The aim of this study is to highlight inequality among elderly. The study increase the understanding of poverty and financial vulnerability in elderlies life. This study describes what their living conditions look like for themselves and what their financial situation can have in their everyday lives and consequences. The aim is to understand the patterns and paths that lead to financial vulnerability in retirement. Seven retired people in the age between 65-80 years were interviewed. The result shows that there are large differences in income between men and women when retired. Some of the main reasons for this are that the women have worked unpaid by living as housewives and taking a bigger responsibility for children and the home. The unpaid work has had an impact on the income when retired and affected their living conditions. The majority of the respondents answer that planning and limitations are needed to cope up with everyday life as retired person. Some of the respondents have to continue to work extra after retirement to succeed financially. Generally the finances of the elderly are worse after retirement than before and this has negative consequences, it will not get better when they are retired as many of them thought, but they still manage to get their lives to work out even if they have limitations in their everyday life. Gender, individualization and social exclusion are used to analyze the results in the essay.

Junge Menschen in Dirndl und Lederhose auf Volksfesten wie dem Oktoberfest in München oder dem Wasen in Stuttgart – die­ser Anblick ist heute keine Seltenheit mehr. Doch was sind die Hinter­gründe dieses Trends? Warum kleiden sich gerade Nicht-Bayern seit Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends in bayerischer „Tracht“? Und könnte diese Entwicklung mit den aktuellen gesell­schaftlichen Lebensumständen wie Pluralität, Globalisierung und Individuali­sierung in Verbindung stehen? Diesen Fragen nähert sich diese Forschungsarbeit an, indem sich beispielhaft den Wasenbesu­chern in Stuttgart gewidmet wird. Der empirische Teil dieser Arbeit umfasst die Auswertung sechs qualitativer Episodi­scher Inter­views. Es werden die Motive des Trachtentragens, sowie die Beschrei­bung und Bewertung des subjektiven Lebens­zusammen­hangs der jungen Menschen untersucht. Im Schritt der Inter­pretation werden beide Aspekte zueinander in Bezie­hung gesetzt.

The thesis deals with the problem of global ecological crisis caused by excessive consumption of material goods, particularly in countries of "The Rich North" (western countries). In the theoretical part I set up individualized man as a consumer in the system of modern society, which indicates the conditions of its existence mainly through the market. I discuss the possible way out of the ecological crisis through ideological changes in the company initiated from the "bottom", based on the internalization of values leading to responsible and moderate consumption. I demonstrate alternative ways of life, environmentally friendly in terms of consumption, and discuss the obstacles and ways of its spread. The research was conducted through interviews with eco-advisers who are dealing with consumption, as potential "opinion leaders" in this case. I tried to look their conception of responsible consumption and their potential impact on society in favor of spreading the idea of an environmentally responsible way of life Key words Ecological crisis, consumption, consumerism, modernity, individualization, values, responsible consumption, modesty, environmentally friendly way of life

TITLE: Methods and Forms of Educating Gifted Students AUTHOR: Zuzana Staňková DEPARTMENT: Department of Primary Education of the Faculty of Education of the Charles University in Prague SUPERVISOR: PaedDr. Nataša Mazáčová, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The aim of this dissertation is to analyze all significant components entering the process of educating gifted students, with the objective to positively influence and develop their potential, in a complex manner. These components are the initial theoretical pieces of knowledge that should be incorporated into specialized competence of each educator. Among the components are, in particular, characteristics of a gifted student, defining the terms talent and aptitude, specification of a gifted student's motivation, talent models analysis, description of educational and psychological diagnostics of talent, and legal documents related to working with gifted students at schools. Principal part of the theory section focuses on the issue of adjusting the education and training process to the needs of gifted students. It summarizes current educational approaches to training and raising gifted students. It also provides close analysis of individual education strategies and their modifications, based on the principle of individualization and differentiation of the...

The two volumes represent the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik WI2013 (Business Information Systems). They include 118 papers from ten research tracks, a general track and the Student Consortium. The selection of all submissions was subject to a double blind procedure with three reviews for each paper and an overall acceptance rate of 25 percent. The WI2013 was organized at the University of Leipzig between February 27th and March 1st, 2013 and followed the main themes Innovation, Integration and Individualization.:Track 1: Individualization and Consumerization Track 2: Integrated Systems in Manufacturing Industries Track 3: Integrated Systems in Service Industries Track 4: Innovations and Business Models Track 5: Information and Knowledge Management / Die zweibändigen Tagungsbände zur 11. Internationalen Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI2013) enthalten 118 Forschungsbeiträge aus zehn thematischen Tracks der Wirtschaftsinformatik, einem General Track sowie einem Student Consortium. Die Selektion der Artikel erfolgte nach einem Double-Blind-Verfahren mit jeweils drei Gutachten und führte zu einer Annahmequote von 25%. Die WI2013 hat vom 27.02. - 01.03.2013 unter den Leitthemen Innovation, Integration und Individualisierung an der Universität Leipzig stattgefunden.:Track 1: Individualization and Consumerization Track 2: Integrated Systems in Manufacturing Industries Track 3: Integrated Systems in Service Industries Track 4: Innovations and Business Models Track 5: Information and Knowledge Management

The two volumes represent the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik WI2013 (Business Information Systems). They include 118 papers from ten research tracks, a general track and the Student Consortium. The selection of all submissions was subject to a double blind procedure with three reviews for each paper and an overall acceptance rate of 25 percent. The WI2013 was organized at the University of Leipzig between February 27th and March 1st, 2013 and followed the main themes Innovation, Integration and Individualization.:Track 6: Business Process and Service Management Track 7: Sustainability and Security Track 8: Modeling and Development Methods Track 9: Integration and Architectures Track 10: Research Methods and Philosophy Track 11: General Track - Visionary and Cross-Disciplinary Issues Student Consortium / Die zweibändigen Tagungsbände zur 11. Internationalen Tagung Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI2013) enthalten 118 Forschungsbeiträge aus zehn thematischen Tracks der Wirtschaftsinformatik, einem General Track sowie einem Student Consortium. Die Selektion der Artikel erfolgte nach einem Double-Blind-Verfahren mit jeweils drei Gutachten und führte zu einer Annahmequote von 25%. Die WI2013 hat vom 27.02. - 01.03.2013 unter den Leitthemen Innovation, Integration und Individualisierung an der Universität Leipzig stattgefunden.:Track 6: Business Process and Service Management Track 7: Sustainability and Security Track 8: Modeling and Development Methods Track 9: Integration and Architectures Track 10: Research Methods and Philosophy Track 11: General Track - Visionary and Cross-Disciplinary Issues Student Consortium

Den svenska kommunala vuxenutbildningen har de senaste decennierna haft som inriktning att vara flexibel och anpassningsbar utifrån elevernas individuella behov. Den här avgränsade studien syftar till att utforska rektorers föreställningsvärldar och uppfattningar kring individualiseringen inom svensk kommunal vuxenutbildning. Fallstudien baseras på en analys av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med rektorer i två svenska storstäder. Resultatet visar att rektorerna i fallstudien uttrycker förståelse för och bottnar i styrdokumentens övergripande intention och riktning; inte minst när det gäller lärares förhållningssätt till den enskilda eleven i klassrummet, elevers val av tider och undervisningsformer samt den individuella handledningens betydelse. Här finns en bred samsyn kring individualiseringens nödvändighet och betydelse. Men rektorerna bär samtidigt på föreställningar om individualiseringens bortre gränser där de ser risker för motsättningar i prioriteringar mellan grupper i skolan, felaktigt använda resurser, hög arbetsbelastning på lärare samt en frustration över att inte kunna ställa krav på motprestationer från elevernas sida. Standardisering av undervisningen som en del av lösningen på detta är omstridd bland rektorerna medan digitaliseringen uppfattas som en möjlighet i processen. Förhoppningen är att studien kan utgöra en utgångspunkt och referensram för fortsatta studier om hur det lokala organisations- och ledningsperspektivet uppfattar individualiseringen inom svensk kommunal vuxenutbildning. / In recent decades, Swedish Basic Adult Education has focused on being flexible and adaptable based on students' individual needs. This study aims to explore principals' performances and perceptions of individualization in Swedish Basic Adult Education. The case study is based on an analysis of four semi structured interviews with principals in Basic Adult Education in two major Swedish cities. The results show that the principals express an understanding of, and are rooted in, the overall intention and direction of the governing documents; not least when it comes to teachers' attitudes towards individualized classroom practices, students' choice of times and forms of education and the importance of individual supervision. There is a broad consensus on the necessity and significance of individualization. But at the same time, the principals carry notions about the distant boundaries of individualization where they see risks of contradictions in priorities between groups in the school, ineffectively used resources, high workload on teachers and a frustration at not being able to demand any consideration in return from the students. Standardization of teaching as part of the solution is controversial among the principals, while digitalization is perceived as an opportunity in the process. Hopefully the study can constitute a starting point and frame of reference for further studies of how the local organizational and management perceives individualization in Basic Adult Education.

In a time of emergency measures due to the coronavirus pandemic, teachers have been forced to transition into distance education without prior experience and training, thus facing a significant professional challenge. Every teacher has dealt with this change differently and was given the opportunity to reflect their own teaching approach. The main aim of this thesis is to describe how distance education has transformed the approach of various types of teachers to the individual needs of students, in other words, to individualized teaching. In the theoretical part, selected approaches to the typology of teachers and their teaching styles will be described, using available professional publications. The importance of individualization as one of the key principles of current education will be justified. The ways in which a primary school teacher can respond to the individual needs of pupils in teaching will be summarized. The characteristic features of distance education, its advantages and limits will be described. In the practical part of the thesis, teacher's approaches to individualization in in- person and distance education will be mapped through qualitative research, in the form of a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Key words individualization, distance education, primary school teacher,...

Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra en grupp pianolärare och en grupp musiklärarstudenters förståelse av individualisering. Forskningsfrågan behandlar synsätt och arbetssätt i en grupp yrkesverksamma lärare och en grupp lärarstudenter. Studien utgår från det sociokulturella perspektivet, då studien undersöker hur lärare planerar och organiserar lärande vid mötet med olika individer. Data samlas in genom två fokusgruppintervjuer med dessa två separata grupper som sedan analyseras. I resultatet presenteras deltagarnas synsätt och deras användning av undervisningslitteratur i individualiseringsarbetet. Resultatet visar att individualiseringsarbetet är något som kan motivera elevers lärande och arbetet kräver lärarkompetenser. Dock visar det sig att det finns vissa oklarheter gällande definitionen av individualiseringsarbetet. Det framgår också i resultatet att respektive grupper har olika kriterium för valet av undervisningslitteratur i arbetet med individualisering, och stödjande undervisningslitteratur kan ibland även utmana individualiseringsarbetet. I diskussionen behandlas och problematiseras resultatet ytterligare, i relation till tidigare presenterad forskning och litteratur. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the understanding of individualized teaching in a group of piano teachers at “Kulturskolan” and a group of piano teacher students. The research questions deal with the views and working methods of a group of professional teachers and a group of student teachers. The study is based in the socio-cultural perspective, as it examines how teachers plan and organize learning at the meeting with different individuals. Data is collected through two separate focus group interviews with these two groups which are then analyzed with thematic analysis. The results present the attitudes of the participants and their use of teaching literature in the individualization work. The result shows that the individualization work is something that can motivate students' learning and the work requires teacher skills. However, it turns out that there are some ambiguities regarding the definition of individualized teaching. It is also evident from the result that the respective groups have different criteria for the choice of teaching literature in the work of individualization and supporting teaching literature can sometimes also challenge the individualization work. In the discussion, the results are further discussed and problematized in relation to previously presented research and literature.

In der qualitativen Forschungsarbeit wird die Frage bearbeitet: "Wie interpretieren sich von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit betroffene Menschen hinsichtlich ihrer sozialen Anerkennung in einer Arbeitsgesellschaft, in der Arbeit als verpflichtender Wert eine zentrale Stellung einnimmt und in der aber zugleich nicht genügend Arbeitsmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung stehen?". Dazu wird zuerst das Verhältnis von Erwerbsarbeit und Arbeitsgesellschaft diskutiert, um so ein begriffliches Verständnis von Erwerbsarbeit herauszuarbeiten. Anschließend werden Wandlungsprozesse der Arbeitsgesellschaft betrachtet, um einen Bedeutungszuwachs von Erwerbsarbeit im Zuge dieses zu verdeutlichen und um das Konzept der Ökonomisierung des Sozialen und der ökonomischen Einstellung einzuführen. In das bis dahin Skizzierte, soll dann über den Zwischenschritt der Einführung eines Konzeptes von sozialer Anerkennung ein Verständnis von Arbeitslosigkeit und Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit platziert werden. Aus den dadurch deutlich werdenden Schnittflächen, Kontrasten und Querverbindungen, kann dem dann anstehenden Forschungsvorhaben eine Form gegeben werden. Das Konzept der sozialen Anerkennung ist dabei bewusst zwischen den Betrachtungen zur Arbeitsgesellschaft und denen zur Arbeitslosigkeit platziert. Denn dieses soll bei der Explikation des Begriffsverständnisses von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit, schon als Hintergrundfolie mitgedacht werden können. Daran anschließend wird eine theoretische Verknüpfung von Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und sozialer Anerkennung vorgenommen und mit einem Blick auf den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur Thematik der Übergang zum Forschungsteil geschaffen.