Sistemas distribuídos têm se mostrado altamente heterogêneos e dinâmicos, mudanças acontecem constantemente e rapidamente. Uma abordagem largamente adotada no desenvolvimentode sistemas distribuídos é a do desenvolvimento baseado em componentes, que permite desenvolver softwares flexíveis através da composição de componentes individuais.Mas, com a grande diversidade de modelos de componentes, cada modelo possui sua especificidade de desenvolvimento e nativamente estes não possuem interoperabilidade. O desenvolvimento de métodos de comunicação remota e o deployment distribuído são tarefas difíceis que contribuem no aumento da complexidade. Considerando toda essa complexidade, os esforços destinados ao desenvolvimento de código técnico para sistemas distribuídos são obstáculos que desencorajam desenvolvedores. Neste cenário apresentamos o HighFrame - uma solução integrada para desenvolvimento em alto nível e deployment automático que tem como propósito reduzir a complexidade do desenvolvimento de sistemas distribuídos baseados em componentes heterogêneos. Com esta solução o desenvolvedor mantém o foco de desenvolvimento no negócio da aplicação. Ele utiliza anotações e um planejador gráfico para definir componentes e a arquitetura do sistema distribuído. O HighFrame desempenha o processo de deployment automaticamente e abstrai do desenvolvedor a complexidade de modelos de componentes, métodos de comunicação remota e interoperabilidade entre componentes heterogêneos.

Reúso de software, principalmente quando apoiado por ferramentas computacionais, é uma forma de enfrentar os constantes desafios da Engenharia de Software em aumentar a produtividade e qualidade no desenvolvimento de software. Diversos ambientes de apoio ao reúso de software têm sido propostos, em sua maioria com objetivos específicos, por exemplo, repositórios de componentes, ferramentas para geração de aplicações e ferramentas para configuração de linhas de produtos. Entretanto, a integração desses ambientes é, muitas vezes, deficiente e deixada por conta do próprio desenvolvedor. Por outro lado, Sistemas-de-Sistemas (SoS) constituem uma forma de integrar sistemas independentes e seus relacionamentos, formando um todo maior que a soma das partes. Dessa forma, o SoS permite alcançar objetivos complexos que não poderiam ser facilmente alcançados individualmente pelos seus sistemas constituintes. Em um SoS, comportamentos emergentes podem surgir a qualquer momento ou terem sido previamente implementados. Por serem recentes, os conceitos de SoS ainda apresentam uma vasta gama de tópicos em aberto, entre eles sua aplicação a ambientes de reúso de software. Assim, neste trabalho, investigou-se como integrar ambientes de reúso com base nos conceitos de SoS. O SoS resultante, denominado SoS-Reúso, visa facilitar a implementação de comportamentos emergentes relacionados ao reúso de software. Com isso, pode-se potencializar a atividade de reúso, facilitando a busca por ativos reusáveis em diferentes sistemas constituintes. Para colocar em prática essa ideia, desenvolveu-se um simulador do SoS-Reúso, denominado P-SoS-Reúso. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo da usabilidade e adequação funcional do P-SoS-Reúso, a fim de obter do usuário feedbacks em relação ao seu uso. A abordagem utilizada no desenvolvimento do SoS-Reúso poderá ser adaptada futuramente para integrar outros tipos de sistemas, os quais poderiam se beneficiar da abordagem baseada em SoS. / Software reuse, specially when supported by computational tools, is a way to face the constant challenges of Software Engineering in increasing productivity and quality in software development. Several enviroments to support software reuse have been proposed, mostly for specific purposes, for example, component repositories, application generation tools, and tools for configuring product lines. However, the integration among these environments is often deficient and left to the developerss responsibility. On the other hand, Systems-of-Systems (SoS) is a way of integrating independent systems and their relationships, forming a whole greater than the sum of the parts. In this way, SoS allows us to achieve complex goals that could not be easily achieved individually by their constituent systems. In a SoS, emergent behaviors can arise at any time or have been previously implemented. Because they are recent, SoS concepts still feature a variety of open research topics, including their application to software reuse environments. Thus, in this work, we investigated how to integrate reuse environments based on SoS concepts. The resulting SoS, called SoS-Reuse, aims to facilitate the implementation of emergent behaviors related to software reuse. This allows to enhance the reuse activity, facilitating the search for reusable assets in different constituent systems. To implement this idea, it was developed a simulator of the SoS-Reuse, named P-SoS-Reuse. An qualitative study of the usability and functional adequacy of the P-SoS-Reuse was performed to obtain feedback from users regarding its use. The approach used to develop SoS-Reuse can be adapted in the future to integrate other types of systems, which could benefit from the SoS-based approach.

A interação entre instituições heterogêneas tem sido cada vez mais necessária para obter e disponibilizar informações e serviços para seus usuários internos e externos. Esta interação tem sido sustentada principalmente pelo uso das novas tecnologias da informação e comunicação. A interoperabilidade entre instituições heterogêneas garante esta interação e proporciona vários benefícios como, por exemplo, utilizar toda a plataforma legada das instituições e ainda permitir a interação entre os sistemas. Entretanto, para que esta interoperabilidade seja possível é necessária a definição de conceitos comuns que padronizam e orientam as interações entre as instituições. Através destes conceitos comuns, as instituições podem trocar informações entre si e ainda manter sua independência e as particularidades em seus sistemas internos. Em nosso trabalho, propomos um Modelo para Interoperabilidade entre Instituições Heterogêneas (MIIH). A especificação das regras de interação e, especificamente, os protocolos de interoperabilidade entre as instituições são escritas usando JamSession, que é uma plataforma para a coordenação de serviços de software heterogêneos e distribuídos. O modelo também define uma arquitetura baseada em Artefatos do Conhecimento Institucionais para lidar com as conexões com os sistemas das instituições. Estes Artefatos do Conhecimento Institucionais são baseados no conceito geral de Artefatos do Conhecimento, ou seja, \"objetos que contêm e transmitem uma representação utilizável do conhecimento\". Os Artefatos do Conhecimento Institucionais são padrões arquitetônicos recorrentes que são observados no projeto de mecanismos de interoperabilidade para conectar instituições heterogêneas e são usados como uma descrição de alto nível da arquitetura para um projeto de sistema. Eles funcionam como padrões arquiteturais pré-concebidos que norteiam e padronizam as interações e, portanto, a interoperabilidade organizacional e semântica entre as instituições. Os Artefatos do Conhecimento Institucionais são fundamentados sobre uma ontologia de conceitos relevantes para os serviços destas instituições, cujo nível de abstração pode variar, dependendo do nível de integração necessário para as instituições - quanto mais sofisticada a interação, mais detalhes devem ser representados explicitamente na ontologia. Os Artefatos do Conhecimento Institucionais implementados também se comunicam com a camada de interação com o usuário, baseada em mundos virtuais, para garantir a comunicação adequada com estes usuários. Além do modelo conceitual proposto, apresentamos como resultado deste trabalho, um exemplo de uso do MIIH no contexto das instituições relacionadas à herança cultural (museus, galerias, colecionadores, etc.). Tendo reconhecido que este contexto dos museus é importante para toda a sociedade, verificamos mais profundamente o funcionamento dos museus e suas interações entre si e com seus usuários. Identificamos neste cenário a aplicação direta de nosso projeto, uma vez que a interoperabilidade entre os museus é fundamental para o desempenho de suas funções e a interoperabilidade com seus usuários define a razão de sua existência, conforme identificamos na definição de museu apresentada pela UNESCO. Este exemplo de uso é construído seguindo a metodologia proposta neste trabalho e serve para mostrar a utilização do nosso modelo no desenvolvimento de uma aplicação concreta para uso em instituições de arte e também por seus usuários. / Heterogeneous institutions interactions have increasingly been required to obtain and provide information and services to their internal and external users. This interaction has been sustained mainly by the use of new information and communication technologies. Interoperability between heterogeneous institutions ensures this interaction and provides various benefits such as, use the legacy platforms of the institutions and still allow the interaction between their systems. However, to make this interoperability possible it is necessary to define common concepts that standardize and guide the interactions between institutions. Through these common concepts, institutions can exchange information with each other and maintain the independence and particularities in their internal systems. In our work, we propose a Model for Interoperability between Heterogeneous Institutions (MIHI). The specification of the interaction rules and specifically the protocols for interoperability between institutions are written using JamSession, which is a platform for the coordination of heterogeneous and distributed software services. The model also defines an architecture based on Institutional Knowledge Artifacts to handle the connections to the systems of the institutions. These Institutional Knowledge Artifacts are based on the general concept of Knowledge Artifacts, i.e., \"objects that convey and hold usable representation of knowledge\". The Institutional Knowledge Artifacts are recurring architectural patterns that are observed in the design of mechanisms for interoperability to connect heterogeneous institutions and are used as a high-level description of the architecture for a system design. They function as pre-designed architectural patterns that guide and standardize the interactions and therefore the organizational and semantic interoperability between institutions. The Institutional Knowledge Artifacts are based on ontology of concepts relevant to these services institutions whose level of abstraction can vary, depending on the level of integration necessary for institutions - the more sophisticated interaction, more details should be represented explicitly in the ontology. The Institutional Knowledge Artifacts implemented also communicate with the use interface layer, based on virtual worlds, to ensure proper communication with these users. Besides the proposed conceptual model, we present as a result of this work, an example of the use of MIIH in the context of institutions related to cultural heritage (museums, galleries, collectors, etc.). Having recognized that the context of museums is important for the society, we studied more deeply the operation of museums and their interactions with each other and their users. We identified in this scenario the direct application of our project, since interoperability among museums is vital to the performance of its functions and interoperability with its users define the reason for its existence, as we verified in the definition of museum presented by UNESCO. This example of use is constructed following the methodology proposed in this work and serves to show the use of our model in the development of a practical application for use in art institutions and also by its users.

La santé se digitalise et de multiples projets d’e-santé se développent. Dans le contexte des maladies rares (MR), un champ qui est devenu parmi les priorités de la stratégie de santé publique en France, l’e-santé pourrait constituer une solution pour améliorer les connaissances sur l’épidémiologie des MR. La Banque Nationale de Données Maladies Rares (BNDMR) propose de centraliser la conduite de ces études épidémiologiques pour toutes les MR et tous les patients, atteints de ces maladies, suivis dans le système de soin français. La BNDMR doit se développer au sein d’un paysage numérique dense et hétérogène. Développer l’interopérabilité de la BNDMR constitue l’objectif des travaux de cette thèse. Comment identifier les patients, incluant les fœtus ? Comment fédérer les identités des patients? Comment chainer des données pour permettre la conduite des études ? En réponse à ces questions, nous proposons une méthode universelle d’identification des patients qui respecte les contraintes de protection des données de santé. Quelles données recueillir dans la BNDMR ? Comment améliorer l’interopérabilité entre ces données et celles issues du large éventail des systèmes existants ? En réponse à ces questions, nous proposons de standardiser le recueil d’un set minimal de données pour toutes les MR. L’implémentation de standards internationaux assure un premier pas vers l’interopérabilité. Nous proposons aussi d’aller à la découverte de correspondances. Minimiser l’intervention humaine en adoptant des techniques d’alignement automatisé et rendre fiables et exploitables les résultats de ces alignements ont constitué les principales motivations de notre proposition. / The digitalization of healthcare is on and multiple e-health projects are unceasingly coming up. In the rare diseases context, a field that has become a public health policy priority in France, e-health could be a solution to improve rare diseases epidemiology and to propose a better care for patients. The national data bank for rare diseases (BNDMR) offers the centralization of these epidemiological studies conduction for all rare diseases and all affected patients followed in the French healthcare system. The BNDMR must grow in a dense and heterogeneous digital landscape. Developing the BNDMR interoperability is the objective of this thesis’ work. How to identify patients, including fetuses? How to federate patients’ identities to avoid duplicates creation? How to link patients’ data to allow studies’ conduction? In response to these questions, we propose a universal method for patients’ identification that meets the requirements of health data protection. Which data should be collected in the national data bank? How to improve and facilitate the development of interoperability between these data and those from the wide range of the existing systems? In response to these questions, we first propose the collection of a standardized minimum data set for all rare diseases. The implementation of international standards provides a first step toward interoperability. We then propose to move towards the discovery of mappings between heterogeneous data sources. Minimizing human intervention by adopting automated alignment techniques and making these alignments’ results reliable and exploitable were the main motivations of our proposal.

Die aktuelle Gesundheitsversorgung ist geprägt durch eine steigende Komplexität, die durch die Verzahnung verschiedener medizinischer Bereiche und die Nutzung immer komplexerer, technisch unterstützter Behandlungsmöglichkeiten bedingt ist. Gleichzeitig stehen Kliniken und das medizinische Fachpersonal unter einem hohen Kosten- und Zeitdruck. Für das Erreichen einer optimalen Behandlung des Patienten durch minimalinvasive und mikrochirurgische Eingriffe sind zunehmend Ansätze notwendig, die auf eine Interoperabilität verschiedener Systeme setzen und die Verwendung von zusätzlichen (semi )automatischen Unterstützungssystemen ermöglichen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Herausforderungen bei der Prozessunterstützung im Operationssaal. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf der Aktivitätserfassung und Datenspeicherung als Grundlage zur Erkennung des chirurgischen Prozesses. In einem ersten Schritt wurde ein theoretisches Vorgehensmodell für die intraoperative Prozessunterstützung auf der Basis eines geschlossenen Regelkreises entwickelt. Dabei steht der chirurgische Prozess im Zentrum. In weiteren Schritten wurden ein System zur Erfassung des aktuellen Arbeitsschrittes auf Basis der vorhandenen Videodaten (z.B. Mikroskopie, Ultraschall) sowie eine zentrale Speicherlösung für den Operationssaal entwickelt. Diese zentralen Komponenten sollen es Systemen ermöglichen, während des Eingriffs Daten an die verschiedenen Nutzer bereitzustellen und diese gleichzeitig für eine spätere Dokumentation vorzuhalten. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit werden Ansätze zum Erreichen einer Interoperabilität von Medizingeräten und IT-Systemen im Gesundheitswesen vorgestellt, da technische Systeme neben zusätzlicher Sensorik eine wertvolle Informationsquelle für die Erfassung des aktuellen Prozesses im Operationssaal darstellen. Im Rahmen der Arbeiten des Projektes OR.NET (BMBF, 2012-2016) wurde mit der IEEE 11073-SDC-Standardfamilie eine Möglichkeit zur offenen Vernetzung geschaffen. Konzeptionell integriert werden die Systeme durch eine Beschreibung von Mehrwertdiensten von der einfachen Anzeige von Geräteparametern bis hin zur Teilautomatisierung von technischen Arbeitsschritten auf Basis des Kommunikationsstandards IEEE11073-SDC. Diese wurden basierend auf dieser Basistechnologie gemeinsam mit verschiedenen Projektpartnern entwickelt und mit Klinikern und Klinikbetreibern evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse der Evaluation zeigen, dass durch eine syntaktische und semantische Interoperabilität neue, nutzbringende Funktionen umgesetzt und die Arbeit der verschiedenen Nutzergruppen im Gesundheitssystem effektiv unterstützt werden können.:Inhalt Abstract Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation für diese Arbeit 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit 2 Grundlagen der Arbeit 2.1 Aktuelle Operationssäle 2.2 Prozessunterstützung 2.2.1 Workflow und Prozessmodellierung 2.2.2 Workflow in der Medizin 2.2.3 Kontextsensitive Systeme 2.3 Klinische Anwendungsfälle im Rahmen der Arbeit 2.3.1 Intrakranielle Eingriffe am Gehirn 2.3.2 Transsphenoidale Hypophysenadenomentfernung 2.3.3 Sanierende Ohr-OP 3 Vorgehensmodell zur Prozessunterstützung 3.1 Interpretation und Action 3.2 Data analysis und Monitoring 3.3 Mögliche Herangehensweisen bei der Umsetzung einer Prozessunterstützung 4 Erfassung prozessrelevanter Daten im Operationssaal 4.1 Stand der Forschung 4.1.1 Team Assessment und Performanzüberwachung 4.1.2 OP-Dokumentation, Qualitätssicherung und Elektronische Patientenakte (EPA) 4.1.3 Workflow Recognition 4.2 Erkennung der Interaktion zwischen Medizingerät und medizinischem Personal basierend auf der Analyse von Videodaten 4.2.1 Methode 4.2.2 Evaluation 4.2.3 Diskussion 4.3 Erfassung von Informationen durch OP-Integration 4.3.1 Stand der Forschung 4.3.2 Grundlagen des Projektes OR.NET 4.3.3 Zusammenfassung 5 Datenspeicherung im Operationssaal (Surgical Data Recorder und die Erweiterungen auf Basis von OR.NET) 5.1 Surgical Data Recorder 5.1.1 Anforderungsanalyse 5.1.2 Systemkonzept 5.1.3 Evaluationsstudie 5.2 Anpassungen des Datenaufzeichnungskonzeptes im Rahmen des OR.NET-Projekts 5.3 Diskussion und Vergleich der Ansätze 6 Mehrwertdienste auf Basis einer offenen Vernetzung 6.1 Setzen von eingriffsspezifischen Informationen auf den angeschlossenen Geräten 6.2 Anzeige von Informationen im Sichtfeld des Chirurgen 6.3 Mehrwerte durch Datenintegration 6.4 Funktionen mit Nutzung von Prozessinformationen 7 Entwicklung der OP-Demonstratoren und Evaluation der implementierten Mehrwertdienste mit verschiedenen Anwendergruppen 7.1 Anforderungsanalyse für den Leipziger Demonstrator 7.2 Infrastruktur des Demonstrators 7.3 Integrationsszenarien in den Demonstratoren 7.4 Umgesetzte Mehrwertdienste im Leipziger Demonstrator 7.5 Vorgehen bei der Evaluation des Leipziger Demonstrators 7.5.1 Technische Evaluation 7.5.2 Klinische Evaluation 7.6 Ergebnisse der Evaluation 7.6.1 Technische Evaluation 7.6.2 Klinische Evaluation 7.7 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 8 Ausblick auf Weiterentwicklungen der offenen Vernetzung im Operationssaal 9 Zusammenfassung 10 Literatur 11 Anhang 11.1 Modellierung der sanierenden Ohr-OP als EPK inkl. möglicher Vernetzungsszenarien 11.2 Übersicht der umgesetzten Use-Cases im Leipziger Demonstrator 136 11.3 Fragenkatalog OP-Personal 11.4 Fragebogen Betreiber 12 Eigenständigkeitserklärung 13 Eigene Literatur 14 Danksagung

Informatics is a deep area of science with having information system as well as technology, and in recent times, Information technology organizations cannot exist without a functioning information system. It facilitates and promote the information flow within an organization, at all levels, particularly it allows set of data to reach the right persons, in the right format, and at the right time, generating a positive and beneficial contribution to the organization. The world has become a global village where every nation including Nigeria is striving to attain a high level of electronic governance to bring about inclusiveness, effectiveness, integration, and accountability. Which is why this thesis aims to examine the role of management information systems in enhancing interoperability between e-governance systems in Nigeria.  Interpretive qualitative research was carried out to examine the practices and performance of management information systems in Galaxy backbone in Nigeria to examine how it can be better enhanced interoperability within the organization. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and Focus group discussions and was analysed thematically to generate four themes. The findings were discussed in relation to the research questions and previous literature and were discussed with the use of Resource-based theory.  The result of the findings reveals that management information system important to enhance interoperability in the organization and it will go a long way bring about an integrative nature of information flow within the organization, it will change the physical and manual way processes to accommodate internal networks and departmental integrated systems. For a functional management information system, resources like Information communication technology infrastructure, skills, human resources must be available for effective interoperability. this shows that, management information systems will enhance interoperability between government systems and initiatives to make the government more open to citizen participation and involvement and be a tool for better governance. Management information systems will allow governments, through their departments and ministries, to easily generate, analyse, share, disseminate and manipulate information.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire proposent une nouvelle méthode d'optimisation globale dénommée MPSO-SA. Cette méthode hybride est le résultat d'un couplage d'une variante d'algorithme par Essaim de particules nommé MPSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) avec la méthode du recuit simulé nommé SA (Simulted Annealing). Les méthodes stochastiques ont connu une progression considérable pour la résolution de problèmes d'optimisation. Parmi ces méthodes, il y a la méthode Essaim de particules (PSO° qui est développée par [Eberhart et Kennedy (1995)]. Quant à la méthode recuit simulé (SA), elle provient du processus physique qui consiste à ordonner les atomes d'un cristal afin de former une structure cristalline parfaite. Pour illustrer les performances de la méthode MPSO-SA proposée, une comparaison avec MPSO et SA est effectuée sur des fonctions tests connues dans la littérature. La métode MPSO-SA est utilisée pour la résolution des problèmes réels interopérabilité des systèmes d'information, ainsi qu'aux problèmes d'optimisation et de fiabilité des structures mécaniques. / The work presented in this PhD thesis contibutes to a new method for a modified particle swarm optimization algorith (MPSO) combined with a simulating annealing algorithm (SA). MPSO is known as an efficient approach with a high performance of solving optimization problems in many research fields. It is a population intelligence algorithm [Eberhart et Kennedy (1995)] inspired by social behavior simulations of bird flocking. Considerable research work on classical method PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) has been done to improve the performance of this method. Therefore, the propose hybrid optimization algorithms MPSOSA use the combination of MPSO and simulating annealing SA. This method has the avantage to provide best results comparing with all heuristics methods PSO and SA. In this matter, a benchmark of eighteen well-known functions is given. These functions present different situations of finding the global minimum with gradual difficulties. Numerical results presented, in this paper, show the robustness of the MPSOSA algorithm. Numerical comparisons with three algorithms namely, Simulating Annealing, Modified Particle swarm optimization and MPSO-SA show that hybrid algorithm offers better results. This method (MPSO-SA) treats a wide range of optimization problems, in information systems interoperability and in structural optimization field.

Nowadays there are powerful tools for Domain-Specific Modeling. An ongoing problem is the insuffcient tool interoperability which complicates the development of complete tool chains or the re-use of existing metamodels, models, and model operations. In this paper we present the approach of M3-Level-Based Bridges and apply this approach to enable the interoperability between two selected tools. The first tool is MetaEdit+ with strengths in (meta)modeling and the second tool is the Eclipse Modeling Framework with advantages in model processing by transformation and generation tools.

The multi-domain operations are vaguely defined and there are a variety of interpretations. In general terms, multi-domain can be described as a means of communication between different joint forces such as land, water, air, cyber, and space. In multi-domain operations, the focus is on how those domains can integrate using technologies, methods, and planning.  By interviewing individuals with long experience in both the British and Swedish Armed Forces and conducting a literature study, the focus has been on understanding how multi-domain operations as a concept are understood, interpreted, and implemented in the respective nation’s operations today regarding the technology and organizational structure.   The results were compared with frameworks such as Federated Mission Networking (FMN) and Level of Information Systems Interoperability (LISI). The analysis shows that both the Swedish and British Armed Forces need greater interoperability. In order to have a better ability to cooperate within their forces, a more agile approach to the organization is needed that takes advantage of information and communication technologies. This can be achieved by managing different protocols through the different layers and models and by introducing a cloud service that functions as a cloud service function where the information flow is fast and easily accessible, independent of the domain.

eHealth is an emerging area that boosts up with advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Due to variety of eHealth solutions developed by different IT firms with no proper shared standards, interoperability issue is then raised. Blekinge County healthcare organizations use two different systems MAGNA CURA and SYStem Cross. The two systems work well in their own scope. But these systems often need to communicate and coordinate for exchange of patients’ information which leads to the problem of interoperability. The aim of this research study is to provide fast and reliable peer-to-peer solution for exchange of patient information so as to achieve interoperability among healthcare organizations. This proposed solution is tested as a middleware between MAGNA CURA and SYStem Cross currently used by Blekinge County healthcare organizations. A qualitative approach including in-depth literature review and a semi-structured face-to-face interview has been used for understanding the context of research problem. We have tested our approach through an executable prototype. The prototype is implemented using JXTA platform. We have learned that Blekinge healthcare is decentralized and heterogonous in nature. For such kind of environment, peer-to-peer communication approach is suggested. According to the test result, the suggested syntactic level interoperability between the two mentioned systems has been achieved.