life. Therefore, what was previously considered personal and non-political has come to be politicized. This politicization of the unpolitical has been done at the expense of the political which at the same time becomes more unpolitical for the young, and thus the low interest in the political system and to channel its political action through political parties. Digitalization has also contributed to the fact that this individual engagement can be exercised via social media which has become an important political arena for young people today. To a greater extent, the young citizen now wants to be a political actor of their own and to influence themselves directly in relation to society, rather than having their views represented by politicians. In this way, past private acts such as consuming less meat and one's own career choices are largely political actions in late modern society.

Aus der Einleitung: "In der Vergangenheit wurden Konsumgüter für Massenmärkte entwickelt und produziert. Mittlerweile sind viele Märkte gesättigt und die Produkte haben sich in diesen Märkten funktional immer mehr angenähert. Dies bedeutete, dass die Produkte kostenoptimiert hergestellt werden müssen, um auf diesem Käufermarkt wettbewerbsfähig zu sein (Baumberger 2007). Gleichzeitig ist ein zunehmender Individualisierungswunsch durch die Kunden festzustellen (Fraunhofer Institut ISI 1998). Somit werden auch immer mehr kundenindividuelle Produkte gefordert (Huber et al. 2008). Durch den gesellschaftlichen Wandel hin zu einer Informationsgesellschaft hat der Kunde zusätzlich eine sehr spezifische Vorstellung von dem, was er möchte und gleichzeitig stehen ihm durch die Vernetzung mehr Anbieter zur Auswahl und stärken somit seine Position gegenüber den Unternehmen (Schaller et al. 2004)."

This thesis is about strategies applied by the teaching assistant and his tools of help in connection with the pupil in the learning process. The theoretical part includes the following themes: the inclusion, the position of teaching assistant and the pupils with special educational needs. The practical part of thesis solves the problems of two individual pupils with special educational needs visiting the first grade of elementary school. This part aims at searching and reflection of effective help from the teaching assistant to the pupil. The practical part is based on an action research that is divided into two parts. Each practical part is dedicated to one pupil. The first part of the action research dedicated to pupil J. solves a problem with pupil's seisures and his return to the learning proces. During the research, it has been observed that the pupil is returned to the learning proces through the quiet handling of teaching assistant connected with an eye contact. The second part of the action reasearch is dedicated to the pupil P. The problem of low self-confidence and often giving up of his work before its completion is solved in this part. In this case the tool prepared in cooperation with the teaching assistant and the class teacher seems to be effective. This tool helps the pupil to...