Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Innovationsdiffusionsmodellen und deren Anwendung in der Marketingpraxis. Sie hat zwei Ziele: Einen Überblick über existierende Innovationsmodelle zu schaffen und ein neues besseres Modell zu entwickeln. Es wird ein neuer Klassifizierungsansatz vorgeschlagen, mit dessen Hilfe ein strukturierter Überblick über die vorhandenen zahlreichen Innovationsdiffusionsmodelle möglich wird. Die Klassifizierung beruht auf den Annahmen in den Innovationsdiffusionsmodellen. Dies erlaubt im Gegensatz zu den bekannten Klassifizierungen (z.B. von Roberts/Lattin (2000)) die Bildung von disjunkten Modellklassen. Anhand der neuen Klassifizierung werden die prominenten Modelle, wie z.B. Bass-Modell (1969) bzw. Kalish-Modell (1985) eingeordnet und ihre Vor- und Nachteile aufgezeigt. Dieser Ansatz erleichtert eine Entscheidung für das beste zu verwendende Modell, wenn bekannt ist, welche Daten (Absatzdaten, Daten über Konsumenten etc.) zur Verfügung stehen und/oder welches Ziel (Absatzprognose, Preisbestimmung) verfolgt wird. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird ein neues hybrides Innovationsdiffusionsmodell – das Information-Disicion-Evaluation-Modell (IED-Modell) – vorgestellt. Das IED-Modell besitzt zahlreiche Vorteile gegenüber existierenden Innovationsdiffusionsmodellen. Die Struktur des IED-Modells ist sehr allgemein so, dass das IED-Modell als eine Modellklasse bezeichnet werden könnte. Werden die Annahmen des IED-Modells genau definiert (z.B. über die Anzahl der Wettbewerbsprodukte usw.), erhält es eine explizite Form, die prominenten Innovationsdiffusionsmodellen ähnlich oder vollkommen identisch sein kann (für die Erstellung einer expliziten Form des IED-Modells siehe www.ied-modell.de). Ein solcher allgemeiner Modellierungsansatz des IED-Modells ist neu für die Innovationsdiffusionsforschung. Das IED-Modell und dessen Annahmen werden mittels Monte-Carlo-Simulationen analysiert. Beim empirischen Test an realen Daten wird das IED-Modell mit vier renommierten Innovationsdiffusionsmodellen verglichen. Laut diesem Vergleich ist das Anpassungsvermögen des IED-Modells im Durchschnitt besser als das der vier Vergleichsmodelle. Bei drei- und zehnmonatlichen Prognosen zeigte das IED-Modell eine sehr gute Vorhersagefähigkeit. / This work assesses innovation diffusion models and their application in marketing management. Its two principal aims are: (1) to give an overview of existing innovation diffusion models and (2) to develop a new and improved model. A new classification approach is proposed. The classification methodology bases on typical assumptions made in innovation diffusion models. Unlike prior classifications, e.g. Roberts/Lattin (2000), this approach allows for disjunctive classes. By means of this classification renowned models like Bass Model (1969) or Kalish Model (1985) are categorized, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. This helps decide which model should be used depending on data availability (sales data, consumer data etc.) and the overall goal of a model investigation (sales forecast, pricing etc.). In the second part of this work the new hybrid innovation diffusion model – Innovation-Decision-Evaluation model (IED model) – is described. The model has several advantages compared with existing models. The structure of the IED Model is non-specific so that the IED model can be described as a distinct model class. When assumptions of the IED model are specified (e.g. number of competitive products) the model gets an explicit form which can be similar or even identical to other innovation diffusion models (for the design of an explicit model form see also www.ied-modell.de). Such a generalized modeling approach in IED modelling is new in innovation diffusion research. The IED model and its assumptions are analysed with Monte Carlo simulations. Its results are also empirically tested and compared with four renowned innovation diffusion models. The comparison reveals that the IED model has the best average fit and good forecast goodness.

開放政府資料能帶來龐大的經濟效益以及達到透明治理的理念，已成為電子治理最重要的議題之一，各國政府如美國、英國、加拿大無不積極推動開放政府資料政策。我國行政院亦將政府資料開放列為第四階段電子化政府計畫的項目之一，中央機關與地方政府將分別建立開放資料平台，並要求將機關所擁有之資料逐步開放予社會大眾使用。在此背景下，財政部財政資訊中心預建置財政資訊共享服務平台，來達到資料開放政策的目標。本研究目的在於該平台的推動在實務上面臨了哪些困難，後續還有哪些地方需要克服，這樣的經驗能帶給其他行政機關哪些啟示。 本研究首先整理國內外開放政府資料的文獻，其次介紹創新擴散理論，作為財政資訊中心推動財政資訊共享服務平台的階段基礎，並以訪談法蒐集相關資料。本研究最後以議題設定與配對階段、再定義/再建構階段、闡述階段及例行化階段為主軸，分別探討各階段的推動工作與困境。 本研究發現，推動財政資訊共享服務平台的主要工作與困境包括溝通策略、法律規範、分工方式、業務單位的抗拒與資料的價值。財資中心在政策規劃面、組織管理面以及法律規範面仍有改進空間，包括改變同仁的觀念態度、提出明確的評估報告、團隊成員的代表性、訂定行政規則以及與相關單位共商修法議題。未來有意推動相關政策的機關，除了前述財資中心應該改進之處，尚須注意組織文化以及公民參與的部分，讓政策推動的阻力降至最低。 / Open government data (OGD) can brings great economic benefit and promotes more openness in government, it has become one of the most important issues in e-Government around the world. An open data policy was enacted by the Executive Yuan at the end of 2013, both central and local governments should gradually release their possessed data to the public. In the context of open data policy, Fiscal Information Agency, MOF tries to establish an open data platform of Ministry of Finance. However, the open data policy in Taiwan is still in a stage of sprouting, it is an innovation policy and brand new notion to many governments, the objective of this research is to analyze what obstacles does Fiscal Information Agency, MOF meet when promoting the open data platform of Ministry of Finance, and how could this experience be learned. First of all, the research introduces the literatures about open data. Secondly, quoting the Innovation Diffusion Theory as the conceptual framework and conducting interviews. The analysis about the works and obstacles is individually based on the phase of agenda setting, matching, redefining/restructuring, clarifying and routinizing. The results show the main work and obstacles including the strategy of communication, legal norms, division of labor, resistance of agency and the value of data. There are still areas of improvement for Fiscal Information Agency, MOF, such as changing the concept of colleagues, providing a tangible report about open data and the representativeness of group. The lessons from this study are expected to provide insights to the Taiwan government when it tries to engage the open data policy.

2007年11月全球網路書局巨擘Amazon正式宣布進軍電子書事業，發表一款名為「Kindle」的電子書以及相關營運服務，旋即造成搶購風潮。 此電子書使用E-ink公司研發的電子墨顯示技術，讓使用者的使用彷彿覺得是閱讀印刷物，而電子墨技術已存在四十餘年，最早發明於Xerox Palo Alto Research Center，此技術以使用黑白的電子墨形成可反射環境光顯示方式，有別於主流使用於筆記型電腦或桌上監視器的彩色顯示器，電子書以採反射式，能在有環境照明時清晰可視，不須要一般顯示器的背光源，所以有較低的耗電，同時也可以有較輕與薄的設計。 此差異化的顯示技術與產品定位讓E-ink創新技術花費將近十年均只有極小衆的需求，直到2008年才見有起飛的成長。 本論文透過分析E-ink個案之創新技術擴散歷程，並佐證先前相關創新技術擴散理論之文獻，闡述擴散模式、影響因素、與創新採用過程來明瞭E-ink創新擴散的驅動力。 E-ink創新技術之應用與其他創新技術的最大差異，它不僅是個破壞式創新技術，它的應用是需要改變採用者使用方式。 此類的創新技術不像其他大多數的創新技術是新增使用方式或察覺不出使用方式須改變。 所以研究其技術擴散歷程可幫助我們明瞭此類較不易擴散的創新技術如何能加速其市場擴散。此研究同時比較應用E-ink電子墨顯示技術的電子書與其他新技術與產品市場擴散之差異，包括應用高密度積體電路記憶體設計與製造技術的數位音訊播放器(MP3 player)、應用薄膜電晶體液晶顯示器技術的大尺寸液晶平面電視與應用投射式電容觸控技術的平板電腦。 本研究我們發現，E-ink創新技術的應用驅動採用者改變其以往的使用方式，而此驅動力的來源就是使用創新技術的新產品價值主張。 在此個案中更進一步發現擴散模式的兩股驅動力可改變產品擴散市場的強度，首先是技術發展達到產品可滿足客戶最低的價值主張期望，第二是此價值主張讓使用者選擇此新技術帶來創新產品的需求滿足。 延伸觀察使用方式改變的擴散主要為兩個因素的函數，一為內部推動力- 包括新技術的技術發展力、供應力。另一為外部拉引力- 包括市場對產品價值主張的吸引力、其他創新技術使用的協同效果、銷售模式與經營模式對產品的推廣能力。 創新技術是一個高科技公司維持營運與成長的重要資產，但如何能將創新技術應用於產品成功的擴散市場，若能掌握重要的驅動因子，方可將此資產較快速地轉變為倍數的財源。 本研究分析改變使用方式的破壞性創新E-ink電子墨顯示技術的擴散模式，發現初期的擴散以內部技術力與供應能力驅動為主，建議企業在此時期應思考如何應用創新技術定位產品，同時定位於最核心的價值位置建立商業模式。 在此能力逐漸增強之後，其擴散則以外部市場吸引力驅動為主，必須在市場推出所謂「殺手級應用」產品，即應用此破壞性創新技術突顯差異的產品價值主張，而能跨越採用者鴻溝。 同時建議企業在此時應著力於產品開發策略，市場推出的產品必須滿足多層次採用者不同的需求，適當的規劃產品直到技術漸趨成熟而衰退。 / It has became one of the most popular consumer electronics since Amazon, the world leading bookstore, announced to enter eBook business and launched a reading device, called “Kindle” in November 2007. This eBook device applies a simple electronic ink display technology from E-ink and let readers to view the display just like to view a printed book. This electronic ink display have been developed more than 40 years and invented in Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. This technology applies dark and white electronic ink which could reflect ambient light to display black and white image on the screen. The display don't need a backlight as conventional LCD screens, and can also be viewed under sunlight as printed paper. In the same time, it has a less power consumption and could have a slim and light design for easy carry. But, it has spent more than 10 years to only gain a small population of customers to use this differentiating display and product which apply this E-ink innovative technology. After Amazon launched “Kindle” in late 2007, we observed this technology fast diffuse to the mass market. This thesis is to study a diffusion model of E-ink disruptive technology. Review prior articles of technology diffusion theory, model of innovation diffusion, factors of innovation diffusion and adoption of innovation to understand driving forces of E-ink technology diffusion. The major difference of E-ink technology from others is to require changing the user usage method when it appy to an electroic paper. It is not only a disruptive change, but requires changing user usage experience. Most of other new technologies are to add new or be easy usage, won’t feel a change of usage method and experience. Research the diffusion model of this disruptive technology help us to understand how we could expedite this type of new technology to the market. In this study, we also compare other similar applications of new technologies, such as MP3 player which apply high density of integrated circuit memory design and manufacturing; Large sized TFT LCD TV which using TFT LCD technology; and Tablet computer which adopt capacitive touch technology. To compare those technologies market diffusion with E-ink display technology. We have found the driving force to adopt E-ink technology and make change of user usage is the value proposition of products which adapt this innovative technology. Furthermore, we conclude two driving forces to enhance diffuse into mass market. First one is to meet the minimum expectations of the value proposition from this new technology. Second is to meet the needs of users who select this new technology. In addition to, it observed two important factors to change usage adoption, one is internal push force, and the other is external pull force. Internal push forces include technology development; and capability of supply chain. External pull forces include market attraction of product value propositions; synergy for using other technologies in the products; sales and business models to promote products. Innovative technology is an important asset to sustain company growth in a high- tech company. But how it could successfully apply the innovative technology to a product and diffuse into the market? It is important to know key driving forces, so this asset is able to turn into cash for continuous funding new innovation. This study analyzes the diffusion model of a disruptive E-ink display technology. We have found early diffusion forces are depended on technology and supply chain capability. It suggests company to focus how to initiate the product position with technology capability for meeting expectation of value proposition. In the mean time, it needs to build the supply chain infrastructure to position core value of new technology. Once company has built the technology capability, diffusion forces move to market pull. It starts to launch a “killer application” product to apply this technology and underline differentiating product value proposition, so it is able to cross the “chasm”. It also suggests company to adjust strategy on product development and requires having a broader product portfolio to meet a variety of customer needs. Finally, plan product development for mainstream applications utill technology is gradually slowdown.

This Thesis expands on the current developments of the theory of stochastic diffusion processes of rumours. This is done by advancing the current mathematical characterisation of the solution to the Daley-Kendall model of the simple S-I-R rumour to a physical solution of the sub-population distribution over time of the generalised simple stochastic spreading process in social situations. After discussing stochastic spreading processes in social situations such as the simple epidemic, the simple rumour, the spread of innovations and ad hoc communications networks, it uses the three sub-population simple rumour to develop the theory for the identification of the exact sub-population distribution over time. This is done by identifying the generalised form of the Laplace Transform Characterisation of the solution to the three sub-population single rumour process and the inverse Laplace Transform of this characterisation. In this discussion the concept of the Inter-Changeability Principle is introduced. The general theory is validated for the three population Daley-Kendall Rumour Model and results for the three, five and seven population Daley-Kendall Rumour Models are pre- sented and discussed. The α - p model results for pseudo-Maki-Thompson Models are presented and discussed. In subsequent discussion it presents for the first time a statement of the Threshold Problem for Stochastic Spreading Processes in Social settings as well as stating the associated Threshold Theorem. It also investigates limiting conditions. Aspects of future research resulting from the extension of the three subpopulation model to more than three subpopulations are discussed at the end of the thesis. The computational demands of applying the theory to more than three subpopulations are restrictive; the size of the total population that can be considered at one time is considerably reduced. To retain the ability to compute a large population size, with an increase in the number of possible subpopulations, a possible method of repeated application of the three population solution is identified. This is done through the medium of two competing mutually exclusive rumours. The final discussion occurs on future investigation into the existence of limit values, zero states, cyclic states and absorbing states for the M subpopulation case. The generalisation and inversion of the Laplace Transform as well as the consequential statement of the threshold theorem, derivation of the transition probabilities and discussion of the limiting conditions are significant advances in the theory of rumours and similar social phenomena. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mathematical Sciences, 2008

This thesis addresses creativity in design as a property of systems rather than an attribute of isolated individuals. It focuses on the dynamics between generative and evaluative or ascriptive processes. This is in distinction to conventional approaches to the study of creativity which tend to concentrate on the isolated characteristics of person, process and product. Whilst previous research has advanced insights on potentially creative behaviour and on the general dynamics of innovation in groups, little is known about their interaction. A systems view of creativity in design is adopted in our work to broaden the focus of inquiry to incorporate the link between individual and collective change. The work presented in this thesis investigates the relation between creativity and innovation in computational models of design as a social construct. The aim is to define and implement in computer simulations the different actors and components of a system and the rules that may determine their behaviour and interaction. This allows the systematic study of their likely characteristics and effects when the system is run over simulated time. By manipulating the experimental variables of the system at initial time the experimenter is able to extract patterns from the observed results over time and build an understanding of the different types of determinants of creative design. The experiments and findings presented in this thesis relate to artificial societies composed by software agents and the social structures that emerge from their interaction. Inasmuch as these systems aim to capture some aspects of design activity, understanding them is likely to contribute to the understanding of the target system. The first part of this thesis formulates a series of initial computational explorations on cellular automata of social influence and change agency. This simple modelling framework illustrates a number of factors that facilitate change. The potential for a designer to trigger cycles of collective change is demonstrated to depend on the combination of individual and external or situational characteristics. A more comprehensive simulation framework is then introduced to explore the link between designers and their societies based on a systems model of creativity that includes social and epistemological components. In this framework a number of independent variables are set for experimentation including characteristics of individuals, fields, and domains. The effects of these individual and situational parameters are observed in experimental settings. Aspects of relevance in the definition of creativity included in these studies comprise the role of opinion leaders as gatekeepers of the domain, the effects of social organisation, the consequences of public and private access to domain knowledge by designers, and the relation between imitative behaviour and innovation. A number of factors in a social system are identified that contribute to the emergence of phenomena that are normally associated to creativity and innovation in design. At the individual level the role of differences of abilities, persistence, opportunities, imitative behaviour, peer influence, and design strategies are discussed. At the field level determinants under inspection include group structure, social mobility and organisation, emergence of opinion leaders, established rules and norms, and distribution of adoption and quality assessments. Lastly, domain aspects that influence the interaction between designers and their social groups include the generation and access to knowledge, activities of gatekeeping, domain size and distribution, and artefact structure and representation. These insights are discussed in view of current findings and relevant modelling approaches in the literature. Whilst a number of assumptions and results are validated, others contribute to ongoing debates and suggest specific mechanisms and parameters for future experimentation. The thesis concludes by characterising this approach to the study of creativity in design as an alternative �in silico� method of inquiry that enables simulation with phenomena not amenable to direct manipulation. Lines of development for future work are advanced which promise to contribute to the experimental study of the social dimensions of design.

Organizational learning through experience has been found to be associated with enhanced firm performance. Organizational experiments are a method of experiential learning that enable organizations to learn from experience and gain context-specific knowledge of how and why to implement new knowledge. Pilot projects, a type of organizational experiment, involve making intentional, systematic efforts to gather and analyze feedback in order to accurately assess the action-outcome relationships of adopting new knowledge prior to embarking on full-scale implementation. Despite the popularity of pilot projects used to test products, programs, and services as well as reports on the outcomes of such experiments, there is a dearth of research focusing on how organizational learning occurs during organizational experiments, and on the processes and structural mechanisms of organizational experiments that contribute to organizational learning. A qualitative, multiple-case study of eight pilot projects was carried out within nursing units across five acute health care organizations during Fall 2008. Interviews were conducted with 32 individuals, including pilot project leaders, nursing program managers and direct care nurses. An inductive approach to data analysis was applied and themes identified. Results were compared to 14 propositions that were developed based on the knowledge transfer, innovation diffusion, and organizational learning literature, and which were bracketed before data analysis to allow findings to emerge from the data. The findings advance existing organizational learning, innovation diffusion, and knowledge transfer models by illuminating the complexity of organizational learning processes. Several processes and structural mechanisms of organizational experiments were found to facilitate single-loop organizational learning, leading to incremental changes to meet existing goals and objectives. Although double-loop organizational learning, which may result in fundamental changes in an organization’s assumptions, norms, policies, goals and objectives was not observed, the study revealed a number of processes and structural mechanisms that have the potential to encourage this type of learning. Studies of organizational experiments are rare. Future directions for research and theory development are suggested to build on the findings of this study. Practical implications are offered to organizations in any industry interested in realizing the potential that organizational experiments have for double-loop learning and enhanced organizational performance.

Renewable energy can effectively decrease carbon-dioxide emissions, and alleviate the Greenhouse effect. For consuming huge fossil fuel, Taiwan does have the obligation to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions. For the sunshine abound in the whole island and mature of photovoltaic (PV) industry, Taiwan has the potential to develop PV. This paper based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Multi-perspective on Technological Transition (MLP) focuses on the PV evolution of Taiwan. By empirical study, this paper developed a research framework, and applied questionnaire survey to verify it. Further, this paper also has a longitudinal case study and by historical research method to explore the evolution of Taiwan¡¦s PV policy. This paper found that attitude is the primary factor that affects the household¡¦s attention, and its antecedent factor relative advantage is the most important one. The second factor that affects the household¡¦s intention is perceived behavioral control which has the antecedent factor complexity. Further, perceived behavioral control also has the direct effect to the action which we must pay attention to it. Subjective norm has slight effect to the household¡¦s intention. And, social obligation is the antecedent factor of the subjective norm. Moreover, interfere effect exists between intention and household¡¦s real action. From the macro prospective, MLP depicts the evolution of Taiwan¡¦s PV diffusion, and we found it was resulted from the interaction of socio-technical landscape, socio-technical regime and niche-innovation. The processes were continually developed and form an innovative technology spiral.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has constantly promoted sustainable tourism development as well as played an important role since 1980; in addition, numerous standards were regulated accordingly. Under the impacts of both environment protection, energy saving and carbon reduction, the marketing strategy of numerous operators have been changes consequently. The ecological or environment lodging facilities gradually adopted by the people in this trade; nevertheless, there are still not appropriate criteria of green B&B for domestic lodge industry to carry out related strategies. One of the major aims of this study is to establish the criteria of green B&B and index of feasible implementation, and constitute index levels with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), as the major basis of conducting survey of adoption willingness of lodge operator in implementing environment protection strategy. Next, this study intends to explore the current status of environment strategy implemented by B&B manager as well as the factors influence the adoption willingness. Third, find out any other factors and significance that could affect the adoption willingness of B&B manager to carry out strategy. Fourth, this study intends to locate the factors and significance of influencing consumer in accepting environment protection strategy (lodging willingness). There are three research targets employed by the design method of this study, namely, representative experts and scholars in the related domain, for presenting construct index and significance degree; research model establishment of B&B manager, the green B&B index are used for interview and questionnaire survey methods, so as to confirm the aim of this study; and finally the research model establishment of lodge consumer, through hierarchical regression analysis and relevant statistic analysis, to explain significant meaning and reason of variables. The research result proves that green B&B index can be simplifies into eight main dimensions and concrete strategies (management and marketing, social participation and communication, energy management, water resources management, green purchase, solid waste treatment, green restaurant and lodge activities, natural and cultural resources), for reference by verification unit. Secondly, in the research model of B&B manager, environment knowledge behavior would influence the self-efficacy, and further affect the adoption willingness. For operator, the higher the compatibility of environment strategy is, the higher of adoption willingness will be. Finally, in the research model of consumer, the higher the frequency that consumer engaged in the environment related activity, the higher the willingness of selecting green B&B will be; while environment knowledge behavior would affect the perceived caracteristics of innovation, lodge preference, and attitude of engaging in environment activity of consumer. This study defines the implication of promoting green B&B development strategy is ¡§to educate B&B managers attach more importance on environment ethics, and encourage consumer to change the attitude of recreation activity.¡¨ Furthermore, with the conception of simplified green lodge index, to direct towards tourism map planning of ecology village, apart from the unique features of ¡§green B&B¡¨ image, to minimize the impact of recreation environment. By employing innovation diffusion theory (IDT) model in the behavior prediction of environment behavior and tourism behavior strategy, the result of this study could be served as a useful reference for following researches.

SANTRAUKA Šiame darbe nagrinėjamos golfo paslaugos perspektyvos Lietuvoje, pritraukiant naujus ir sudominant esamus Le Meridien klientus, ir kokios priemonės tam yra efektyviausios. Iš to kyla darbo tikslas - išsiaiškinti geriausius golfo paslaugos pristatymo būdus Lietuvos visuomenei. Pagrindiniai uždaviniai : • Atlikti viešbučių ir golfo laukų analizę. • Atlikti tyrimą, siekiant išanalizuoti golfo plėtros galimybes Lietuvoje ir visuomenės požiūrį į šią paslaugą. • Išanalizavus rezultatus, išnagrinėti, kokios yra golfo perspektyvos Lietuvoje ir kas galėtų sudominti būsimus klientus. Pirmoje darbo dalyje atlikta išsami išorinė analizė, siekiant išnagrinėti golfo paslaugos įvedimo galimybes – apžvelgti makroaplinkos elementus, konkurentus, suskirstyti vartotojus į galimas grupes pagal vartojimo poreikius bei, svarbiausia, apžvelgti rinkos tendencijas. Kita dalis – tyrimas, kuris buvo suskirstytas į du etapus, siekiant tikslesnių rezultatų. Pirma tyrimo dalis - žvalgybinio pobūdžio kokybinis tyrimas – giluminis interviu (ekspertų apklausa) , antra dalis - kiekybinis tyrimas ( potencialių klientų apklausa). Kitoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjama, kaip reiktų pristatyti paslaugą Lietuvos visuomenei, naudojant Rogers‘o Inovacijų sklaidos modelį (1995). Svarbiausia šioje dalyje buvo išskirti Le Meridien Vilnius golfo klubo paslaugos konkurencinius pranašumus, apžvelgti paslaugos kainas, palyginti su konkurentų kainomis ir galiausiai pateikti pasiūlymai, kokias komunikacijos priemones... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this work we are trying to analyse golf service perspectives in Lithuania, attracting new and engaging existing Le Meridien Vilnius clients, also deciding what implement will be most effective. From here work purpose emerge – to find out the best ways to introduce golf servise to Lithuanian community. The main objectives of the work are: • To analyse external golf market environment in Lithuania and neighbour countries. • To do research, in order to find out golf expansion potential in Lithuania and public attitude toward this service. • After analysing research results it‘s time to explore golf perspectives in Lithuania and how to attract prospective clients. In the first part of work, there is comprehensive external analysis, on purpose to explore golf service launch potential. Also to look through macro environment elements, competitors analysis; to group consumers, by their consumption habbits and the main thing to review golf service market tendency. The next part of bachelor thesis is research, which was divided into two stages, in order to get accurate results. The first stage – qualitative research – „deep“ interview (experts interview).The second stage – quantative research (potencial clients survey). The third part of work is analysing, how the service should be introduced to Lithuanian community, using Rogers Innovation Diffusion model(1995). In this part the main thing was mark Le Meridien Vilnius golf club competitives advantages and overlook services prices... [to full text]

Organizational learning through experience has been found to be associated with enhanced firm performance. Organizational experiments are a method of experiential learning that enable organizations to learn from experience and gain context-specific knowledge of how and why to implement new knowledge. Pilot projects, a type of organizational experiment, involve making intentional, systematic efforts to gather and analyze feedback in order to accurately assess the action-outcome relationships of adopting new knowledge prior to embarking on full-scale implementation. Despite the popularity of pilot projects used to test products, programs, and services as well as reports on the outcomes of such experiments, there is a dearth of research focusing on how organizational learning occurs during organizational experiments, and on the processes and structural mechanisms of organizational experiments that contribute to organizational learning. A qualitative, multiple-case study of eight pilot projects was carried out within nursing units across five acute health care organizations during Fall 2008. Interviews were conducted with 32 individuals, including pilot project leaders, nursing program managers and direct care nurses. An inductive approach to data analysis was applied and themes identified. Results were compared to 14 propositions that were developed based on the knowledge transfer, innovation diffusion, and organizational learning literature, and which were bracketed before data analysis to allow findings to emerge from the data. The findings advance existing organizational learning, innovation diffusion, and knowledge transfer models by illuminating the complexity of organizational learning processes. Several processes and structural mechanisms of organizational experiments were found to facilitate single-loop organizational learning, leading to incremental changes to meet existing goals and objectives. Although double-loop organizational learning, which may result in fundamental changes in an organization’s assumptions, norms, policies, goals and objectives was not observed, the study revealed a number of processes and structural mechanisms that have the potential to encourage this type of learning. Studies of organizational experiments are rare. Future directions for research and theory development are suggested to build on the findings of this study. Practical implications are offered to organizations in any industry interested in realizing the potential that organizational experiments have for double-loop learning and enhanced organizational performance.