The proposal of ACTA which tried to establish new international standards for the intellectual property rights enforcement has gained extraordinary amount of attention among the academic and general public and particularly in the European Union caused many concerns and criticisms. This paper attempts to put ACTA in the broader context of the intellectual property legal framework. ACTA's foundations are described, its content discussed in detail and the most frequently mentioned deficiencies and possible risks critically evaluated.

Sexuell hälsa är betydelsefullt i alla människors liv. Personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning möter ofta barriärer som hindrar dem att uttrycka sin sexualitet. Personalen är outbildad inom området, därav använder sig av sin egen moral i bemötandet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur bemötande till sexualitet hos personer med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, hos den bedömde ser ut. Påverkas bemötandet till sexualitet av graden av intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och self-efficacy av bedömaren? Sammanlagt deltog 96 socionomstudenter och 38 boendestödjare i en vinjettstudie med experimentell mellangruppsdesign. Vinjetten varierade i två olika betingelser. Deltagare fick ta ställning med hjälp av egengjorda skalor och en self-efficacy skala. Resultatet visar positivt samband mellan self-efficacy och pedagogisk kompetens hos bedömaren. I fråga om bemötandet i relation till sexualitet och graden av intellektuell funktionsnedsättning visades ingen signifikant skillnad. Förslag på framtida forskning är att undersöka hur skillnader ser ut beroende på kön hos den bedömde.

The principle of territoriality is a truism in intellectual property (IP) law. A premise underlying the principle is the right of each state to determine the extent to which IP rights exist and are protected within its own territory to fulfil its own economic, social and cultural policy goals. This is done by giving a right to prevent others from doing within the protected territory any of the acts that are exclusively reserved to the right holder under the IP statute that granted or protects the IP right. The principle of territoriality informs that IP rights granted or protected by a state are independent from those granted or protected by other states, and that the rights conferred under each state’s IP law are limited to the territory of that state. As the principle of territoriality neatly allocated jurisdiction among states on a territorial basis, it purportedly obviated the need for private international law. Each state exercised jurisdiction over the infringement of its own rights and applied its own domestic IP law, which served the interests of the states and of the parties. With the increase in the protection and exploitation of IP rights across national borders, infringements do not remain within hermetically sealed national territories. Acts taken in one state can have effects in other states and impair the policies that the rights were designed to fulfil. This raises questions concerning the territorial scope of application of the domestic IP law, that is, whether it is interpreted with respect to a domestic tangible act, effects on a domestic policy goal or both. In addition, the transborder exploitation of IP rights raises questions of private international law with respect to whether states exercise jurisdiction and apply national law to disputes concerning infringements of their domestic rights or whether states exercise jurisdiction and apply national law to disputes arising from acts committed in their territories (or both). These determinations may depend on different factors such as the different interests taken into consideration (e.g. state or party interests), the different legal traditions upon which the legal systems are based and the characteristics and functions of the IP rights themselves. This dissertation compares the interpretation and operation of the principle of territoriality of IP law in the private law resolution of transborder IP infringement disputes in the legal systems of the European Union and the United States, two distinctly different legal systems that have significant trade and investment relations with each other. The comparison shows that while the systems are functionally similar, the principle of territoriality is interpreted and operates somewhat differently in the two legal systems.

The graduation thesis surveys present treatment of intellectual property rights and their protection in WTO. The thesis briefly characterizes WTO and describes the development of protection of intellectual property before the TRIPS agreement was concluded. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on the TRIPS agreement in detail because it is the most important instrument of protection of intellectual property rights at present. The thesis critically evaluates the regulation of particular legal institutes in TRIPS agreement and describes disputes of WTO member states in the relevant field. At the end of the thesis there is an outline of means for execution of the rights, present problems in the particular field and possible future development of the regulation.

I denna systematiska litteraturstudie ville vi undersöka modern forskning kring kommunikation och delaktighet för elever med flerfunktionsnedsättningar och intellektuella funktionshinder. Ämnet delaktighet för elever med flerfunktionsnedsättningar som ingår i grundsärskolans inriktning träningsskola är ett komplicerat ämne att bearbeta. Elevernas olika förmågor, förutsättningar och svårigheter att uttrycka sig gör det svårt att få insikt i elevernas egna uppfattningar. Konsekvensen av detta blir att personer med flera funktionsnedsättningar ofta blir exkluderade från forskningen. Syftet med studien är att sammanställa forskning som handlar om kommunikation och samspel med elever med flera funktionsnedsättningar på tidig utvecklingsnivå. För att samla in data till vår litteraturstudie gjorde vi vår artikelsökning i Stockholms universitetsbiblioteks (SUB) databas-samling och denna studie omfattar 12 artiklar som berörde vårt ämne. Våra urvalskriterier var att artiklarna skulle handla om elever med flera funktionsnedsättningar och kommunikationssvårigheter samt vara kopplade till lärande och skolmiljö. Kvalitetsgranskning och metodanalys samt resultatanalys av dessa kvantitativa artiklar har dels redovisats i tabellform, som bilaga och ett mer omfattande resultat återfinns i löpande text. Det sammanfattande resultatet visar att omgivningens värdegrund och attityder samt pedagogers förhållningssätt är avgörande för elevernas utveckling och lärande. Undervisningen måste individanpassas utifrån elevernas förmågor och förutsättningar med tillgänglig AKK samt med stöd av partners och mentorer för att skapa de bästa premisserna för samspel och kommunikation.

This thesis examines the impact upon EPO interpretation of European plant patent law of the case Carlsberg and Heineken pertaining to the granting of patents for beer grain enzyme mutations. This analysis will look at current interpretation of the patentability of plant products dependant on the classification of their production process, as well as the extent of the scope of protection granted to these plant patents. This area of law pertains to the exemption of plants from patentability within the European Patent Convention and the Biotech Directive 98/44/EC, with reference to the interpretation of this legal basis within EPO case law. Within this the definition of an ‘essentially biological process’ and the subsequent patentability of the products of these processes is crucial to evaluating why the Carlsberg and Heineken patents were granted and where there remain unanswered questions after this case as to EPO interpretation of European plant patent legislation.   From this basis, it shall be shown that the beer cases of Carlsberg and Heineken mark a turning point in the interpretation of the plant patentability exception and the scope of protection granted to these patents. Changes to legislative interpretation, the industry and economy of beer production, agriculture and the morality of food patents shall all be addressed with regard to the impact of the Carlsberg and Heineken patent decision.

Introdução - A obesidade é uma doença crônica de origem multifatorial, considerada como um dos principais problemas de saúde pública nos países desenvolvidos, que constitui fator de risco para outras doenças graves. Sua prevalência vem aumentando mundialmente e em especial, em crianças e adolescentes. Acredita-se que as principais causas estão ligadas tanto a fatores genéticos como ambientais. Objetivo - Identificar por meio do relato de pais e de equipe interdisciplinar as facilidades e as dificuldades à adesão de adolescentes obesos com deficiência intelectual e de suas famílias para cumprir programa de orientação e prevenção das complicações da obesidade. Métodos - Trata-se de estudo de coorte histórica, descritiva e quali-quantitativa com um número de 47 adolescentes obesos com deficiência intelectual, seus responsáveis e equipe interdisciplinar, que no período de 2006 a 2008, participaram de um programa de orientação e prevenção de complicações da obesidade (POPO), oferecido pela Sociedade Pestalozzi de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários, das fichas de acompanhamento do programa, dos questionários de estudo sócio-econômico e por meio de entrevistas utilizando um roteiro de questões específicas dirigidas às famílias e profissionais envolvidos no processo. Resultados - A caracterização dos adolescentes envolvidos no estudo mostrou uma prevalência da Síndrome de Down representada em 19 (40,4%) deles. Observou-se também, concentração de maior grau de obesidade com aumento da idade sendo, 63,2% estão na faixa etária de 17 a 20 anos e foram conceituados ao Grupo 3 (IMC>35). As famílias estudadas foram caracterizadas em sua grande maioria moradoras da Zona Norte SP, condições sócio-econômicas precárias com renda familiar de 1 a 2 salários mínimos e grau de escolaridade da mãe apresentando na sua grande maioria o ensino fundamental incompleto. Os profissionais que compõem a equipe interdisciplinar são na maioria absoluta do sexo feminino, atuam as áreas da medicina, psicologia e fisioterapia e apresentam experiência na área da deficiência intelectual que varia de um a 21 anos. Os resultados foram apresentados e descritos segundo dois eixos norteadores: Conclusão - A falta de locais especializados para pratica de atividades físicas, preço elevado dos alimentos sugeridos, não colaboração dos demais familiares, falta de autonomia e independência dos deficientes intelectuais e pouca freqüência às reuniões de orientações realizadas pela equipe, foram apontados como sendo os principais fatores que dificultam uma maior adesão ao programa. E quanto aos aspectos facilitadores destacou-se a comodidade do programa ser na própria instituição, a persistência da equipe e preocupação com a saúde dos filhos. / Introduction - There are many factors that contribute to the chronic disease of obesity. It is regarded as a major public health problem in developed countries. It is also a risk factor for other serious diseases. It\'s prevalence is increasing worldwide and especially in children and adolescents. It is believed that the main causes are linked to genetic and environmental factors. Objective - To identify through the report of parents and interdisciplinary teams, the facilities and the difficulties that obese adolescents with intellectual disabilities and their families have in accessing the ***Obesity Education and Prevention Program (POPO). Méthodos - It refers to a historical cohort study, that was descriptive, qualitative and quantitative. It included 47 obese adolescents with intellectual disabilities, their caregivers and the multidisciplinary team that from 2006 to 2008, participated in an ***Obesity Education and Prevention Program (POPO), offered by the Pestalozzi Society of Sao Paulo. Data was collected from medical records, the monitoring reports of the program, questionnaires from a socio-economic study and through interviews using a script of questions targeted at families and professionals involved in the process. Results - The results were presented and described according to five guiding principles: The characterization of adolescents involved in the study showed a prevalence of Down syndrome represented in 19 (40.4%) of them. The results was also indicated a greater degree of obesity with increasing age and 63.2% are between the ages of 17 and 20 years, which was representede in the Group 3 (BMI> 35). The families studied were characterized mostly living in the North Zone - SP, the socio-economic situations indicated family income between 1 to 2 minimum wages, the majority of the mothers had elementary school education and the majority of the professionals who comprise the interdisciplinary team are female. They include medical professionals, psychologists and physical therapists who have between 1-21 years of experience in the area of intellectual disabilities.Conclusion - It was determined that the main factors that render lower adherence to the program are: the lack of places to practice physical activities, the high price of food, the lack of cooperation from other family members, lack of autonomy and independence of the intellectually disabled and the infrequently meetings for feedback from the team. However, it was indicated as a facilitie, that the program was convieniently located within the institution and the team was persistent and concerned about the health of the children.

A qualidade de vida de pessoas com deficiência mental vem sendo investigada, nos últimos anos, sob a perspectiva de seus cuidadores que, na maioria das vezes, são os próprios pais. Em pesquisas e, mesmo socialmente, não é prática comum dar voz a pessoas com deficiência. Sabe-se que elas são capazes de pensar sobre seus sentimentos e de expressá-los; são capazes de trabalhar e, independentes, morar em sua própria casa, constituindo uma família. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivos: conhecer a opinião de adultos com deficiência mental leve em relação a sua qualidade de vida e a opinião dos cuidadores a esse mesmo respeito; avaliar a sobrecarga gerada na vida destes cuidadores, pelo cuidar das pessoas com deficiência. Participaram desta pesquisa 15 adultos (20 anos ou mais) com deficiência mental leve, e seus respectivos cuidadores. As pessoas com deficiência responderam a um instrumento que avalia a qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-Bref) e a uma entrevista estruturada. Os cuidadores responderam, além destes dois instrumentos, a uma escala que avalia a sobrecarga ao cuidar, a Burden Interview. Os dados provenientes das escalas de qualidade de vida e de sobrecarga foram analisados estatisticamente, conforme indicação da literatura, enquanto aqueles resultantes das entrevistas foram analisados quantitativamente e também a partir do Sistema Quantitativo-Interpretativo. Após a análise dos dados em separado, os resultados foram comparados entre si. Para ilustrar alguns detalhes de participantes que se destacaram no grupo, realizaram-se dois estudos de caso, sendo cada um com uma pessoa com deficiência mental e seu respectivo cuidador. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos a partir de todas as avaliações realizadas, obteve-se que, de maneira geral, as pessoas com deficiência apresentam-se mais satisfeitas e seus cuidadores mais insatisfeitos cada um com sua própria qualidade de vida. As pessoas com deficiência que possuem idade superior a 27 anos mostraram-se mais insatisfeitas com o domínio das relações sociais. No caso dos cuidadores, ao avaliarem a própria qualidade de vida, os índices de insatisfação com o próprio bem-estar físico estão associados à idade elevada e também ao elevado número de anos em que exerce a função de cuidar. Isto se verifica principalmente entre os cuidadores de alta renda, porém, entre aqueles de baixa renda familiar, existe uma grande satisfação com o seu bem-estar físico e com suas relações sociais. Em geral, os cuidadores não demonstraram alta sobrecarga advinda da rotina de cuidados. Ao tratarem, através das entrevistas, de assuntos relacionados com a independência, sociabilidade e sexualidade, os relatos das pessoas com deficiência e de seus cuidadores se tornam um pouco distintos, demonstrando alguns conflitos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao último tópico. Conclui-se, por fim, que as pessoas com deficiência mental são capazes de falar de suas próprias vidas e apresentam uma visão positiva das mesmas, expressando seus sentimentos e pensamentos a respeito da realidade em que vivem, de maneira bastante concreta. E ainda, seus cuidadores não se sentem sobrecarregados como os de outras populações, mas possuem dúvidas e receios que podem ser amenizados com a ajuda de profissionais da Psicologia. / The quality of life of people with intellectual disability has been investigated lately, under the view of caregivers who are their own parents most of times. That is why people with intellectual disability are often socially neglected. It is known those people are able to think about their feelings and express them; are able to work and to live in their own home independently, and to create a family. Thus, the present study aimed: to known the opinion of patients with mild intellectual disability related to their quality of life; the opinion of their caregivers about people with disability quality of life; to evaluate the burdens of taking care of people with intellectual disability. Fifteen people with mild intellectual disability participated to the study, adults (over 20 years-old) and their respective caregivers. People with disability answered to an instrument that evaluates quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref) and to an interview. Caregivers, besides answering both instruments, were submitted to a scale that evaluates the burdens of care, a Burden Interview. Data from quality of life and burden scales were statistically analyzed, while data from interviews were quantitatively analyzed and so did by Quantitative-Interpretative System. After data analysis, outcomes were compared. In order to recover some details, two cases reports with intellectual disability and their caregivers were carried out. Comparing outcomes obtained from evaluations of quality of life of people with intellectual disability and their caregivers, those people with disability are generally more satisfied with their own quality of life and those caregivers are less satisfied with the quality of life of whom they take care. People with disability over 27 years-old were more unsatisfied with socializing. Caregivers, as evaluating their own quality of life, dissatisfaction with their own physical welfare are associated to elderly and also to spending years of caretaking, mainly among those better paid. However, among those worse paid there is a high satisfaction with their physical welfare and socializing. Caregivers generally dont feel very burdened on taking care. Issues such as independence, sociability and sexuality, report from people with disability and their caregivers were quite different, showing some conflicts, principally the latter one. In conclusion, people with intellectual disability are able to talk about their own lives and present a optimistic view, expressing their feelings and thoughts about reality they live in a very concrete way. Moreover, their caregivers do not feel overburdened, but actually they have some doubts and fears that might be diminished with aid of psychologists.

Thesis advisor: Marilyn Cochran-Smith / Preparing students to participate in a democratic society means cultivating citizens who are capable of making informed, rational decisions about complex issues related to the common good. In order to do this, teachers need to provide students learning opportunities that promote critical thinking and involve in-depth examination of meaningful content. Drawing on Gutmann's (1987) theory of democratic education, this dissertation examines how beginning teachers who were prepared in a teacher education program that emphasized social justice and democratic practices think about and engage their students in this type of work. Specifically, using Newmann's (1996) framework of "authentic intellectual work" as an indicator of knowledge consistent with democratic education, this dissertation examines the extent to which the learning opportunities teachers create and the work that students produce demonstrate authentic intellectual work and examines the degree to which teachers' understandings of student learning align with authentic intellectual work. This qualitatively-oriented mixed methods study (Creswell, Plano Clark, Gutmann, & Hanson, 2003; Morse & Niehaus, 2009) used quantitative and qualitative methods concurrently to examine 11 beginning teachers' experiences during the preservice period and first two years of teaching. Using the Teacher Assessment/Pupil Learning protocol, this study draws upon quantitative methods to evaluate teachers' assessments/assignments (n=53) and students' work (n=481) on these assignments and qualitative methods to analyze interviews (n=54). Findings suggest that these beginning teachers and their students engaged in "moderate" levels of authentic intellectual work, although this varied widely. The quality of assessments was positively correlated to the quality of student learning. The degree to which teachers fostered authentic learning opportunities is complicated by teachers' beliefs about assessment and student learning and particular contextual factors such as time, accountability frameworks, classroom management, student ability, and content area. Teachers whose goals for learning aligned with authentic intellectual work were more likely to construct more authentic learning opportunities. This dissertation argues that evaluations of teacher performance and student learning must account for the quality of learning and utilize multiple measures of evaluation. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction.

Thesis advisor: Mary Ann Glynn / I examine the process of evolution for theoretical constructs in the field of organizational scholarship, leveraging the sociology of knowledge literature and empirical studies of construct development to focus my research. Prior studies suggest several key factors operating in the process--actor-oriented components, including the characteristics and strategies of scholarly actors, and situationally-oriented components of historical context and word meanings. No study, however, has assessed these factors in interaction over time. I address this gap through a historical study based primarily on archival data regarding construct usage in journal articles and scholarly books. Specifically, I explore the evolution of "cooperation" and "purpose" in organizational scholarship from 1938 through 2005. My findings contribute to elaboration of the theory of construct evolution proposed by Hirsch & Levin (1999), as I observe that a construct developing largely within a single disciplinary paradigm is marked by narrowing rather than expansion of meaning in the course of increased operationalization. Further, I find that an interdisciplinary context of evolution multiplies not just meanings but also the language used for a construct. I also document how antecedent conditions of meaning for the words "cooperation" and "purpose," as well as elements of historical context, affect the evolution process. In addition, my study extends the observations of Barley & Kunda (1992) regarding a cyclical dichotomy between rational and normative paradigms in managerial discourse, as I observe this pattern contributing to the fragmentation of language and meanings in the constructs studied. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Organization Studies.