Kurs: Examensarbete i logistik för Civilekonomprogramet, 4FE05E, VT14 Författare: Christian Sjöström och Joel Cederberg   Handledare: Linnéuniversitetet: Åsa Gustavsson                        VCE i Braås: Cecilia Ekstrand och Carl Sigfridsson   Examinator: Helena Forslund   Titel: En studie om kvalitetsbrister samt förslag till förbättring av godshanteringsprocessen på VCE i Braås   Bakgrund: Företag har skiftat fokus från priskonkurrens till fokus på kvalitet och leveransförmåga. Kvalitet är en nyckelfaktor för att kunna tillfredsställa kunden, skapa lönsamhet i företaget och skapa ekonomisk tillväxt. Om processer som finns för att tillfredställa kunden innehåller kvalitetsbrister orsakar det problem för hela företaget. Det är av vikt att effektivisera processerna som finns i företag genom verktyg som processkartläggning för att motverka kvalitetsbristerna.   Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att, genom en kartläggning av godshanteringsprocessen från godsregistreringen till intern kund, identifiera kvalitetsbrister samt orsaker till dessa i processen samt föreslå åtgärder för minimering av dessa kvalitetsbrister.   Metod: Studien är deduktiv och följer ett positivistiskt synsätt och empiri har samlats in genom en kvalitativ fallstudie där observationer, ostrukturerade och semi-strukturerade intervjuer har använts. Den teoretiska datainsamlingen har gjorts genom databaser och litteratur från Linnéuniversitetes universitetsbibliotek. Urvalsmetodiken som har använts följer bekvämlighetsurval och genom det även ett snöbollsurval.     Slutsatser: Godshanteringsprocessen har kartlaggts från godsregistreringen till intern kund och har delats upp i tre olika processkartor för att minska komplexiteten. Kvalitetsbrister har identifierats genom hela godshanteringsprocessen och dessa kan observeras genom tabeller och i processkartorna. Förbättringsförslag av både icke-teknisk och teknisk art har föreslagits för att minimera kvalitetsbristerna.

First part is an introduction into this thema, followed with second part, which clarifies (describes) the whole process from receiving the demand through part development till serial production approval. Third part describes the claim procedure, including all methods, used for solving the problems and followed with short analyse of production centres activities and sorting the claims by causer. All claims are given factors, which may cause claim occurence. Every factor is given by specific importance (weight) and the achieved data are evaluated. In final part I suggest the corrective actions.

This thesis has analyzed the design process within the Lean Manufacturing Equipment (LME) department of Virtual Manufacturing AB. This department offers customized solutions to improve the flow, processes, and ergonomics in internal logistics and material handling. The work incorporates scientific theories within Lean, such as Just-in-Time, Kaizen, and Jidoka. Additionally, theories on lean waste were also utilized.By examining an LME-project conducted in the summer of 2023, where several problems arose, a root cause analysis was performed. This was done by first identifying the responsibilities of the designers in the LME-process. Subsequently, an Ishikawa-diagram was created, focusing on the involvement of the designers. Finally, three areas of causation were selected and analyzed more thoroughly using the "5 Whys?" Method.The result of this method provided solutions in the form of three improvement suggestions, which are: • Automated tool for wheel selection.• Standardization of categorization of Karakuri products.• Improvement of documentation for revisions.These improvement suggestions were analyzed from a Lean perspective as well as their social, economic, and environmental sustainability. / Detta examensarbete har analyserat konstruktionsprocessen inom Virtual Manufacturing AB:savdelning Lean Manufacturing Equipment (LME). Denna avdelning erbjuder kundanpassade lösningar för att förbättra flödet, processer och ergonomin inom internlogistik och materialhantering. Detta arbete omfamnar vetenskaplig teori inom Lean så som Just-in-Time, Kaizen och Jidoka. Utöver detta nyttjades även teori om lean-slöserier.Genom att undersöka ett LME-projekt som genomfördes sommaren 2023 där flertalet problem uppstod gjordes en rotorsaksanalys. Detta gjordes genom att först konstatera konstruktörernas ansvar i LME-processen. Vidare skapades ett Ishikawa-diagram som sedan avgränsades till konstruktörernas involvering. Slutligen valdes tre orsaksområden som analyserades mer noggrant med hjälp av metoden “5 Varför?”.Resultatet av denna metod gav lösningar i form av tre förbättringsförslag, vilka är:• Automatiserat hjälpmedel för val av hjul.• Standardisering av kategorisering av Karakuri-produkter.• Förbättring av dokumenteringen av revisioner.Dessa förbättringsförslag analyserades från ett lean-perspektiv samt deras sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga hållbarhet.

A cell’s interaction with its extracellular environment is critical to tissue structure and function. This work investigates the effect of substrate topography on selective cell adhesion and morphology. Alterations in cell response to micro- and nanoscale signals and cues can cause changes in downstream functions of proteins and complexes such as invasive and metastatic motility of malignant tumour cells and the differentiation direction of stem cells. Biomaterial surfaces can be modified to provide different chemical and topographical cues and encourage controlled cell-substrate interaction. At the protein level, template substrates have shown and increased affinity for selective binding of the imprinted antigen or antibody. Topography of a cell’s microenvironment may be replicated as a permanent polymer mould by bioimprinting technology, which was developed at University of Canterbury. The resulting high resolution methacrylate polymer samples have been used for imaging and analysis, but have not previously been investigated as cell culture substrates. This work investigates the effect of bioimprint and photolithographic substrate patterning on cell behaviour in culture. Optimisation of a methacrylate co-polymer resulted in a 6:3:1 ethylene glycol dimethacrylate: methacrylic acid: photoinitiator polymer mixture cured by 240 seconds of UV exposure. The polymer was used to replicate cell membrane features into a permanent polymer mould [a bioimprint]. The resulting high resolution methacrylate bioimprints were cleaned and sterilised for use as a secondary cell culture substrate. Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells were cultured on bioimprinted methacrylate polymer substrates. Preliminary results showed preferential cell adhesion to bioimprinted areas over flat areas and also showed three dimensional spheroid growth instead of lateral two dimensional monolayer spreading. At higher seeding densities, preferential adhesion was similarly noted as well as peeling artefacts of shear stresses and cell size variation on flat methacrylate substrate regions. Fluorescent imaging and cell culture stencilling highlighted the association of secondary cells with bioimprint substrate features. To determine whether preferential cell adhesion effects were due to bioimprint features or general topography modification, secondary cancer cells were cultured on comparable photolithographically-defined, geometrically-patterned substrates. Methods for transferring regular pattern arrays into methacrylate polymer substrates were developed. No organisation or preferential adhesion effects were observed in association with pillar and hole patterns between 5-30 µm. However, artefact incidence in methacrylate polymer replication techniques led to development and adaptation of polystyrene patterning techniques. Experimental analysis of substrate-dependent effects on cell culture adhesion and organisation was extended to a non-cancerous cell line model. C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells were chosen for these investigations because of their ability to differentiate further, into myocytes or myofibrils. C2C12 myoblasts seeded on common cell culture substrates showed a notable morphology variation and extent of differentiation between cells grown on tissue culture polystyrene [TCPS] and polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS]. Myoblasts were plated on geometrically-patterned polystyrene and PDMS substrates. Significant alignment to grated pattern features was observed on both substrate types, before and after driven differentiation. Peeling artefacts of confluent tissue-like culture from PDMS surfaces which were observed were unreported previously in literature. The results reported in this thesis provide a foundation for potential research and commercial application for surface modification methods. The biomimetic topography provided by bioimprinted substrates can be used to identify and investigate cell activities, including for example the mechanisms of cell adhesion and separation in metastatic and invasive cancer research. Altering the material of the bioimprinted substrates may attune substrate topographies as scaffolds to direct specific stem cell differentiation for regenerative tissue engineering applications.

<p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong><em> </em></p><p>Detta examensarbete inom produkt- och processutveckling har genomförts på uppdrag av SMS Smart Media Solutions AB i Stockholm. Syftet med arbetet har varit att ta fram och utveckla ett stativ som ska kunna hålla upp till 4 stycken datorskärmar och som tillåter ergonomisk anpassning och användning. Under projektets gång har antalet skärmar utökats från 4 till 8 för att tillmötesgå uppkomna kund- och marknadskrav. Målet med examensarbetet har varit att ta fram en färdig prototyp som ska kunna ligga till grund för tillverkning av stativet.</p><p>Under utvecklingsarbetet har verktyg som QFD, funktionsanalys, Ishikawa-diagram, Pugh’s jämförelsematris och FMEA använts för att säkerställa att kund-, marknads-, kvalitets och funktionskrav uppfylls. Arbetet inleddes med en idégeneringsfas som utmynnade i ett antal olika koncept. Koncepten utvärderades utifrån kravspecifikation, funktion, antal standardkomponenter och pris. Konceptet som ansågs starkast utvecklades till en prototyp vilken i sin tur testades och utvärderades.</p><p>Resultatet av examensarbetet är att det utvecklade stativet är infört i SMS Smart Media Solutions’ produktportfolio och kommer att finnas med i SMS’ produktkatalog för 2010. Stativet motsvarar alla krav som satts upp i kravspecifikationen och alla problemen som definierats i problemformuleringen har lösts.</p><p> </p> / <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>This thesis in product and process development has been made in cooperation with SMS Smart Media Solutions AB in Stockholm. The aim of the thesis has been to develop a new display bracket that can carry up to 4 monitors and that allows ergonomically adjustments and usage. During the project the amount of maximum monitors has been changed from 4 to 8 to meet the demand of the customers and the market. The goal of the thesis has been to develop a prototype that would be the ground of the future bracket that will be offered in SMS Smart Media Solutions’ product portfolio.</p><p>To make sure that the developed bracket meets all the demands and criteria, tools like QFD, analysis of function, Ishikawa diagram, Pugh’s matrix and FMEA have been used. The process of the product development started with brainstorming and concept generation. The developed concepts were evaluated using analysis of requirements, costs, functions and the amount of used standard components. The winning concept was carried on into a prototype that was tested, evaluated and improved.</p><p>The result of the thesis is that the developed bracket has been integrated to SMS Smart Media Solutions’ product portfolio and will be added to SMS’ product catalogue for 2010. The final bracket met all the criterions that were set in the specification of requirements and all the problems form the problem statement were solved.</p>

Sammanfattning Detta examensarbete inom produkt- och processutveckling har genomförts på uppdrag av SMS Smart Media Solutions AB i Stockholm. Syftet med arbetet har varit att ta fram och utveckla ett stativ som ska kunna hålla upp till 4 stycken datorskärmar och som tillåter ergonomisk anpassning och användning. Under projektets gång har antalet skärmar utökats från 4 till 8 för att tillmötesgå uppkomna kund- och marknadskrav. Målet med examensarbetet har varit att ta fram en färdig prototyp som ska kunna ligga till grund för tillverkning av stativet. Under utvecklingsarbetet har verktyg som QFD, funktionsanalys, Ishikawa-diagram, Pugh’s jämförelsematris och FMEA använts för att säkerställa att kund-, marknads-, kvalitets och funktionskrav uppfylls. Arbetet inleddes med en idégeneringsfas som utmynnade i ett antal olika koncept. Koncepten utvärderades utifrån kravspecifikation, funktion, antal standardkomponenter och pris. Konceptet som ansågs starkast utvecklades till en prototyp vilken i sin tur testades och utvärderades. Resultatet av examensarbetet är att det utvecklade stativet är infört i SMS Smart Media Solutions’ produktportfolio och kommer att finnas med i SMS’ produktkatalog för 2010. Stativet motsvarar alla krav som satts upp i kravspecifikationen och alla problemen som definierats i problemformuleringen har lösts. / Abstract This thesis in product and process development has been made in cooperation with SMS Smart Media Solutions AB in Stockholm. The aim of the thesis has been to develop a new display bracket that can carry up to 4 monitors and that allows ergonomically adjustments and usage. During the project the amount of maximum monitors has been changed from 4 to 8 to meet the demand of the customers and the market. The goal of the thesis has been to develop a prototype that would be the ground of the future bracket that will be offered in SMS Smart Media Solutions’ product portfolio. To make sure that the developed bracket meets all the demands and criteria, tools like QFD, analysis of function, Ishikawa diagram, Pugh’s matrix and FMEA have been used. The process of the product development started with brainstorming and concept generation. The developed concepts were evaluated using analysis of requirements, costs, functions and the amount of used standard components. The winning concept was carried on into a prototype that was tested, evaluated and improved. The result of the thesis is that the developed bracket has been integrated to SMS Smart Media Solutions’ product portfolio and will be added to SMS’ product catalogue for 2010. The final bracket met all the criterions that were set in the specification of requirements and all the problems form the problem statement were solved.

Bakgrund: Intresset för processer och framförallt utveckling eller förbättring av processer har på senare år ökat. Detta kan ha sin grund i att många företag har behållit föråldrade rutiner och processteg samtidigt som verksamheten utvecklats, något som resulterat i onödigt komplexa processer som påverkat företags ekonomiska och praktiska prestationer. En annan orsak kan vara att företagsklimatet blivit allt tuffare. En process som under senare år fått ökat intresse inom företagvärlden samt kommer sätta stor prägel på denna uppsats är materialanskaffningsprocessen. Materialanskaffning beskrivs som en process innefattande samtliga de aktiviteter som krävs för att säkerställa att material tillförs en organisation. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är inledningsvis att kartlägga samt identifiera brister i Holtabs materialanskaffningsprocess. Vidare är syftet att komma med eventuella förslag till hur Holtab kan reducera kvalitetsbristerna i materialanskaffningsprocessen för att på så sätt minska företagets kvalitetsbristkostnader. Metod: Denna uppsats är en fallstudie på Holtab AB. Studiens metod är i huvudsak kvalitativ med kvantitativa inslag. Uppsatsen har vidtagit en deduktiv forskningsansats med ett positivistiskt synsätt. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom semi-strukturerade och ostrukturerade intervjuer samt en kvalitetscirkel. Vidare har uppsatsens teoretiska referensram baseras på litterära källor samt vetenskapliga artiklar. Slutsatser: Holtabs materialanskaffningsprocess har beskrivits genom en processkartläggning. Vidare har författarna identifierat materialanskaffningsprocessens kvalitetsbristkostnader samt dess orsaker. Avslutningsvis har författarna tillsammans med medarbetare på Holtab AB tagit fram förbättringsförslag till de brister som identifierats. / Background: In the recent years, the interest of processes and especially the development or improvement of processes has increased. This may be because many companies have kept obsolete routines and process steps while the businesses have developed. As a result the processes have become unnecessarily complex and affect the companies’ financial and operational performance. Another reason may be that the business environment has become tougher. A process that in the recent years has received an increased interest in the business world and will put its mark on this essay is the material procurement process. Material procurement is described as a process including all activities necessary to ensure that all the required material is supplied to an organization.  Purpose: The purpose of this essay is initially the map and identifies poor quality in Holtabs material procurement process. Further the purpose is to present suggestions on how Holtab can reduce their poor quality in order to reduce the company’s cost of poor quality. Method: The following essay is a case study on Holtab AB. The study is mainly performed in the form of a qualitative study which is supplemented by some quantitative elements. The study emanated from a deductive standpoint with a positivistic approach. The empirical data were collected by the usage of semi-structured and unstructured interviews as well as a quality circle. Further the theoretical framework was collected by literature and scientific articles.   Conclusions: Holtabs material procurement process have been defined and mapped through process mapping. Furthermore have the authors identified cost of quality deficiencies and the causes behind said deficiencies. Finally the authors have derived and presented suggestions for improving Holtabs material procurement process by reducing the quality deficiencies and therefore the related costs.

At ABB’s high voltage cable factory in Karlskrona, there is a line production that is regarded as a bottleneck. The production rate at this workplace as well as the large variations of setups has created two major problems. The first problem is that it has become difficult for the planning department to determine the lead times for delivery to the customers. The other problem is that the long setup times has made this line production the bottleneck of the whole production. The factory at ABB HVC includes a number of line productions, where each line has their own purpose and value adding processes. The armoring line AR50 that this project has the focus to improve has the last value adding processes for the factory’s main product. The factory’s main product is the Cross-Linked Polyethylene cable, shortened XLPE. There are several different advantages with the XLPE-cable system. First of all they are maintenance-free and environmentally friendly. The main reason that the XLPE-cable is environmentally friendly is because it have low electrical losses. Since the submarine cables are underground the cables are invisible and not effected by weather conditions. This project implements the method SMED as well as various methods from the LEAN transcript in order to reduce the setup times and create a more stable and effficient production. An Ishikawa diagram were used in order to determine the root causes of the problems. Later both technical and management solutions were proposed and implemented. The project has concluded impressive results regarding setup time reduction and annual cost savings. It also enlightens the large potential for further improvement. This project will be continued during the year of 2014 in order to implement the proposed solutions. The future improvements are not just technical but also related to management and group dynamics.

The purpose of this thesis was to review and investigate processes by analyzing what impact logistics and handling had on the transportation units, with the goal of proposing a solution strategy for how to prevent and reduce the breakage of these units. By creating and applying standards and guidelines, specified in this thesis there is the opportunity to greatly reduce: cost of costumer claims, ecological impact and risk of injuries. To achieve this: mapping of the processes and locating risk factors, archival studies, literature, Ishikawa mapping, a case study and interviews were performed. With the methods used, two main problem areas were found and investigated. Analyzing these two problem areas lead to the recommendations of standards and application of Standardized work. / Syftet med det genomförda examensarbetet var att undersöka och analysera vilka effekter logistik och hantering haft på hållfastheten av lastningsbärare för att ta fram ett lösningsförslag på hur brott kan förebyggas. Från införda standarder och riktlinjer, presenterade i det här examensarbetet kan reklamationskostnader, ekologiska kostnader och skaderisker kraftigt minimeras. Processkartläggning och risk sökning, Arkiv- och litteraturstudier, Ishikawa- kartläggning, fallstudie och intervjuer genomfördes och användes för att få fram resultatet. Med de använda metoderna kunde två problemområden hittas och undersökas. Analysering av dessa problemområden ledde till en rekommendation om applicering av standardiserat arbete.

This thesis deals with the analysis of assembly lines and improve of individual assembly processes to achieve the minimum number of discordant products . It consists of four parts - the first part of this labour deals with general information about the methods of quality control , which are beeing designed to improve actively used . The second part is devoted to the analysis of assembly lines in the company with regard to the financial value of discordant products that are on the line depreciated. Based on the results of determining the most critical line, which is then subjected to a thorough investigation. The third section focuses on selected critical line, you can find here a detailed analysis of discordant products and here is beeing established the root, that causes defects . Based on the information is beeing designed improvement and its application to the assembly line. The fourth section deals with a brief summary of all applicable suggestions for improvement and evaluation of their effectiveness.