La compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans les cas sains, les maladies neurodégénératives ainsi que le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques repose sur l’utilisation de modèles expérimentaux pertinents et de techniques d’imagerie adaptées. Dans ce contexte, la microscopie virtuelle offre la possibilité unique d’analyser ces modèles à l’échelle cellulaire avec une très grande variété de marquages histologiques. Mon projet de thèse consiste à mettre en place et à appliquer une méthode d’analyse d’images histologiques en couleur permettant de segmenter et de synthétiser l’information relative aux neurones à l’aide de l’anticorps NeuN sur des coupes de cerveau de macaque. Dans ce travail, nous appliquons d’abord la méthode de Random Forest (RF) pour segmenter les neurones ainsi que le tissu et le fond. Ensuite, nous proposons une méthode originale pour séparer les neurones qui sont accolés afin de les individualiser. Cette méthode s’adapte à l’ensemble des neurones présentant une taille variable (diamètre variant entre 5 et 30 μm). Elle est également efficace non seulement pour des régions dites « simples » caractérisées par une faible densité de neurones mais aussi pour des régions dites « complexes » caractérisées par une très forte densité de plusieurs milliers de neurones. Le travail suivant se concentre sur la création de cartes paramétriques synthétisant la morphologie et la distribution des neurones individualisés. Pour cela, un changement d’échelle est mis en œuvre afin de produire des cartographies présentant des résolutions spatiales plus faibles (résolution originale de 0,22 μm et cartographies créées proposant une résolution spatiale adaptative de quelques dizaines à quelques centaines de micromètres). Plusieurs dizaines de paramètres morphologiques (rayon moyen, surface, orientation, etc.) sont d’abord calculés pour chaque neurone ainsi que des paramètres colorimétriques. Ensuite, il est possible de synthétiser ces informations sous la forme de cartes paramétriques à plus basse résolution à l’échelle de régions anatomiques, de coupes voire, à terme, de cerveaux entiers. Cette étape transforme des images microscopiques qualitatives couleur en images mésoscopiques quantitatives, plus informatives et plus simples à analyser. Ce travail permet d’analyser statistiquement de très grands volumes de données, de synthétiser l’information sous la forme de cartographies quantitatives, d’analyser des problèmes extrêmement complexes tels que la mort neuronale et à terme de tester de nouveaux médicaments voire de confronter ces informations acquises post mortem avec des données acquises in vivo. / Understanding the mechanisms involved in healthy cases, neurodegenerative diseases and the development of new therapeutic approaches is based on the use of relevant experimental models and appropriate imaging techniques. In this context, virtual microscopy offers the unique possibility of analyzing these models at a cellular scale with a very wide variety of histological markers. My thesis project consists in carrying out and applying a method of analyzing colored histological images that can segment and synthesize information corresponding to neurons using the NeuN antibody on sections of the macaque brain. In this work, we first apply the Random Forest (RF) method to segment neurons as well as tissue and background. Then, we propose an original method to separate the touching or overlapping neurons in order to individualize them. This method is adapted to process neurons presenting a variable size (diameter varying between 5 and 30 μm). It is also effective not only for so-called "simple" regions characterized by a low density of neurons but also for so-called "complex" regions characterized by a very high density of several thousands of neurons. The next work focuses on the creation of parametric maps synthesizing the morphology and distribution of individualized neurons. For this purpose, a multiscale approach is implemented in order to produce maps with lower spatial resolutions (0.22 μm original resolution and created maps offering adaptive spatial resolution from a few dozens to a few hundred of micrometers). Several dozens of morphological parameters (mean radius, surface, orientation, etc.) are first computed as well as colorimetric parameters. Then, it is possible to synthesize this information in the form of lower-resolution parametric maps at the level of anatomical regions, sections and even, eventually, the entire brains. This step transforms qualitative color microscopic images to quantitative mesoscopic images, more informative and easier to analyze. This work makes it possible to statistically analyze very large volumes of data, to synthesize information in the form of quantitative maps, to analyze extremely complex problems such as neuronal death, to test new drugs and to compare this acquired information post mortem with data acquired in vivo.

Denna empiriska studie syftar till att undersöka hur högpresterande elever kan utmanas i litteraturundervisningen i svenskämnet ur ett lärarperspektiv samt varför det är viktigt att utmana dessa elever i årskurserna 4-6. Det sociokulturella perspektivet används som en teoretisk utgångspunkt för att analysera resultatet. Studien har baserats på semistrukturerade interjuver av lärare och resultatet visar att läraren bör anpassa undervisningen individuellt och på de enskilde elevens kunskapsnivå. Det är även viktigt att utmana de högpresterande eleverna för att motivera dem till ett lustfyllt lärande. Genom resultatet framgår det att undervisning av högpresterande elever är en utmaning för lärare men att olika arbetssätt och strategier används för att möta svårigheterna. Individualisering, berikning och acceleration är några begrepp som lyfts som möjliga metoder för att stimulera dessa elever och få dem att bibehålla viljan att lära. Det blir också tydligt att mer forskning och fler lösningar behövs för att detta ska lyckas.

This thesis’s purpose was to study differences between the Scandinavian countries’ crisis management during the coronavirus pandemic based on theories of responsibilization and individualization. The thesis investigates how Sweden, Denmark, and Norway communicated individual and state responsibility during the pandemic and see if the discourse has changed from spring to fall in 2020. The design is comparative, where the method consists of a qualitative text analysis that is used to analyze the Scandinavian countries’ prime ministers’ introductory speech at press conferences regarding the pandemic. The thesis conclusions are that there are noticeable differences in the countries' communication. Sweden communicates a significant state responsibility throughout, but what is characteristic is the extensive individual responsibility. Denmark communicates extensive state responsibility with significant and partly mandatory measures throughout 2020. The individual responsibility is also significant but not as extensive. Norway also communicates a significant state responsibility, but the individual responsibility is communicated primarily in a collective way where everyone together must get through the crisis. There has also been a shift of responsibility from the state to the individual from spring to fall during 2020 in Norway and Sweden where the individual's responsibility increases over time, whereas the same shift cannot be discerned in Denmark. In Sweden the individual responsibility is thus more comprehensive than Denmark and Norway who show more state responsibility.

This paper aims to look at changes in work values among the Swedish population and whether it relates to an ongoing individualization process in the work sphere. Using quantitative data from the International Social Survey Programme, the study investigates the changing of work values between the years of 1997 and 2015 using an age cohort study. Ronald Inglehart’s theory of Postmaterialism is used to analyze the results of the analysis. The theory states that people’s values are shaped by their environment growing up and change relatively little thereafter. If the social context is shaped by scarcity, people tend to prioritize more material or external values, such as economic and physical safety. If the environment is prosperous and the material needs are fulfilled, the theory states that people rather tend to prioritize postmaterial or internal values, such as self-fulfillment and self-actualization. Regarding the work sphere, external values refer to people prioritizing job and income safety while the internal values emphasize autonomy and personal development. The findings show that younger generations in Sweden tend to prioritize more external work values in relation to older generations. It also shows that this change in values is due to a generational shift rather than people becoming more postmaterialist as they age. We argue that this has to do with younger generations growing up in an unsecure personal environment during the 1990’s while the global economic crisis resulted in the labor market becoming more individualized, leaving individuals in unsecure employment and higher competition due to a widespread education development.

Does mediation via the Internet contribute to the use of the Bible as a cultural resource, and if so does this contribute to other ways of relating to the Bible as an authority? This is investigated in three steps. Firstly, quantitative survey data concerning Bible reading and other forms of contact with the Bible as well as attitudes to the Bible are scrutinized for variation over time and generational differences. Secondly, patterns of use on a Swedish Christian ecumenical web site on the Bible targeted at teenagers are explored. Thirdly interviews with young users of this web site are assessed in terms of detraditionalization. Earlier results emphasizing the privatizing effect of the mediation of religion are complemented by considering a cultural component against which the individual relates to religion in a manner which is both private and social. This study supports the findings of earlier studies on the Internet and religion, as to the significance of factors such as offline experiences of religion, attitude to pluralism, and technical features online. This study adds to those results by exposing how these features come into play in the use of a Christian website, and that such a site may also work as an arena for young people from diverse religious backgrounds. Thirdly, the role of the mediation of religion via the Internet for religious and social change is understood in a reciprocal manner: the Internet is a product of a time of insecurity, an agent contributing to this insecurity, as well as a cultural response to this insecurity. It is argued that the use of the studied website can be seen as detraditionalization, in terms of weakening of traditions and individualization of religion. The concept virtual plausibility structure is suggested for understanding the role of the Internet in between the individual and the social in late modernity.

Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Douglas K. Benson / This thesis answers the questions: How should the terms interaction, individualization, and personalization be applied to Computer Aided Language Learning (CALL) software? What progress has been made in their implementation? How can CALL software developers better incorporate them in the future? For each of the three terms, I explain how it is applicable to the CALL software environment by defining it, describing the pedagogical research supporting it, and then giving general guidelines for incorporating it into a CALL software program. I measure the progress of the implementation of the three terms in CALL software through compiling and analyzing data from reviews of 44 software titles. The publication dates of the software titles are from 1981 to 2008. I propose through description and a proof-of-concept software program ways to improve the incorporation of the terms in question into CALL software. As a result of answering the three questions, this thesis shows that the current accepted definitions and ways of implementing interaction, individualization, and personalization need to be improved in order to comply with pedagogical research and make full use of current technology. The general guidelines given in the explanation of each term relative to CALL and the attributes under each term in the analysis of the compilation data provide examples of areas on which to focus development. Additionally, I specifically comment on pedagogically supported attributes within each term that have a weak representation in the software compilation and therefore need more development. In addition, this thesis is accompanied by “Mis vacaciones”, a proof-of-concept software program, which demonstrates ways to improve the incorporation of interaction, individualization, and personalization into CALL software. In “Mis vacaciones”, the learner takes a virtual trip to Nuevo Leon, Nicaragua. The multimedia sent to the learner by a previous traveler shows Nicaraguan city people and the La Gigatona festival. After visiting, the learner is asked to describe the Nicaraguans that they saw. If the learner needs help, Structured Input activities lead the learner to develop the third person singular imperfect form. Buttons in the software environment provide access to internet sources. The learner is able to draw and take photos to create a visual prop to aid in the description task.

L’ouverture au monde est de rigueur chez les jeunes d’aujourd’hui au Québec comme ailleurs. Membres d’office de la génération Y, les jeunes sont d’emblée familiers avec les « nouvelles technologies ». En effet, les moyens numériques et les réseaux sociaux n’ont plus de secrets pour eux et leur permettent de nouer contact à l’échelle de la planète. Il devient dès lors tentant de partir à l’aventure, sac au dos, afin de se conformer à l’ouverture au monde vue comme une qualité. Le présent mémoire de maîtrise envisage le backpacking, c’est-à-dire la façon de voyager qui a actuellement la cote chez les jeunes, en particulier les étudiants, en mettant un sac sur son dos et en partant à l’aventure afin de pouvoir enrichir les qualités qu’ils reconnaissent à leur propre personne. En effet, quitter son épicentre social, souvent seul, en « voyageant léger » dans des contrées étrangères contribue à la capacité d’agir de son propre chef et d’être soi-même, en acquérant des qualités susceptibles de mettre en exergue leur individualité. La tendance se conçoit en théorie à la lumière des thèses sur l’individualisation présentes en sociologie et qui, ici, seront considérées avec nuances. L’analyse mise en œuvre s’appuie sur des entrevues semi-directives recueillies de la bouche de backpackers jugés représentatifs de cette inclination à mettre sa routine quotidienne entre parenthèses afin de vouloir agir par soi-même. Or, l’étude produite dans les pages du mémoire révèle que, à leur niveau, ils voyagent librement, mais en ayant en main téléphone intelligent ou portable grâce auquel ils restent constamment connectés avec leur épicentre social, leurs parents et amis, qui ce faisant exerce un pouvoir d’inflexion sur leur périple et sur leurs agissements à l’étranger. Comment expliquer ce paradoxe? Voyager sac au dos dans l’intention d’agir par soi-même, mais être continuellement sujet au regard des autres, lesquels peuvent gouverner à certains égards la marge de manœuvre propice à l’individualisation qui a valeur de qualité. Voilà ce que cherche à expliquer ce mémoire. / Being open to the world is trending with today’s youth in Quebec and elsewhere. Members of the Generation Y, young people are already familiar with "new technologies". Indeed, the digital ways and the social media networks have no secret for them, and allow them to keep in touch on a worldwide scale. It then becomes tempting to leave on an adventure, a bag on their back, to conform to the view of being open to the world as a quality. The present Master’s thesis considers the notion of backpacking, namely a trending way of travelling by young people, in particular students, by putting a bag on their back and leaving on a journey to enrich their qualities as individuals. Indeed, leaving their social epicenter, often alone, while traveling "light" in foreign parts of the world contributes to their capacity to act on their own initiative and acquiring qualities susceptible to highlight their individuality. This trend is theoretically designed in the light of theses about individualization present in sociology and which, here, will be considered with nuances. The current analysis leans on semi-directive interviews from backpackers considered representative of this inclination to put their daily routine on hold in order to act by themselves. The study produced in the pages of this report reveals that, at their level, they travel freely, while keeping a smart phone or a portable device which they constantly remain connected to their social epicenter, their parents and friends. In doing so, the devices exercise a power of inflection on their trip and on their actions abroad. How do we explain this paradox? Backpacking with the intention to act on their own, but constantly be subjected to others opinions, which in turn can in some respects govern the control facilitating individualization at its quality value. That is what the Master’s thesis tries to explain.

Parmi toutes nos activités, le travail occupe une place centrale dans nos sociétés et il n’échappe pas aux profondes transformations de la société. Les trajectoires professionnelles ne sont plus linéaires ni stables, elles introduisent moins les individus dans des collectifs socio-catégoriels. Comment les sujets se construisent-ils aujourd’hui ? Quel est l’impact de l’individualisation sur la dynamique identitaire socioprofessionnelle, dans un contexte où l’emprise catégorielle est en perte d’influence ? Cette thèse a comme objectif d’approfondir la question de l’identité et les méthodes qui s’y adjoignent dans un contexte organisationnel en profonde mutation. Je présenterai un cadre théorique pluridisciplinaire et une double démarche exploratoire (ego-écologique - Zavalloni, 2007), conduite auprès de sujets contrastés par leur expérience professionnelle. Nous pourrons ainsi observer la dynamique identitaire, ses composantes, ses relations, son contexte psychosocial, en faisant émerger les processus qui la sous-tendent. A l’heure des démarches compétences dans les organisations et de la personnalisation du travail, l’intégration du projet de soi (Kaddouri et Barbier, 2006) et du système capacitaire (Costalat-Founeau, 2009) comme fondements des dynamiques identitaires, ouvre de nouvelles perspectives à la compréhension des processus mis en œuvre dans la construction de soi et de réalisation de soi. Par voie de conséquence c’est la constitution du sujet de l’action qui est ici abordée. / Among all our activities, the work occupies a core place in our society and can not escape the profound social transformations. The career paths are not linear nor stable, they don’t introduce individuals in social categories as in the past. How individuals are built today? What is the impact of individualization on social and professional dynamics of identity in this context? This thesis is intended to deepen the question of the identity and its methods in a radically changing organizational context. I present a multi-pronged theoretical framework and a double exploratory approach (ego-ecological - Zavalloni, 2007), conducted with individuals opposed by their professional experience. We can thus observe the dynamics of identity, its components, its relationships, its psychosocial context, bringing out the processes that underlie it. At time of competencies management and personal work, the integration of the self-project (Kaddouri & Barbier, 2006) and the capabilities system (Costalat-Founeau, 2009), as the basis of identity dynamics, opens new perspectives for understanding the processes used in self-construction and self-realization. As a consequence it is the constitution of the subject of the action that is addressed here.

Der Aufsatz rekonstruiert die Dialektik von Individualisierung und moderner Sozialpolitik und führt zu diesem Zweck die Diskussionsstränge um die Entstehungsbedingungen von staatlicher Sozialpolitik und um die Weiterentwicklung von Sozialpolitik zusammen. Die Analyse befaßt sich zunächst mit Individualisierung als Voraussetzung für die Entstehung moderner Sozialpolitik, um dann, ebenfalls noch in historischer Perspektive, die Bedeutung von Sozialpolitik für die Vollendung der modernen Individuen als Staatsbürger zu betrachten. Anschließend wird die sozialpolitische Strukturierung von Lebensläufen in der Gegenwart diskutiert und dargelegt, daß Sozialpolitik nicht nur reguliert, sondern auch Handlungsspielräume eröffnet und deren individuelle Nutzung möglich macht. Zuletzt wird nach aktuellen staatlichen Reaktionen auf individuelles Handeln gefragt. Die Beobachtung der historischen Kontinuität, mit der Individuum und Sozialpolitik von den Anfängen der gesellschaftlichen Moderne bis in die Gegenwart aufeinander einwirken und in ihrer Entwicklung miteinander verwoben sind, soll dazu anregen, die Analyse moderner Sozialpolitik in eine umfassende gesellschaftstheoretische Perspektive zu stellen.

This Thesis is focused on beginning teachers as absolvents of Charles University Faculty of Education with experience at most three years. There is explained what competences teachers have to individualize lessons at Primary school. This topic is very popular these days and doesn't cover only children with specific needs or children who are gifted, but it includes all pupils. This thesis tries to map this current situation with eight chosen teachers who respond to our requairments. The Teoretic part is divided into five chapters, which describe professional quality of teacher with deep focusing on personal characteristic, the term a beginning teacher and his most frequent problems. Next chapter is focused on pedagogical competences. Subchapters are conected with deep analyzation of teacher's competances to individualize his lessons and introduse some tendences in current preparatory education of teachers at primary schools. In penultimate chapter there is deeper describtion of preparatory education of teacher at primary school and personality. The last chapter of the teoretic part is focused on terms diferenciacion and individualisation. It introduces two alternative programmes know as Dalton plan and Winet system. The research, which belongs to an experimental part, is focused on quality. It was...