This Master's thesis deals with homeschooling in primary school students in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part provides information of homeschooling as an alternative to fulfilling compulsory school attendance. This thesis is answering questions about the history of homeschooling in the Czech Republic, its development in our country, the way home education works, what are the reasons for choosing home education, what are its positives, negatives and risk factors. And in the end the thesis is also concentrating on homeschooling in secondary school or information how home education works in the world. The research section deals with two areas. The first area is devoted to quantitative research - a survey among students of teaching. The second area is high-quality research - this area deals with case studies. The aim of the research part of the diploma thesis is to find out the opinion, experience and awareness of the given topic from the study among the students of the who are training to be teachers. Using interviews and observations to analyze how the relevance, opportunities and risks of home education are changing from a time perspective. Based on questionnaires, interviews, and professional literature, identify the reasons why the Czech population chooses homeschooling as a form of...

Dans les situations démocratiques, « militer » et « mobiliser » tendent à être quasi synonymes de« contester ». L’analyse des militantismes étudiants en situation autoritaire au Cameroun remet cettereprésentation en cause. En nous appuyant sur l’opposition entre mobilisations contestataires etconservatrices et sur une approche sociohistorique de militantismes étudiants en situation autoritaire surcinquante années, nous distinguons deux types d’associations étudiantes. Les associations étudiantes« autonomes » sont initiées par des étudiants tandis que celles « institutionnelles » le sont par desautorités universitaires. Au sein des rares associations étudiantes autonomes, le militantisme« autonome » promeut la négociation de compromis avec les autorités malgré la diversité des dispositifsde contrôle. Ce type de militantisme tend à remettre en question les autorités lesquelles réagissent enlabellisant de « contestataires » ou de « subversifs » les militants et organisations autonomes. Au sein desplus fréquentes associations étudiantes institutionnelles, le militantisme « institutionnel » entretient descompromissions avec les autorités lesquelles peuvent favoriser un minimum d’ascension sociale et/oupolitique. Est ainsi assurée la reproduction politique et sociale du pouvoir en place. Contrairement à l’idéereçue selon laquelle les processus d’individualisation − en tant qu’affaiblissement des dispositifstraditionnels d’assignation des identités communautaires − favoriseraient la démocratisation, le régimeautoritaire camerounais trouve les ressources de sa pérennité dans des pratiques militantes opportunistesliées à des processus d’individualisation plus égoïste que morale. L’analyse de quarante-sept récits de viede leaders étudiants nous amène à distinguer trois types de carrière militante selon le degré de fidélité àl’un ou l’autre type d’association étudiante : le « leader fidèle », le « leader reconverti » et le « leadersyncrétique ». Les leaders fidèles autonomes et des leaders syncrétiques au sein d'associationsinstitutionnelles, plus résistants aux dispositifs de contrôle, élargissent le champ des possibles politiques,tant en termes de représentations que de pratiques. / In democratic situations, "activism" and "mobilization" tend to be almost synonymous with "challenging".The analysis of student militancy in authoritarian situation in Cameroon calls that into question. Buildingon the contrast between protesters / conservative mobilizations and on a socio-historical approach ofstudent militancy for fifty years period, we distinguish two types of student associations in authoritariansituation: those "autonomous" are initiated by students while "institutional" associations are initiated byuniversity authorities. In the few independent student organizations, "autonomous" activism promotes thenegotiation with the authorities despite the variety of control devices. This type of activism tends toquestion authorities who react by labeling "protestor" or "subversive" autonomous organizations andactivists. Among the most common institutional student associations, the "institutional" activismmaintains cooperation with the authorities who can later promote their social, economic and / or policalmobility. This ensures political and social reproduction of power. Contrary to the common belief that theprocess of individualization - weakening of “traditional” modus operandi of community as a collectiveidentity - would promote democratization, Cameroon's authoritarian regime find resources of itssustainability in opportunistic militant practices related to process of individualization which are moreselfish than moral. The analysis of forty-seven life stories of student leaders allows us to distinguish threetypes of militant career by the degree of loyalty to one or the other type of student association: the“faithful leader”, the “(re)converted leader” and the “syncretic leader”. The autonomous faithful leadersand syncretic leaders are more resistant to control devices. Thus, they extend the political field ofpossibilities, both in terms of representations and practices.

Le principe d’individualisation de la sanction pénale constitue, aujourd’hui, la pierre angulaire du droit pénal et de la procédure pénale française. Toutefois, un courant de pensée contemporain issu du mouvement américain Law and Economics a émergé progressivement en France. Celui-ci serait le seul à pouvoir apporter une réponse pertinente aux questions juridiques contemporaines, en se fondant sur le pragmatisme et l’efficacité. Cette logique a d’abord investi la procédure pénale, mais le droit de la peine n’y échappe pas. L’efficacité d’une mesure renvoie à un objectif atteint, c’est-à-dire l’absence de réitération d’infractions. Alors, comment l’individualisation de la peine peut-elle permettre d’accroître l’efficacité de la sanction pénale ? En effet, celle-ci doit permettre de rendre la peine équitable pour lui donner du sens. Ainsi, les différents législateurs n’ont eu de cesse de diversifier les mesures pouvant être prononcées par le juge, afin d’accompagner les délinquants et de les ramener à la vie collective. La doctrine considère qu’une peine est plus efficace lorsque le délinquant participe à la mesure ; il est donc possible d’en développer de nouvelles, qui permettront de responsabiliser le délinquant, en s’inspirant des mesures de justice restaurative, et en modifiant le prononcé de la peine. La césure du procès pénal permettrait ainsi de se diriger vers une peine juste, équitable et à la fois individualisée. / The principle of individualization of the punishment establishes, today, the cornerstone of the criminal law and the French criminal procedure. However, a contemporary current of thought from the American movement Law and Economics emerged gradually in France. This current would be the only one able to bring a relevant answer to the contemporary legal issues, basing itself on pragmatism and efficiency. This logic first invested the criminal procedure but the right of the punishment doesn’t escape it. The efficiency of a measure sends back to a reached objective, that is the absence of repetitive offenses. Then, how the sentencing according to the characteristics of the offender can allow to increase the efficiency of the punishment? Indeed, it shall allow the punishment to be fair and to give it meaning. For that purpose, the various legislators never stopped diversifying the measures which can be rendered by the judge to accompany offenders and bring them back in community life. This doctrine considers that a punishment is more effective when the offender takes part in the measure. It is therefore possible to develop new measures allowing to give offenders responsibilities, taking inspiration in measures of restorative justice, and to modify the render of the punishment. The césure of the penal trial would allow to head for a just punishment, fair and personalized.

<p>The purpose of the study is to examine eight individuals’ experiences and conceptions of political consumerism. Main notions in the study are concepts like reshaping of the politics, morality and individualization. The method of choice is qualitative interview and grounded theory. Theories that deal with consumer society, subpolitics and individualization constitute the theoretical framework. These theories lead to obtaining a deeper understanding of what was said in the interviews. Opportunities to improve living and working conditions for producers in the South, is the main reason for the use of political consumption.</p>

The purpose of the study is to examine eight individuals’ experiences and conceptions of political consumerism. Main notions in the study are concepts like reshaping of the politics, morality and individualization. The method of choice is qualitative interview and grounded theory. Theories that deal with consumer society, subpolitics and individualization constitute the theoretical framework. These theories lead to obtaining a deeper understanding of what was said in the interviews. Opportunities to improve living and working conditions for producers in the South, is the main reason for the use of political consumption.

Ce mémoire cherche à concevoir en théorie la dialectique socialisa-tion/individualisation à l’œuvre dans la formation et la transmission des goûts et pratiques culturels chez les jeunes adultes. L'analyse de dix entretiens conduits auprès de jeunes Montréalais âgés de 18 à 24 ans révèle que la socialisation sous l’égide de la famille et de l’école reste active sans être coercitive du fait qu’elle s'avère propice à la capacité des jeunes à se concevoir sous leur propre gouverne et à développer leurs propres goûts en matière de pratiques culturelles. Les pairs jouent également un rôle à cet égard, rôle amplifié par les moyens numériques. Les relations entre pairs génèrent une espèce de tension entre conformité au groupe et volonté d’être soi-même et de pouvoir agir à sa guise. Les nouvelles technologies d’information et de communication, quant à elles, se révèlent de nos jours sources de socialisation et d’individualisation en donnant accès à des « réseaux » en vertu desquels s’infléchissent les goûts et les préférences qui façonnent la pratique de la culture tout en permettant aux jeunes d’avoir les coudées franches pour les développer par eux-mêmes. / This dissertation seeks to conceptualize the socialization/individualization dialectic at work in the formation and transmission of cultural tastes and practices among young adults. The analysis of ten interviews, conducted with young Montrealers aged 18 to 24, reveals that socialization operating within the family and school remains active without being coercive, because it proves favourable to the aptitude of young people to define themselves autonomously and to develop their own tastes in cultural practices. Peers also play a role in this regard, a role amplified by digital means. Relationships between peers generate tensions between group conformity and willingness to be authentic and to act upon one’s behalf. New technologies of information and communication, furthermore, appear as a source of socialization and individualization by providing access to "networks" that inflect the tastes and preferences shaping the practice of culture, while simultaneously allowing young adults the freedom to develop themselves.

Bien que les chercheurs fassent état de l ’importance croissante de l ’individualisme en droit québécois de la famille, il n ’est pas clair que ces conclusions soient fondées sur une définition constante du phénomène. Il est primordial de comprendre la dynamique mouvante de cette tendance, ses caractéristiques ainsi que son lien avec le droit. Au moyen d ’une approche socio-juridique, le présent mémoire décrit ce phénomène et définit trois indicateurs pour explorer si et comment le droit social et privé québécois de la famille s ’individualise autour de la mère au foyer. Au final, le mémoire démontre que le droit de la famille vise, reconnaît et supporte concrètement très peu la mère au foyer. L ’observation de ce cas a plutôt mis en lumière une tendance à la diminution de mesures ou services qui la supportent, tendance qui est notamment liée à la fiscalisation, la contractualisation et l ’octroi d ’une large discrétion judiciaire. / Although researchers have given much attention to the growing importance of individualism in Quebec family law, it is unclear whether these conclusions refer to the same definition of the phenomenon. It is essential to understand the dynamic quality of this tendency, its characteristics as well as its relationship with the law. Using a socio- juridical approach, this thesis explores the phenomenon through three indicators. Specifically, we have undertaken to examine the individualization of Quebec ’s social family law and private family law in the case of the stay-at-home mother. Our analysis reveals that Quebec family law aims, acknowledges and concretly supports the autonomy of the stay-at-home mother very little. Our observations have rather highlighted a decrease in mesures and services that support her, a tendency that is related to the fiscalization, the contractualization and the important judiciary discretion characteristic of contemporary family law.

A part of the Swedish TV-show Levande livet that aired between 1983 and 1984 was devoted to wine. This was the first time a wine tasting was being broadcasted in Sweden. Terms as ”sweaty horse” and ”moulded pile of leaves” – that the wine connoisseurs Carl Jan Granqvist and Knut-Christian Gröntoft used to describe the wines – became objects of both appreciation and ridicule. Their way of talking about wine reminds of Robert Parker’s wine language, which grew of importance from the 1970s and onwards.                       The purpose of this thesis is to try to write a history of taste. By researching how the TV-show was received by the daily press in Sweden, it is possible to come to terms with what kind of opinions and attitudes a wine tasting challanged. This thesis shows how the viewers, by tasting wine and trying to articulate their taste experiences in the language provided by Granqvist and Gröntoft, became members of a taste community. This taste community was not only being sustained by a shared language for taste experience, it also affected the viewers own taste of the wine.                       By doing this it is possible to describe in what way everyone was urged to practice their own taste and become a connoisseur.

I processi di globalizzazione e di individualizzazione che caratterizzano il mondo e le società contemporanee producono inevitabilmente delle ricadute all’interno dei rapporti tra cittadini ed istituzioni. I tradizionali soggetti della rappresentanza politica, i partiti, sembrano annaspare a vantaggio di nuove forme ed esperienze di partecipazione “dal basso”. Il Movimento 5 Stelle, una “giovane” formazione politica nata sulla Rete e capitanata da Beppe Grillo che, cavalcando il malessere e la disaffezione dei cittadini nei confronti della politica tradizionale si è imposta come la principale rivelazione delle elezioni politiche 2013 in Italia, costituisce lo specifico oggetto di studio della ricerca. In particolare, il lavoro di tesi si snoda attraverso due studi di caso: il primo fra gli eletti del Movimento in Parlamento, il secondo all’interno del gruppo di attivisti di base nella città di Firenze. In entrambi i casi, la rilevazione passa attraverso interviste di tipo semi-strutturato al fine di cogliere in profondità elementi di un movimento dalle caratteristiche del tutto peculiari. Nel caso degli attivisti, alle interviste si è aggiunto un periodo di osservazione partecipante all’interno del Meetup: l’obiettivo è quello di fornire una sintesi delle modalità di trasformazione della politica sul territorio, in una realtà mai così in movimento. / The processes of globalization and individualization that characterize our world and contemporary societies do inevitably produce consequences within the relationship between citizens and institutions. Parties, the traditional subjects of political representation, seem like fumbling for the benefit of new participation forms and experiences "from below." The Five Stars Movement, a "young" political formation born on the Net and led by Beppe Grillo, riding the malaise and indifference of the citizens towards traditional politics (and whose emergence has been the main surprise of the 2013 italian national elections) has the specific subject of the research. Particularly, the thesis does investigate two case studies: the first among the elected of the Five Stars Movement in the italian Parliament, the second within its local group in Florence. In both cases, the detection goes through semi-structured interviews in order to understand in depth elements of a movement with quite peculiar characteristics. In the local activists’ case, a period of participant observation within the Florence’s Meetup has been added to the interviews, with the aim of providing a summary of the transformation of politics in the territory, in such a moving world.

Les médecins cherchent à résoudre les problèmes de santé posés par des individus. Une solution individualisée tient compte de la singularité du patient concerné. L'individualisation des pratiques est-elle possible et souhaitable? Le cas échéant, selon quelles modalités peut-elle ou doit-elle être réalisée'? La première partie de la thèse vise à montrer: que la question se pose depuis les premières théories de la décision médicale (Hippocrate) ; qu'elle s'est posée de façon aiguë au début du XIX" siècle, avec l'apparition des études statistiques; et que l'observation médicale et son évolution concrétisent la façon dont la documentation des cas et leur individualisation interagissent. La deuxième partie reprend la question dans le contexte contemporain, à travers la naissance de l'"evidence-based medicine", ses critiques et son évolution. La troisième partie montre que l'articulation du raisonnement par règles et du raisonnement par cas modélise de façon opérationnelle une démarche raisonnée d'individualisation des décisions médicales. Ce modèle simple permet de rendre compte du mouvement d'aller-retour entre deux conceptions de l'individualisation et d'en proposer une version équilibrée, mise à l'épreuve dans les domaines de l'évaluation des pratiques et de la littérature médicale. / Physicians try to solve health problems of individual patients. Customized solutions take into account the uniqueness of the patient. Is the individualization of medical decisions possible and desirable'? If so, how can I tor should it be performed? The first part of the thesis shows: that the question arises since the first conceptualizations of medical reasoning (Hippocrates); that is was much debated in the early nineteenth century, when statistical studies were first performed to guide medical decisions; and that the medical observation and its evolution materialize how case documentation and management interact. The second part addresses the issue in the current context, from the birth of evidence-based medicine, its cri tics and its evolution. The third part shows that linking rule-based and case-based reasoning adequately pictures the process of customizing medical decisions. This simple model can account for the movement between two kinds of customization and leads to a balanced approach, tested in the field of practice evaluation and medical literature.