Darbe atlikta teorinė integruoto (inkliuzinio) ugdymo sampratos, probleminių klausimų, ugdymo individualizavimo funkcijų bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje analizė. Iškelta hipotezė, kad modifikuotų ir adaptuotų programų rengimas bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose mokytojams mažai praktine patirtimi paremta sritis, kurią reikia tobulinti. Programų rengimo mechanizmas yra nebaigtas ir nuolatos tobulinamas. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas - atskleisti ir įvertinti adaptuotų ir modifikuotų programų taikymo bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje efektyvumo veiksnius, atkreipti dėmesį į pačią problemą, t.y. galbūt svarbiau ne programa, o mokymo kokybė, ar nesureikšminama programa, dėmesį atitraukiant nuo ugdymo proceso kokybės. Gautų tyrimo rezultatų analizė atlikta taikant aprašomosios statistikos metodus: skaičiuotas procentinis pasiskirstymas, aritmetinis vidurkis, reitingai, atlikta koreliacinė analizė. Statistinėms hipotezėms tikrinti taikytas chi-kvadrato kriterijus. Tyrime dalyvavo 111 bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų lietuvių kalbos ir pradinių klasių mokytojai. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjamas modifikuotų ir adaptuotų programų sudarymas, mokymo metodų taikymas, atliktas specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių turinčių mokinių vertinimas, aptariami organizaciniai adaptuotų bei modifikuotų lietuvių kalbos programų rengimo klausimai ir problemos. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Pagrindiniai sunkumai, susiję su ugdymo turinio individualizavimu ir diferencijavimu: mokytojams... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the paper the theoretical analysis of integrated (inclusive) education and problem questions, as well as analysis of education individualization functions in the mainstream school are performed. Hypothesis is set, that preparation of modified and adapted curricula in the mainstream schools is the area little supported by the teachers’ practical experience which is to be improved. Curricula preparation mechanism is incomplete and undergoes improvement. With the means of questioning survey a research was performed, sought to disclose and to assess the efficiency factors of adapted and modified curricula application in the mainstream school, to pay attention at the same problem, i.e. probably teaching quality is more important that the curriculum, whether the curriculum isn’t given prominence, taking the attention away from the education process quality. Analysis of the results obtained was performed using the descriptive statistical methods: percentage distribution, arithmetical means, ratings were calculated, correlation analysis was done. To check the statistical hypotheses, chi-square criterion was employed. 111 teachers of Lithuanian language and primary forms from mainstream schools participated in the survey. In the empirical part modified and adapted curriculum compilation, application of teaching methods are analysed, evaluation of the pupils with special needs is performed, organization questions and problems of modified and adapted Lithuanian language... [to full text]

Au Québec, des ressources considérables sont investies pour assurer la réussite scolaire des élèves handicapés et en difficulté, tant au plan des apprentissages, de la socialisation que de la qualification. Pour des raisons évoquées d’équité et d’accès à la formation générale, les politiques éducatives privilégient l’intégration de ces élèves en classe ordinaire (Ministère de l'Éducation, 2008; Ministère de l'Éducation du Québec, 1999, 2004a). Ces politiques appellent de profonds changements dans l’organisation scolaire et conduisent inévitablement les enseignants à adopter des pratiques d’individualisation de leur enseignement. En dépit de l’importance de l’individualisation de l’enseignement pour favoriser la réussite des élèves intégrés, les pratiques pédagogiques mises en œuvre par les enseignants québécois demeurent méconnues. Cette étude vise à obtenir un portrait de ces pratiques. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude vise à obtenir des données sur la fréquence d’utilisation de certaines pratiques, à étudier leur compréhension conceptuelle et appliquée par les enseignants, ainsi qu’à identifier des facteurs personnels et organisationnels pouvant expliquer les différences entre les enseignants. Sur la base de la littérature disponible, une typologie des pratiques d’individualisation a été produite, regroupant quatre pratiques : la différenciation pédagogique, l’enseignement de stratégies, l’accommodation et la modification. Puis, un questionnaire élaboré aux fins de cette étude, permettant d’évaluer empiriquement la prégnance de ces quatre pratiques, a été rempli par 138 enseignants provenant de 35 commissions scolaires du Québec. Parmi ces enseignants, treize ont été sélectionnés et interviewés sur la base des exemples de leurs pratiques mentionnées dans les questions ouvertes du sondage. Fondée sur un devis mixte de type concourant et imbriqué (Creswell, 2003), cette recherche combine une stratégie d’analyse quantitative des données issues du questionnaire à des analyses de contenu des entrevues, de nature qualitative. Les résultats convergent vers trois niveaux de prise en charge de l’hétérogénéité en classe: nuancée, mécanique et réactive. Seuls les enseignants qui ont une prise en charge nuancée démontrent une compréhension et une utilisation des pratiques conformes au cadre conceptuel. Suivant cette hypothèse formulée à partir des données d’entrevue, les résultats d’une ANOVA ont permis de conclure que le tiers des répondants au sondage (n=41) utilisant le plus fréquemment la différenciation pédagogique fait une utilisation significativement peu fréquente de la pratique de la modification. Enfin, des analyses de régression ont révélé que parmi les autres facteurs prédisant l’utilisation des pratiques se trouvent la participation à des activités de formation continue, le niveau d’enseignement, le nombre d’élèves dans le groupe et le nombre d’élèves en difficulté avec des plans d’intervention. Les résultats de cette recherche indiquent un niveau de connaissance inégal des pratiques étudiées chez les enseignants, ainsi qu’une mise en œuvre déficiente des ressources nécessaires à l’intégration scolaire des élèves handicapés ou en difficulté. / Along with the growing number of students with disabilities in regular education classrooms came the need for developing specialized interventions in this setting. Many studies showed that regular education teachers are using only a few individualized adaptations for those children, and that, therefore, many of these students with disabilities don’t have access to curriculum content. This raises the questions of defining appropriate individualized teaching practices, which can be used in regular education class. A review of the literature indicates many individualization options ranging from differentiated instruction to curriculum modification. The aim of the study was to obtain a portrait of use of those practices in the province of Quebec in Canada. The conceptual framework built for this study encompasses four identified individualization options. A web survey along with interviews were conducted to identify individualization practices found in French-language primary schools of Quebec. Carried out using concurrent nested strategy (Creswell, 2003), this mixed method research presents findings regarding frequency and diverse uses of the individualization options by regular teacher. Factors explaining variations were also studied. Study results indicate that the individualization practices most frequently used are those closely resembling regular classroom teaching. Three distinct profiles of teacher response to classroom heterogeneity were identified in the study: nuanced, mechanical and reactive. Only a few teachers among those interviewed had a good conceptual grasp of individualisation practices and were able to use those practices coherently. Results of ANOVA on survey data indicated that teachers who used differentiated instruction frequently—weekly or daily—were significantly less inclined to curriculum and teaching modifications. Regression analysis pointed to in service training as a predictor of frequent use of diffenreciated instruction. Grade level, classroom size and the proportion of students with disabilities were predictors of the use of strategic instruction, accommodation and modification.

Il existe une grande variabilité dans la réponse aux chimiothérapies anticancéreuses. Ses sources sont diverses: génétiques, physiologiques, comorbidités, médicaments associés, etc. La marge thérapeutique de ces médicaments étant généralement étroite, une telle variabilité peut avoir de graves conséquences: toxicités graves ou absence d'effet thérapeutique. Plusieurs approches pour adapter individuellement les posologies ont été proposées: a priori (basées sur l'information génétique, la taille corporelle, les fonctions d'élimination, etc.) et a posteriori (sur les informations de mesures d'exposition au médicament et/ou effets). La modélisation à effets-mixtes de la pharmacocinétique et de la pharmacodynamie (PK-PD), combinée avec une estimation bayésienne des effets individuels, est la meilleure méthode pour individualiser des schémas posologiques a posteriori. Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle approche pour ajuster les doses sur la base des prédictions données par un modèle pour les observations catégorielles de toxicité a été développée et explorée par simulation. Les aspects plus techniques concernant l'estimation des paramètres individuels ont été analysés pour déterminer les facteurs de bonne performance de la méthode. Ces travaux étaient basés sur l'exemple du syndrome mains-pieds induit par la capécitabine dans le traitement du cancer colorectal. Une revue des modèles pharmacodynamiques de données discrètes (catégorielles, de comptage, de survie) a été effectuée. Enfin, des analyses PK-PD de l'hydroxyurée dans le traitement de la drépanocytose ont été réalisées pour comparer des différentes posologies et déterminer les modalités optimales de suivi du traitement / There is high variability in response to cancer chemotherapies among patients. Its sources are diverse: genetic, physiologic, comorbidities, concomitant medications, environment, compliance, etc. As the therapeutic window of anticancer drugs is usually narrow, such variability may have serious consequences: severe (even life-threatening) toxicities or lack of therapeutic effect. Therefore, various approaches to individually tailor treatments and dosing regimens have been developed: a priori (based on genetic information, body size, drug elimination functions, etc.) and a posteriori (that is using information of measurements of drug exposure and/or effects). Mixed-effects modelling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK-PD), combined with Bayesian maximum a posteriori probability estimation of individual effects, is the method of choice for a posteriori adjustments of dosing regimens. In this thesis, a novel approach to adjust the doses on the basis of predictions, given by a model for ordered categorical observations of toxicity, was developed and investigated by computer simulations. More technical aspects concerning the estimation of individual parameters were analysed to determine the factors of good performance of the method. These works were based on the example of capecitabine-induced hand-and-foot syndrome in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Moreover, a review of pharmacodynamic models for discrete data (categorical, count, time-to-event) was performed. Finally, PK-PD analyses of hydroxyurea in the treatment of sickle cell anemia were performed and used to compare different dosing regimens and determine the optimal measures for monitoring the treatment

The diploma thesis "Individualization in Preschool and Elementary Education" deals with an individualized education of preschoolers and children at the primary school stage. It is a case study with direct observation, interviews and studying the relevant documents qualitatively examines in detail the individualization in a particular educational institution in order to gain insight into its real individualized learning using representative sample to clarify its meaning. The thesis has both theoretical and practical forms and is aimed at studying the possibility of the individualized learning. It analyzes a specific way of teachers' pedagogical work with preschool children and school children in primary education. The first chapter of the theoretical part is based on knowledge drawn from several information sources about the individualization as an organizational form of education and also on synthesis of findings from several pedagogical and psychological disciplines influencing individualized learning; the second chapter describes the basic terms, principles, types, systems and special organizations of individualized educational work. The first chapter of the practical part is based on the direct observation and exploration of individualization in the selected educational institution in order to...

The work focuses on the analysis of new technologies, which are used in visual communication. This is especially the description, characterization and their use. Another section focuses on social trends that permeate contemporary Western society, and their relationship with new technologies in the field of visual communication. It deals therefore also examines the social changes and changes in the perception of individual development and dissemination of new technologies causes. Describes the important role of visual communication in today's world and the changes in society due to widespread use of modern technology. The aim is to make the analysis and therefore a comprehensive overview of new technologies and their use in the field of visual communication. Finally, the work seeks to estimate the next direction of new technologies in the field of visual communication and create a prediction of further development in the future.

Cette recherche porte sur une catégorie spécifique de travailleurs, les Travailleurs Indépendants Economiquement Dépendants (TIED), qui associent une indépendance juridique à une dépendance économique vis-à-vis d’un seul client. En cumulant des caractéristiques typiques des deux catégories classiques que sont les salariés et les travailleurs indépendants, les TIED s’inscrivent dans une zone grise du marché du travail. A partir d’une étude qualitative menée auprès de TIED français et brésiliens du secteur des Technologies de l’Information, nous nous interrogeons sur la signification sociale de cette forme d’emploi hybride et sur la façon dont elle émerge sur des marchés du travail aussi différents que ceux de la France et du Brésil. L’analyse des conditions de travail des enquêtés permet d’abord de situer les TIED sur un continuum entre salariat déguisé et véritable travail indépendant et de distinguer deux profils-types : les prestataires intégrés à la structure commanditaire et les indépendants en transition. Pour étudier les trajectoires professionnelles de ces travailleurs, nous mobilisons ensuite l’approche par les capabilités d’Amartya Sen (2000) : nous montrons que les parcours des TIED – privés des protections du droit du travail par leur indépendance juridique – reposent sur des processus d'accumulation et de conversion de différents types de ressources en libertés réelles (ou capabilités). De plus, si l’approche de Sen permet d’expliquer les différences de capabilités observées au sein de notre échantillon, nous proposons d’enrichir son cadre d’analyse afin de l’adapter à l’étude de trajectoires socioprofessionnelles. Les analyses réalisées nous conduisent enfin à distinguer deux groupes d’enquêtés, les "TIED réticents" et les "TIED épanouis" : les TIED réticents, plus nombreux au Brésil, expriment un attachement fort au salariat, alors que les TIED épanouis voient dans la position de TIED une façon d’échapper à des emplois décevants et trouvent souvent avantage à une situation qui leur offre plus d’autonomie que le salariat et plus de confort que la véritable indépendance. En nous appuyant sur les travaux de Fraser (2010) et Boltanski et Chiapello (2011), nous montrons comment le positionnement des TIED épanouis contribue indirectement à la remise en cause du rôle de l’Etat social.Les TIED apparaissent en définitive comme une figure emblématique d’un processus ambivalent d’individualisation qui contribue à l’émergence d’un sujet en quête d’autonomie, délié de ses appartenances traditionnelles, tout en favorisant une confrontation directe de l’individu avec le marché qui accroît les inégalités. Dès lors, si les désirs d’émancipation et d’autonomie des TIED épanouis nous semblent devoir être pris au sérieux, une réflexion s’impose sur les mesures susceptibles d’étendre les capabilités des individus tout en luttant contre l’exacerbation des inégalités et en préservant un système de mutualisation des risques fondé sur la solidarité. / This research deals with a specific category of workers, the Economically Dependent Self-employed Workers (EDSW), who associate legal independence with an economic dependence upon a single client. Combining typical characteristics of two traditional labor categories, wage-labor and self-employment, EDSW fall within a grey zone of the labor market. Starting from a qualitative survey conducted among French and Brazilian EDSW from the Information Technology sector, we question the social significance of this hybrid employment form and the way it emerges in labor markets as dissimilar as those of France and Brazil. At first, the analysis of EDSW working conditions enables to place them on a continuum between disguised wage-labor and real self-employment and to identify two typical profiles: service providers integrated to the client structure and transitioning self-employed workers. To study their occupational path, we then mobilize Amartya Sen’s capability approach (2000): we show that the careers of EDSW – deprived of labor law protection by their self-employment status – rely on accumulation and conversion processes of various resources types into real freedom (or capabilities). Moreover, if Sen's approach helps explaining the observed differences in capabilities within our sample, we propose to enrich its analytical framework in order to adapt it to socio professional path study. Finally, the conducted analyzes lead us to split our sample into two groups: the ‘reluctant EDSW’ and the ‘fulfilled EDSW’. The reluctant EDSW, more numerous in Brazil, express a strong attachment to wage-labor, whereas the fulfilled EDSW see in EDSW position a way to exit disappointing jobs and often find benefits in a situation which offers them more autonomy than wage-labor and greater comfort than actual self-employment. Mobilizing the theoretical contributions of Fraser (2010) and Boltanski and Chiapello (2011), we demonstrate how the positioning of the fulfilled EDSW contributes to indirectly challenge the welfare state’s role.EDSW ultimately appear as an icon of an ambivalent process of individualization which contributes to the emergence of a subject who is seeking for autonomy, relieved from its traditional affiliations, while simultaneously promoting a direct confrontation of the individuals with the market that increases inequalities. Therefore, if the fulfilled EDSW’s wishes for emancipation and autonomy should be seriously considered, a reflection is needed on measures that may increase individual capabilities while struggling against increasing inequalities and maintaining a system of risks management based on solidarity. / Essa tese está dedicada a uma categoria específica de trabalhadores, os Trabalhadores Autônomos Economicamente Dependentes (TAEDs), que cumulam uma autonomia jurídica com uma situação de dependência econômica em relação a um único cliente. Ao associar características típicas das duas categorias clássicas que são os assalariados e os trabalhadores autônomos, os TAEDs inscrevem-se numa zona cinzenta do mercado de trabalho. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada com TAEDs franceses e brasileiros do setor de Tecnologia da Informação, perguntamo-nos acerca do significado social dessa forma híbrida de trabalho e da sua emergência nos mercados de trabalho tão distintos da França e do Brasil. A análise das condições de trabalho dos entrevistados possibilita primeiro situar os TAEDs num continuum entre emprego assalariado e verdadeiro trabalho autônomo e diferenciar dois perfis: os prestadores integrados na estrutura cliente e os autônomos em transição. Para estudar as trajetórias profissionais desses trabalhadores, mobilizamos, em seguida, a abordagem pelas capacidades de Amartya Sen (2000): mostramos que os percursos dos TAEDs – que são privados das proteções trabalhistas pela sua autonomia jurídica – dependem de processos de acumulação e conversão de distintos tipos de recursos em liberdades reais (ou capacidades). Além disso, se a abordagem de Sen permite explicar as diferenças de capacidades observadas na nossa amostra, propomos enriquecer o seu marco de análise para adaptá-lo ao estudo de trajetórias socioprofissionais. As análises realizadas nos levam finalmente a distinguir dois grupos de entrevistados, os “TAEDs reticentes” e os “TAEDs satisfeitos”: os TAEDs reticentes, mais numerosos no Brasil, expressam um forte apego ao emprego assalariado enquanto os TAEDs satisfeitos veem na posição de TAED uma forma de se livrarem de empregos decepcionantes e, na maioria dos casos, creem vantajosa uma situação que oferece uma autonomia maior que o emprego assalariado e um conforto maior que o trabalho verdadeiramente autônomo. A partir das obras de Fraser (2010) e Boltanski e Chiapello (2011), mostramos que o posicionamento dos TAEDs satisfeitos questiona indiretamente o papel do Estado social. Os TAEDs aparecem então como uma figura emblemática de um processo ambivalente de individualização que contribui para a emergência de um sujeito que busca autonomia e está livre de seus pertencimentos tradicionais, ao mesmo tempo em que favorece um confronto direto do indivíduo com o mercado que aumenta as desigualdades. Se achamos que os desejos de emancipação e autonomia dos TAEDs satisfeitos têm que ser levados a serio, é necessário refletir sobre as medidas que poderiam expandir as capacidades dos indivíduos, lutando contra o aumento das desigualdades e preservando um sistema solidário de gestão dos riscos.

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Background: Diabetes is a global health issue on the rise. Besides genetics as a cause of diabetes, diet, weight and lifestyle are amongst the main factors. Due to the modernized society, new technology and risks, there has been a shift in responsibility of safety and health. As a part of a health promoting policy development during the last few decades there has also been a natural de-authorization of health knowledge and expertise. Governmental expertise has been decentralized to the society and so has the responsibilities. Traces of this new health paradigm can be seen in the media discourse. It has been seen in studies of the reporting of diabetes in North American press, that societal factors – such as labor market, health care and infrastructure – often get veiled by individuals’ responsibility and guilt due to lifestyle and life choices. This affects how individuals feel about their life situation and how the public perceive them.     Method and material: A quantitative content analysis was performed on 112 articles from six Swedish broadsheet and tabloid newspapers. The articles were coded with variables measuring article theme, dominant framing of diabetes´ causes and whose responsibility, what arguments are used and what agents with dignity can be seen. Excerpts from the articles were also analyzed with qualitative tools as modality and argumentation analysis. Results: Similarities between the Swedish and the North American newspapers were discovered. Societal factors and structures as causes and means of responsibilities were not as prominent as those aiming for the individual. The responsibility of the society was also reported to a much greater extent than society as a factor contributing to cause diabetes. This can be considered a sign of the health promoting strategy and the individualism that is rooted in modernization, industrialization and economic liberalization. Doctors and scientists were given dignity as often as celebrities and private citizens, which indicates the de-authorization of health knowledge and the further use of scientists and doctors as a truth repository in media. Several of the articles concern the critique of the diabetes unawareness and predominant individual responsibility that was the outset of this study. Celebrities and private citizens were frequently given dignity in these cases. In their criticizing, high modality contributed to a strong authority in their knowledge. / Grund för forskningsfrågan: Diabetes av olika slag drabbar ett växande antal människor världen över. Sjukdomen tros främst bero på genetik och omgivande faktorer så som livsstil, vilken påverkas av den omgivande miljön. Det har visat sig i studier av rapportering kring sjukdomen i bland annat nordamerikansk press att samhälleliga faktorer ofta hamnar i skymundan och att skulden och ansvaret för sjukdomen framstår ligga hos individen och dess egenvalda livsstil. Detta kan bero på en hälsofrämjande strategi som setts växa fram under de senaste decennierna, som en reaktion på effekterna av teknisk utveckling, modernisering och marknadskrafter. Strategin har inneburit en naturlig av-auktorisering av hälsokunskapen och individualisering av ansvaret. Detta hälsoparadigm återspeglas i medierna.   Studien: Denna studie undersöker rapporteringen av diabetes i svensk press, genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av 112 artiklar från sex svenska dags- och kvällstidningar. Materialet kodades med variabler för bland annat artikeltema, dominant gestaltning av orsak samt ansvar för diabetes, vilka argument som förekommer och vilka aktörer som tillskrivs dignitet i sammanhanget. Detta kompletterades med en kvalitativ analys av några textutdrag från materialet, med verktyg och begrepp från och argumentationsanalys samt det lingvistiska begreppet modalitet.   Resultat: Det framträder stora likheter mellan de svenska tidningarna och de nordamerikanska. Samhällsstrukturer som orsak till och ansvar för diabetes framgår inte i samma utsträckning som individens roll. Samhällets ansvar för sjukdomen framgår dock i större utsträckning än dess skuld, vilket går i linje med individualiseringen av hälsoansvaret. Läkare och professorer tillsammans förekommer med dignitet i ungefär lika många artiklar som privatpersoner och kändisar tillsammans, vilket indikerar avauktoriseringen av hälsokunskapen, och den fortsatta användningen av läkare och professorer som ett slags ”sanningsvittnen”. I flera artiklar framträder just den kritik mot okunskap kring sjukdomen och hur individerna själva måste arbeta för att förändra läget, en utgångspunkt för denna studie. Kändisar och privatpersoner fick i dessa fall dignitet. I deras kritiserande av andra uttalanden de inte höll med i, agerade hög modalitet en faktor som gav dem auktoritet i sina uttalanden.

Crime in South Africa is very close to getting out of control. There is a dramatic increase especially in violent crimes such as murder, hijacking, business robberies, house robberies, rapes and armed robberies where innocent people get killed daily. This has the public shivering in fear. The South African Police Service are responsible for the prevention and investigation of all crimes committed. The Detective Service has the unpleasant task of hunting down the criminals that are responsible for committing these crimes. When a crime is committed and a suspect is arrested, the detectives must use all techniques and methods available to them to connect the suspect with the crime. The positive linkage of a suspect with a crime can lead to a conviction in court and one less criminal on the streets of South Africa. One technique that can be used is pointing out of a crime scene. This research is all about the pointing out of crime scenes. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Crime in South Africa is very close to getting out of control. There is a dramatic increase especially in violent crimes such as murder, hijacking, business robberies, house robberies, rapes and armed robberies where innocent people get killed daily. This has the public shivering in fear. The South African Police Service are responsible for the prevention and investigation of all crimes committed. The Detective Service has the unpleasant task of hunting down the criminals that are responsible for committing these crimes. When a crime is committed and a suspect is arrested, the detectives must use all techniques and methods available to them to connect the suspect with the crime. The positive linkage of a suspect with a crime can lead to a conviction in court and one less criminal on the streets of South Africa. One technique that can be used is pointing out of a crime scene. This research is all about the pointing out of crime scenes. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)