A Computação Ubíqua (UbiComp) foi introduzida na década de 90 como a área de pesquisa que estuda a integração da tecnologia às tarefas cotidianas, com a intenção de proporcionar aos usuários a manutenção do foco em suas atividades, reduzindo a necessidade de seu envolvimento com a gerência da infraestrutura computacional. Considerando esta perspectiva de integração das tecnologias, exigindo o mínimo de participação do usuário, um dos desafios centrais de pesquisa para contemplar essa proposta da UbiComp é a Ciência de Situação. A construção do suporte à Ciência de Situação para as aplicações ubíquas envolve a representação do contexto, a coleta, o armazenamento e o processamento dos dados contextuais, bem como a identificação e disseminação das situações, de forma autônoma. Dentre as maneiras que tem sido consideradas para materializar a UbiComp, vem se destacando a Internet das Coisas (Internet of Things - IoT). Esta abordagem utiliza a Internet como principal meio para interoperação entre dispositivos computacionais. Nesse sentido, a IoT tem como premissa unir o mundo físico ao digital, preconizando a ideia do “tudo conectado”, criando assim uma rede de objetos incorporados ao ambiente de forma ubíqua. Deste modo, esta tese tem como objetivo conceber uma arquitetura para provimento de Ciência de Situação às aplicações ubíquas, na perspectiva da infraestrutura da Internet das Coisas. A arquitetura, denominada SAUI (Situation-aware Architecture for Ubiquitous applications in the Internet of things), é concebida considerando os trabalhos previamente desenvolvidos pelo grupo de pesquisa GPPD/UFRGS, particularmente o middleware EXEHDA (Execution Environment for Highly Distributed Applications) Entende-se como contribuições centrais desta tese: (i) a definição de uma abordagem híbrida para representação e processamento do contexto, visando à identificação de situações de interesse das aplicações; e (ii) a concepção de uma arquitetura distribuída, baseada em eventos e regras, visando o suporte à Ciência de Situação das aplicações ubíquas, considerando a infraestrutura provida pela IoT. As funcionalidades da Arquitetura SAUI são avaliadas através de cenários de uso nas áreas de agropecuária e saúde, sendo caracterizados os protótipos desenvolvidos, as tecnologias empregadas e os testes realizados. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com a abordagem da Arquitetura SAUI de considerar um suporte concomitante para operação distribuída, tratamento autônomo dos dados contextuais baseado em eventos e regras, e processamento híbrido do contexto, visando à identificação de situações de interesse das aplicações. / The Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) was introduced in the 90s as the area of research that studies the integration of technology in the everyday tasks, with the objective to keep the focus of the users in their activities, reducing the need of their involvement in the management of the computational infrastructure. Considering this perspective of technologies integration, requiring minimal user participation, one of the central research challenges is the situation awareness. The construction of the support to situation awareness for ubiquitous applications involves the representation of context; the acquisition, storage and processing of contextual data; and the identification and dissemination of situations, in autonomous way. Among the ways that have been considered to materialize UbiComp, has been highlighting the IoT (Internet of Things). This approach uses the Internet as the main means for interoperation between computing devices. In this sense, the IoT has the premise of join the physical and digital worlds, contemplating the idea of “everything connected”, thus creating a network of objects embedded in the environment ubiquitously. Thus, this thesis aims to design an architecture for providing situation awareness to ubiquitous applications, considering the IoT infrastructure. The architecture, called SAUI (Situation-aware Architecture for Ubiquitous applications in the Internet of things), is designed considering the work previously developed by the research group GPPD/UFRGS, particularly EXEHDA middleware (Execution Environment for Highly Distributed Applications) It is considered as central contributions of this thesis: (i) the definition of a hybrid approach for modeling and processing of context, aiming at identification of situations of interest of the applications; and (ii) the design of a distributed architecture, driven by events and rules, aiming at supporting the situation awareness of ubiquitous applications, considering an IoT infrastructure. The funcionalities of SAUI architecture are evaluated through usage scenarios in the areas of agriculture and healthcare. It was characterized the developed prototypes, the technologies used, and the tests performed. The results corroborate with the approach of SAUI architecture, which considers a concomitant support for distributed operation, autonomous handling of context based on events and rules, and hybrid processing of context, aiming at identification of situations.

<p>U okviru disertacije se ispituje način integracije Interneta stvari<br />(IS) u univerzitetske kampuse. Analizirani su postojeći dostupni<br />modeli za ocenu spremnosti organizacija za IS. Prikazani su aktuelni<br />stavovi o mogućnostima primene IS-a u kampusima. Nakon toga je<br />prikazan razvijeni model za ocenu spremnosti kampusa za primenu IS-<br />a, koji sadrži i segment za ocenu spremnosti stanara studenstkog<br />kampusa za IS. Radi testiranja modela, razvijeni su upitnici i<br />softverski alat za podršku primene modela. Razvijeni model je<br />testiran u Studentskom centru Novi Sad sa zaposlenima i stanarima<br />kampusa, nakon čega su rezultati dobijeni modelom evaluirani.</p> / <p>This dissertation discusses possibilities of Internet of Things (IoT) integration<br />in university campuses. Available existing models for assessing an<br />organization readiness for IoT are analyzed. Actual viewpoints concerning<br />possibilities of IoT application in campuses are shown. Further, developed<br />model for assessing university campus readiness assessment for IoT, which<br />also include part for campus clients IoT readiness assessment, is presented.<br />With the purpose of model testing, supporting questionnaires and software<br />tool are developed. The model is tested in Student Center Novi Sad, with<br />both employees and campus habitants, and evaluation of results was done.</p>

Alors que l’informatique en brouillard amène les ressources de traitement et de stockage à la périphérie du réseau, il existe un besoin croissant de placement automatisé (c.-à-d. La sélection de l'hôte) pour déployer des applications distribuées. Un tel placement doit être conforme aux besoins en ressources des applications dans une infrastructure de brouillard hétérogène et dynamique, et traiter la complexité apportée par les applications Internet des objets (IoT) liées aux capteurs / actionneurs. Cette thèse présente un modèle, une fonction objective et des heuristiques pour résoudre le problème de la mise en place d'applications IoT distribuées dans le brouillard. En combinant les heuristiques proposées, notre approche est capable de gérer les problèmes à grande échelle et de prendre efficacement des décisions de placement adaptées à l'objectif - en optimisant les performances des applications placées. L'approche proposée est validée par une analyse de complexité et une simulation comparative avec des tailles et des applications de tailles variables. / As fog computing brings processing and storage resources to the edge of the network, there is an increasing need of automated placement (i.e., host selection) to deploy distributed applications. Such a placement must conform to applications' resource requirements in a heterogeneous fog infrastructure, and deal with the complexity brought by Internet of Things (IoT) applications tied to sensors and actuators. This paper presents four heuristics to address the problem of placing distributed IoT applications in the fog. By combining proposed heuristics, our approach is able to deal with large scale problems, and to efficiently make placement decisions fitting the objective: minimizing placed applications' average response time. The proposed approach is validated through comparative simulation of different heuristic combinations with varying sizes of infrastructures and applications.

Heading towards the era of Internet-of-things (IoT) means both opportunity and challenge for the circuit-design community. In a system where billions of devices are equipped with the ability to sense, compute, communicate with each other and perform tasks in a coordinated manner, security and power management are among the most critical challenges. Physically unclonable function (PUF) emerges as an important security primitive in hardware-security applications; it provides an object-specific physical identifier hidden within the intrinsic device variations, which is hard to expose and reproduce by adversaries. Yet, designing a compact PUF robust to noise, temperature and voltage remains a challenge. This thesis presents a novel PUF design approach based on a pair of ultra-compact analog circuits whose output is proportional to absolute temperature. The proposed approach is demonstrated through two works: (1) an ultra-compact and robust PUF based on voltage-compensated proportional-to-absolute-temperature voltage generators that occupies 8.3× less area than the previous work with the similar robustness and twice the robustness of the previously most compact PUF design and (2) a technique to transform a 6T-SRAM array into a robust analog PUF with minimal overhead. In this work, similar circuit topology is used to transform a preexisting on-chip SRAM into a PUF, which further reduces the area in (1) with no robustness penalty. In this thesis, we also explore techniques for power management circuit design. Energy harvesting is an essential functionality in an IoT sensor node, where battery replacement is cost-prohibitive or impractical. Yet, existing energy-harvesting power management units (EH PMU) suffer from efficiency loss in the two-step voltage conversion: harvester-to-battery and battery-to-load. We propose an EH PMU architecture with hybrid energy storage, where a capacitor is introduced in addition to the battery to serve as an intermediate energy buffer to minimize the battery involvement in the system energy flow. Test-case measurements show as much as a 2.2× improvement in the end-to-end energy efficiency. In contrast, with the drastically reduced power consumption of IoT nodes that operates in the sub-threshold regime, adaptive dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) for supply-voltage margin removal, fully on-chip integration and high power conversion efficiency (PCE) are required in PMU designs. We present a PMU–load co-design based on a fully integrated switched-capacitor DC-DC converter (SC-DC) and hybrid error/replica-based regulation for a fully digital PMU control. The PMU is integrated with a neural spike processor (NSP) that achieves a record-low power consumption of 0.61 µW for 96 channels. A tunable replica circuit is added to assist the error regulation and prevent loss of regulation. With automatic energy-robustness co-optimization, the PMU can set the SC-DC’s optimal conversion ratio and switching frequency. The PMU achieves a PCE of 77.7% (72.2%) at VIN = 0.6 V (1 V) and at the NSP’s margin-free operating point.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the next phase in the evolution of the internet, where everyday objects are connected to the internet, and obtain the capacity to communicate with other devices and sense their environment. Especially the IIoT is one of the most talked about industrial business concepts since the recent years, companies try to focus on business models and operational efficiency. That is why this thesis focuses on researching the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). There is already a lot of information about the common Internet of Things but still a gap in research in the business perspective, especially surrounding the concept of business models for the IIoT. The goal of this project is to investigate different kinds of business models, how they work and how feasible they are. The need to research possible business models for an IIoT framework, as traditional business models are relevant for this study, such as the Business Model Canvas which has been proposed by Alexander Osterwalder or the Business Model Navigator by Oliver Gassmann. But there is still a lack of literature covering the business models for the IIoT. Therefore, after researching the concept of IIoT from a business perspective, I identified some useful criteria and suitable business models. With a qualitative literature study, I was able to develop an IIoT business model framework, based on the dynamics and complexity of the IIoT concept, which incorporates business strategies and provides companies with a flexible approach. The business model framework can be used in any business which is working in the industrial context. To demonstrate how the business model framework works for the IIoT, I clarified how suitable business models can improve the current business model of the very prominent and successful company Tesla. The results show how the framework of IIoT business models can be used to increase profit and work efficiently as a company. The models can also be formed to only highlight single components of an already existing business model, as it offers great flexibility, which is highly valuable in the fast evolving and innovative IIoT phenomenon.

A Internet das coisas é constituída de objetos que possuem pequenos sensores e atuadores capazes de interagir com o ambiente. Tais objetos ou coisas estão interconectados entre si e com acesso à Internet por meio de redes com e sem fio. A combinação entre os dispositivos embarcados com sensores e o acesso à Internet possibilita a comunicação dos recursos do mundo físico com o espaço cibernético, desempenhando um papel fundamental na resolução de muitos desafios encontrados na sociedade atual. Porém, a maioria das aplicações existentes são dedicadas a resolver problemas específicos utilizando tais recursos apenas em redes internas, limitando a real capacidade da Internet das Coisas. Diversos trabalhos na literatura propõem a reutilização de tais recursos em forma de serviço por meio de modelos como Dados como Serviço e Sensoriamento como Serviço. Neste contexto, em que potencialmente milhares de recursos podem transferir dados semelhantes de aplicações diferentes, a utilização de técnicas que possam selecionar recursos de forma sensível a contexto torna-se imprescindível. Nesta tese são propostos um conjunto de métodos para melhorar a relação custo-benefício na seleção de recursos em ambientes IoT, auxiliando na tomada de decisão durante a seleção dos recursos que serão ofertados como serviço. Os resultados obtidos por meio de estudos de caso, permitiram a comparação da qualidade da solução e do custo computacional das técnicas aplicadas na seleção de recursos em ambientes IoT, bem como o desenvolvimento de duas novas técnicas para a seleção de recursos, denominadas Elimination Sort e Fast Elimination Sort. / The Internet of Things is composed of objects which have small sensors and actuators capable of interacting with the environment. Such objects or things are interconnected with each other and has access to the Internet through wired and wireless networks. The combination of embedded devices with sensors and access to the Internet become it possible to communicate the resources of the physical world with the cyberspace, playing a key role in solving many challenges found in todays society. However, most existing applications solves a specific problem using its resources just for own purpose, limiting the actual ability of the Internet of Things. Several works propose the reuse of such resources through service models such as Data as Service and Sensing as a Service. In this context, where thousands of resources can transfer similar data from different applications, the use of techniques that can select these features in a context-sensitive way becomes essential. In this thesis, a set of methods to improve the cost-benefit of the process of selection of resources in IoT environments is proposed to support the decision making during resource selection that will be offered as a service. The results obtained through a case study allowed the comparison of the solution quality and the computational cost of the techniques applied for resource selection in IoT environments, as well as the development of two new techniques for the selection of resources called Elimination Sort and Fast Elimination Sort.

Les défis que l'Internet des objets posent sont à la mesure des transformations que cette technologie est susceptible d'entraîner dans notre rapport quotidien à notre environnement. Nos propres objets, et des milliards d'autres, disposeront de capacités de traitement des données et de connexion au réseau, certes limitées mais effectives. Alors, ces objets se doteront d'une dimension numérique, et deviendront accessibles d'un façon tout à fait nouvelle. Ce n'est pas seulement la promesse d'un accès original à l'objet, mais bel et bien l'avènement d'une nouvelle perception et interaction avec ce qui nous entoure. Les applications de l'Informatique ubiquitaire utiliseront majoritairement les interactions entre objets, et la somme de leurs actions/réactions offrira une véritable valeur ajoutée. Mais l'hétérogénéité des composants matériels et des réseaux empruntés freine considérablement l'essor de l'Internet des objets. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une solution effective et le cadre nécessaire à la construction de telles applications. Après avoir montré la pertinence des solutions chorégraphiées et quantifié le gain acquis sur des structures de communication arborescentes, nous présenterons D-LITe, notre framework, qui appréhende chaque objet comme étant fournisseur de services. Grâce à son approche REST assurant l'interopérabilité dans l'assortiment des composants et réseaux de l'Internet des objets, le framework D-LITe, hébergé par chaque objet (et adapté à ses contraintes), fournit un contrôle distant, aussi bien pour sa reprogrammation dynamique que les échanges avec ses partenaires. Nous poursuivrons en présentant SALT, le langage de programmation compris par D-LITe, basé sur les transducteurs à états fini. Outre son expressivité étendue aux particularités du domaine, SALT accorde un accès aux fonctionnalités de l'objet au travers d'une couche d'abstraction matérielle. Enfin, profitant de la standardisation offerte par D-LITe pour la programmation de chaque composant en particulier, une solution de composition, BeC3, va offrir un moyen efficace pour construire une application complète par assemblage des comportement distribués, tout en respectant la cohérence des interactions entre objets, par l'intermédiaire d'une abstraction des échanges et de leur modélisation. Aussi sommes-nous, par la résolution des problématiques rencontrées à chacun des différents niveaux, capables de présenter une solution simple, cohérente et fonctionnelle à même de bâtir réellement et efficacement des applications robustes pour l'Internet des objets / The challenges which the Internet of objects put are for the measure of the transformations which this technology may pull in our daily report to our environment. Our own objects, and billions of others, will have processing capacities of the data and connection to the network, certainly limited but effective. Then, these objects will be equipped with a digital dimension, and will become accessible in a completely new way. It is not only the promise of an original access to the object, but well and truly the succession of a new perception and an interaction with what what surrounds us. The applications of the ubiquitaire Computing will use mainly the interactions between objects, and the sum of their actions / reactions will offer a real added value

O crescente interesse pela caracterização de parâmetros acústicos marinhos esbarra nos poucos dispositivos eletrônicos que permitem capturar, armazenar, processar e difundir dados. Os equipamentos atuais que possibilitam obter dados referentes à vida marinha e permitem estudar as influências humanas sobre ela possuem alto custo e funcionam de forma isolada, ou seja, normalmente não há comunicação com outros dispositivos, o que dificulta a monitorização de eventos em tempo real. Sendo assim, neste trabalho são revisadas as características necessárias para estabelecer uma rede de sensores sem fio (RSSF) de alta confiabilidade, utilizando-se o conceito de Internet das Coisas (IoT). São comparados os protocolos MQTT-SN e CoAP com ferramentas de simulação e implementada uma rede de sensoriamento acústico aquático constituída de três nós sensores autônomos e um gateway usando o protocolo 6LowPAN. Também é implementada a tradução para o protocolo IPV4 no gateway, de modo que o funcionamento da rede de sensores pode ser monitorada num servidor remoto na Internet em tempo real. O desempenho da rede é avaliado com relação à autonomia energética, capacidade de memória, alcance e confiabilidade na entrega dos dados. As unidades autônomas desenvolvidas podem operar ininterruptamente, com uso de baterias, por aproximadamente 125 horas com memória de gravação de 48GB e alcance de 100m aproximadamente. Por fim, é implementado o pré-processamento dos dados sonoros visando a detecção de eventos acústicos aquáticos. / The increasing interest in the characterization of marine acoustic parameters needs electronic devices that allow capture, store, process, and diffuse data. Current equipment that provides data about the marine life and allow the study of human influences on it have high cost and work isolated, that is, without communication with other devices, which makes it difficult to monitor events in real time. Therefore, this work revises the necessary features to establish a high reliability wireless sensor network (WSN) by applying the concept of Internet of Things (IoT). The protocols MQTT-SN and CoAP are compared with simulation tools and a network is implemented to sense acoustic signals, composed by three autonomous sensor nodes and a gateway using the protocol 6LowPAN. The translation for the IPV4 protocol in the gateway is also implemented, so the operation of the sensor network can be monitored by a remote server on the Internet in real time. The performance of the network is evaluated in relation to power autonomy, memory capacity, reach and reliability. The autonomous sensor nodes can operate uninterrupted, with use of batteries, for approximately 125 hours with 48GB storage for recording and approximately 100m range. Finally, data pre-processing is implemented in order to detect aquatic acoustic events.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudir Segura.pdf: 8676891 bytes, checksum: a3e326477f3d953dcccce50dae88afa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-16 / A new era where smartphones pay bills, households, industries and buildings, industries production sensors control the flow of energy and water . Doctors can monitor health of their patients remotely, and designers can animate characters with their own movements. This new era of connections between multiple devices, receiving and sending data over the Internet is what we call the Internet of Things, English translation of The Internet of Things The objective of this study is to problematize the Internet of Things and its application under the philosophy of the Design Thinking and how the consumption paradigms are broken from that intervention. We see that in this new technological step man s participation in the process is of vital importance to the growth and application of the IoT. This is not just a case to create an interface for the user to interact. It is to create contact points for enriching the user experience and consequently a more tailored application to his need and also to list possible interdisciplinary areas studied here / Uma nova era onde celulares pagam contas, residências, indústrias e prédios, munidos e sensores controlam produção o fluxo de energia e de água até médicos monitoram a saúde de seus pacientes remotamente, e designers animam personagens com seus próprios movimentos. Essa nova era de conexões entre múltiplos dispositivos, recebendo e enviando dados pela Internet é o que chamamos de Internet das Coisas, tradução do inglês de Internet of Things. O objetivo deste trabalho é problematizar a Internet das Coisas e sua aplicação sob a filosofia do Design Thinking e de que maneira os paradigmas do consumo serão quebrados a partir dessa intervenção. Vemos que nessa nova etapa tecnológica a participação do homem no processo é de vital importância para o crescimento e aplicação da IoT. Não se trata apenas de se criar uma interface para que o usuário possa interagir. Trata-se de se criar pontos de contato para o enriquecimento da experiência do usuário e consequentemente obter uma aplicação mais adaptada a sua necessidade e ainda elencar a possível interdisciplinaridade entre as áreas aqui estudadasiplinaridade

Algumas palavras e definições comumente utilizadas quando se está falando de Software-Defined Networking, como programabilidade, flexibilidade, ou gerenciamento centralizado, parecem muito apropriadas ao contexto de um outro paradigma de rede: Internet of Things. Em redes domésticas já não é incomum a existência de dispositivos projetados para segurança, climatização, iluminação, monitoramento de saúde e algumas formas de automação que diferem entre si em diversos aspectos, como no modo de operar e de se comunicar. Lidar com este tipo de cenário, que pode diferir bastante daquilo que estamos acostumados na gerência de redes e serviços, fazendo uso dos recursos tradicionais como ferramentas e protocolos bem estabelecidos, pode ser difícil e, em alguns casos, inviável. Com o objetivo de possibilitar o monitoramento remoto de pacientes com doenças crônicas através de dispositivos de healthcare disponíveis no mercado, uma proposta de middleware foi desenvolvida em um projeto de pesquisa para contornar as limitações relacionadas à interoperabilidade, coleta de dados, gerência, segurança e privacidade encontradas nos dispositivos utilizados. O middleware foi projetado com o intuito de executar em access points instalados na casa dos pacientes. Contudo, as limitações de hardware e software do access point utilizado refletem no desenvolvimento, pois restringem o uso de linguagens de programação e recursos que poderiam agilizar e facilitar a implementação dos módulos e dos mecanismos necessários. Os contratempos encontrados no desenvolvimento motivaram a busca por alternativas, o que resultou na refatoração do middleware através de Software-Defined Networking, baseando-se em trabalhos que exploram o uso desse paradigma em redes domésticas. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a viabilidade da utilização de Software-Defined Networking no contexto de Internet of Things, mais especificamente, aplicado ao serviço de monitoramento de pacientes da proposta anterior e explorar os possíveis benefícios resultantes. Com a refatoração, a maior parte da carga de serviços da rede e do monitoramento foi distribuída entre servidores remotos dedicados, com isso os desenvolvedores podem ir além das restrições do access point e fazer uso de recursos antes não disponíveis, o que potencializa um processo de desenvolvimento mais ágil e com funcionalidades mais complexas, ampliando as possibilidades do serviço. Adicionalmente, a utilização de Software-Defined Networking proporcionou a entrega de mais de um serviço através de um único access point, escalabilidade e autonomia no gerenciamento das redes e dos dispositivos e na implantação de serviços, fazendo uso de recursos do protocolo OpenFlow, e a cooperação entre dispositivos e serviços a fim de se criar uma representação digital mais ampla do ambiente monitorado. / Some words and definitions usually employed when talking about Software-Defined Networking such as programmability, frexibility, or centralized management sound very appropriate to the context of another network paradigm: Internet of Things. The presence of devices designed for security, air conditioning, lighting, health monitoring and some other automation resources have become common in home networks; those devices may be different in many ways, such as the way they operate and communicate, between others. Dealing with this kind of scenario may differ in many ways from what we are familiar regarding networking and services management; the use of traditional management tools and protocols may be hard or even unfeasible. Aiming to enable the health monitoring of patients with chronical illnesses through using off-the-shelf healthcare devices a middleware proposal was developed in a research project to circumvent interoperability, data collecting, management, security and privacy issues found in employed devices. The middleware was designed to run on access points in the homes of the patients. Although hardware and software limitations of the used access points reflect on the development process, because they restrict the use of programming languages and resources that could be employed to expedite the implementation of necessary modules and features. Development related mishaps have motivated the search for alternatives resulting in the middleware refactoring through Software-Defined Networking, based on previous works where that paradigm is used in home networks. This work aims to verify the feasability of the employment of Software- Defined Networking in the Internet of Things context, and its resulting benefits; specifically in the health monitoring of chronic patients service from the previous proposal. After refactoring most of the network and services load was distributed among remote dedicated servers allowing developers to go beyond the limitations imposed by access points constraints, and to make use of resources not available before enabling agility to the development process; it also enables the development of more complex features expanding services possibilities. Additionally Software-Defined Networking employment provides benefits such as the delivering of more than only one service through the same access point; scalability and autonomy to the network and devices monitoring, as to the service deployment through the use of OpenFlow resources; and devices and services cooperation enabling the built of a wider digital representation of the monitored environment.