The set of the drivers of personal cars that died during the traffic accidents in 1998-2006 was analyzed. Through the analyses was revealed that the risk of the dead of the driver with alcoholaemia higher than 0,2 g/kg during the traffic accident was more than 22times higher than risk of the sober driver.

The main goal of this diploma thesis "IT systems reliability analysis" is to analyse and suggest the best PC component seller according to criterion of minimum costs for guarantee services. Theoretical part deals with general importance of technical systems reliability and brings methodological basis for reliability analysis and describes methods and ways how to increase reliability in practise. Following part is focused on identification computer most critical component through Failure Tree Analysis method and modelling its failure-free time by using Weibull analysis. On the base of maintenance costs analysis was chosen the most appropriate distributor.

Améliorer la durée de vie est un enjeu important qui s'impose lors du déploiement des réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCsFs). En effet, ces réseaux sont composés par des capteurs autonomes alimentés par des batteries qu'il est difficile de recharger ou remplacer. Le challenge est donc d'assurer le fonctionnement de ces réseaux pendant plusieurs années sans aucune intervention extérieure majeure.Afin de maximiser la durée de vie des RCsFs, nous avons d'abord exploré la possibilité d'introduire plusieurs puits mobiles. Nous avons proposé deux stratégies. La première détermine les positions optimales sur un réseau de petite échelle et la deuxième, basée sur une heuristique, garantit le passage à l'échelle.Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux RCsFs basés sur IPv6 qui utilisent RPL, le nouveau protocole de routage proposé par l'IETF. Nous avons étudié ce protocole, étendu ses capacités pour gérer des puits mobiles et proposé une stratégie de mobilité des puits adaptée permettant de prolonger la durée de vie du réseau.Puis, nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche qui applique le codage de Slepian-Wolf sur les adresses émises dans les RCsFs. L'idée consiste à exploiter la corrélation des adresses garantie par un schéma approprié d'allocation afin de réduire le nombre de bits d'entête transmis au puits et d'améliorer ainsi la durée de vie du réseau.Finalement, nous avons proposé une infrastructure IPv6 hybride pour bâtiments intelligents qui combine les avantages des technologies sans fil et courants porteurs en ligne afin d'améliorer la durée de vie du réseau, sa connectivité et sa robustesse à faible surcoût. / Improving the network lifetime is a very challenging problem that needs to be taken into account during the deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Indeed, these networks are composed of many autonomous sensors with a limited energy supply provided by batteries which are usually difficult to recharge or replace. The scientific challenge is to ensure the operation of these networks for several years without major external intervention. To maximize the lifetime of WSNs, we first explored the possibility of introducing multiple mobile sinks. We proposed two mobility strategies. The first one provides the optimal placement in a network of small scale. The second one is based on an heuristic algorithm that ensures scalability.We were then interested in IPv6 based WSNs which use the new proposed routing protocol by IETF namely RPL. We studied this protocol, extended its capacity to manage mobile sinks andproposed an appropriate sinks mobility strategy that extends the network lifetime.Next, we proposed a novel approach which consists in applying Slepian-Wolf coding to emitted addresses in WSNs. The basic idea is to exploit the addresses correlation, guaranteed by an appropriate addresses allocation scheme, in order to reduce the header size of packets transmitted to the sink and thus improve the network lifetime.Finally, we proposed an hybrid IPv6 infrastructure for smart buildings which combines the wireless and power line technologies to guarantee energy efficiency and a longer network lifetime.

Na busca da área de marketing, pela métrica adequada para a empresa com a gestão centrada no cliente, o valor do cliente (customer equity) é a abordagem que tem despertado mais interesse por parte da academia e dos executivos – um campo promissor, que possibilita a ligação das ações de marketing com o valor da empresa. Sob essa perspectiva, os clientes são ativos da empresa com capacidade de gerar fluxos de caixa futuros. A avaliação do valor do cliente (customer equity) permite o acesso aos ativos intangíveis da empresa, além de propiciar uma gestão mais eficiente da área de marketing. Desta forma, esta dissertação testa a força da relação entre o valor do cliente e o valor de mercado da empresa, através da aplicação de dois modelos de valor do cliente (customer equity): o estático e dinâmico proposto por Gupta, Lehmann e Stuart (2004).Para tanto, foi conduzido um estudo longitudinal com dados secundários de empresas do setor de comunicação do mercado brasileiro. Como resultado, foi comprovado o forte poder de associação entre o valor do cliente (customer equity) e o valor de mercado da empresa. Outrossim, são analisadas as relações com os demais ativos da empresa e a capacidade de predição do valor do cliente (customer equity). Os resultados obtidos são discutidos, bem como as implicações gerenciais e recomendações para pesquisas futuras. / The search in the marketing field for an adequate metric for customer-centric companies, the customer equity is the approach that has brought the most interest by academics and executives. A promising field that makes possible links between marketing actions and the value of a company. Under this perspective, customers are company’s assets with the capability of generating future cash flows. The evaluation of customer equity not only permits access to intangibles assets of the company but also provides a more efficient way to manage a marketing area. This dissertation tests the strength of the relationship between customer equity and the market value of a company by applying two models to valuate customer equity: static and dynamic proposed by Gupta, Lehmann and Stuart (2004). For that, it was conducted a longitudinal study with secondary data from communication corporations in Brazil. The result showed a high correlation between customer equity and the market value of corporations. It was also analyzed the relationship with the other assets of the company and the capability of predicting the value of customer equity. The findings are being discussed as well as the managerial implications and recommendations for future research.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A evoluÃÃo no desenvolvimento de novos dispositivos, cada vez mais baratos e eficientes, expandiu o uso das Redes Sensores Sem Fio (RSSF) e incentivou a criaÃÃo de novas aplicaÃÃes, no cenÃrio contemporÃneo da ComputaÃÃo UbÃqua e Pervasiva. No entanto, a limitaÃÃo de energia continua sendo um desafio na Ãrea de RSSF. Essa situaÃÃo à agravada ainda mais pela a inviabilidade de recarga de energia jà que, em muitos casos, as RSSF sÃo utilizadas em ambientes inacessÃveis. Com o barateamento dos dispositivos utilizados nas RSSFs, ficou mais fÃcil empregar redes muito densas e de larga escala nos ambientes a serem monitorados. O emprego de redes densas, que apresentam alto grau de redundÃncia dos nÃs, permite que a rede continue funcional mesmo com a exaustÃo de alguns nÃs. AlÃm de oferecer tolerÃncia a falhas, o uso de redes muito densas oferece a oportunidade da implementaÃÃo de mecanismos de escalonamento dos nÃs redundantes, de forma que o tempo de vida da rede seja ainda melhor otimizado. Assumindo um cenÃrio com rede muito densas, este trabalho descreve a implementaÃÃo de um mecanismo de escalonamento autonÃmico, simples, robusto e escalÃvel, com o objetivo de melhorar ainda mais os resultados jà apresentados pelo BiO4SeL, um protocolo de roteamento baseado em ColÃnia de Formigas e desenvolvido para maximizar o tempo de vida da rede. Os resultados mostram que o novo esquema de escalonamento efetivamente melhora o tempo de vida de uma RSSF baseada no BiO4SeL em cenÃrios densos. / he evolution and development of new devices, increasingly cheaper and more efficient, expanded the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and encouraged the creation of new applications in the contemporary scenery of Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing. However, energy limitation remains a challenge in the field of WSN. This situation is aggravated even more by the infeasibility of energy recharge since, in many cases, WSN are used in inaccessible enviroments. With cheapness devices used in WSN, became easier to employ dense and large-scale networks in environments that will be monitored. The use of dense networks, which have a high degree redundancy of nodes, allows the network remains functional even with the exhaustion of some nodes. In addition to provide fault tolerance, the use of very dense networks offer the opportunity of implementing scheduling mechanisms for redundant nodes, in a way that the network lifetime is even better optimized. Assuming a scenery with very dense networks, this dissertation describes the implementation of an autonomic scheduling mechanism, simple, robust and scalable, in order to further improve the results already presented by BiO4SeL, which is a routing protocol based on Ant Colony and designed to maximize the network lifetime. The results show that the new scheduling scheme effectively improves the WSN lifetime based on BiO4SeL in dense scenarios.

Saving energy and increasing network lifetime are significant challenges in the field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Energy-aware routing protocols have been introduced for WSNs to overcome limitations of WSN including limited power resources and difficulties renewing or recharging sensor nodes batteries. Furthermore, the potentially inhospitable environments of sensor locations, in some applications, such as the bottom of the ocean, or inside tornados also have to be considered. ZigBee is one of the latest communication standards designed for WSNs based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee standard supports two routing protocols, the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), and the cluster-tree routing protocols. These protocols are implemented to establish the network, form clusters, and transfer data between the nodes. The AODV and the cluster-tree routing protocols are two of the most efficient routing protocols in terms of reducing the control message overhead, reducing the bandwidth usage in the network, and reducing the power consumption of wireless sensor nodes compared to other routing protocols. However, neither of these protocols considers the energy level or the energy consumption rate of the wireless sensor nodes during the establishment or routing processes.

Le PA 6,6 est maintenant envisagé pour des pièces de robinetterie sur le réseau domestique de distribution d'eau potable. Cependant, ce matériau ne pourra être utilisé que si sa durabilité à long terme, en conditions réelles de service, est clairement démontrée. L'analyse cinétique des principaux mécanismes de vieillissement chimique susceptibles de se produire et d'interagir sur le réseau domestique de distribution d'eau potable : l'hydrolyse, la thermo-oxydation et l'attaque chimique par le dioxyde de chlore, a permis au final d'élaborer un modèle cinétique général de dégradation du PA 6,6. Ce modèle donne accès aux modifications structurales du PA 6,6 aux différentes échelles pertinentes (moléculaire, macromoléculaire, morphologique et macroscopique) en conditions de service. Il prédit la fragilisation du PA 6,6 lorsque la masse molaire moyenne en nombre atteint une valeur critique de l'ordre de 17 kg/mole. De nombreuses perspectives de recherche sont présentées comme l'introduction de ce modèle cinétique dans les codes courants de calcul mécaniques. / PA 6,6 is now considered for the elaboration of valve parts in the domestic network of drinking water distribution. However, this material will be used only if its long-term durability, in real use conditions, is clearly demonstrated. The kinetic analysis of the main chemical ageing mechanisms which may occur and interact in the domestic network of drinking water distribution: hydrolysis, thermal oxidation and chemical attack by chlorine dioxide, has allowed to finally build a general kinetic model for PA 6,6 degradation. This model gives access to PA 6,6 structural modifications at the different pertinent scales (molecular, macromolecular, morphological and macroscopic scales) in use conditions. It predicts the embrittlement of PA 6,6 when the number average molar mass reaches a critical value of the order of 17 kg/mole. Many research prospects are presented such as the introduction of this kinetic model in common mechanical calculation codes.

L'allègement des véhicules est un enjeu majeur de l'industrie automobile pour participer, avec l'évolution des motorisations, à la maîtrise des consommations énergétiques et la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à l'introduction des matériaux composites dans les pièces de structure et particulièrement dans le périmètre de la liaison au sol composé d'organes de sécurité active, sujets au phénomène de fatigue multi axiale à grand nombre de cycles.Les matériaux composites présentent une solution séduisante en raison de leurs propriétés mécaniques intéressantes combinées à une faible densité. Toutefois, la fatigue des matériaux composites reste un sujet complexe relativement peu abordé. C'est dans ce cadre que s'inscrit cette thèse qui vise à mettre en place une méthodologie de dimensionnement des composants automobiles de structure, à partir d'un composite tissé verre/époxy. Cette méthodologie s'attache à être facile d'utilisation et adaptable au calcul de structure pour être applicable en Bureau d'Études. La première étape de cette étude est la caractérisation de la tenue en service du matériau sous chargements monotones et cycliques et l'identification des cinétiques d'endommagement. Au vu des résultats expérimentaux obtenus et à partir des approches de dimensionnement existantes, un critère de fatigue multi axiale est proposé. Ensuite, une optimisation du protocole d'identification des paramètres est effectuée afin de réduire au minimum le volume des campagnes d'essais. Enfin, le critère mis en place pour évaluer la durée de vie en fatigue du matériau composite tissé est validé sur des éprouvettes trouées et sur le train avant à lame composite. / The reduction of fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions is one of the most important challenges facing the automotive industry. An efficient strategy to meet these targets is by reducing the weight of vehicle. In this work, we are interested in introducing composite materials in automotive structural parts and especially in suspensions which are subjected in service to high-cycle fatigue loadings. Therefore, a good prediction of fatigue life is required. As continuous fibre-reinforced composites provide good mechanical properties combined with a low density, they have been increasingly used in many lightweight structures. However, the fatigue behaviour of composites has not been widely investigated. This work aims at developing an approach to predict the lifetime in service of structural automotive components, made with woven glass / epoxy composite. This approach has to be easy to use by design engineers at the scale of the structure. The first step is the characterization of the material. Then, the processes involved in degradation of the composite subjected to both monotonic and cyclic loadings were identified.Given the experimental results and the existing approaches, a multiaxial fatigue criterion is proposed. An optimization of the identification protocol is also performed to reduce the quantity of needed experimental data. Finally, the fatigue life prediction model criterion is validated by tests on notched coupons and on composite vehicle's suspension.

Le développement d'outils numériques de prédiction de la durée de vie des polymères constitue un levier prometteur pour réduire les durées des processus de certification de ces matériaux dans le domaine automobile sans sacrifier leur fiabilité. Cette thèse s'applique à la modélisation de la photo-thermo-oxydation du polypropylène isotactique (iPP), laquelle est responsable de l'altération de ses propriétés mécaniques et d'aspect. L'approche adoptée consiste à coupler la cinétique des réactions de photo- et thermo-oxydation avec des phénomènes physiques, comme le transport du dioxygène et l'atténuation de la lumière UV dans l'épaisseur du matériau, pour décrire l'ensemble des évolutions physico-chimiques. Les propriétés aux échelles supérieures, sur lesquelles seront définis les critères de fin de vie, seront calculées a posteriori en appliquant les relations structure-propriété adéquates. Le principal enjeu était d'étendre le modèle cinétique de vieillissement thermique préexistant au vieillissement photo-thermique en prenant en compte les réactions d'amorçage photolytique. De lourdes campagnes d'essais de vieillissement et de caractérisation menées sur un iPP de référence, ainsi qu'une capitalisation exhaustive des données de la littérature d'autres iPPs, ont permis de mettre au point un modèle cinétique de photo-thermo-oxydation et de le généraliser à l'ensemble de la famille des iPPs dans de larges domaines de pression partielle d'oxygène (de 0.2 à 50 bars), de température (de 40 à 230°C) et d'exposition à la lumière UV (intensités et sources lumineuses variables) décrivant des conditions de vieillissements naturels et accélérés. La validation expérimentale du modèle a permis d'étayer l'approche cinétique et de montrer ses limites, mais aussi de révéler un certain nombre d'enjeux numériques. Le modèle a été conçu pour être un outil numérique évolutif qui permettra, à terme, d'optimiser la représentativité des méthodes d'essais de vieillissement et la performance des formulations commerciales d'iPP. L'ensemble de ces développements théoriques et numériques peut être appliqué à la photo-thermo-dégradation d'autres types de polymères, mais aussi dans d'autres champs d'application de la photochimie macromoléculaire telle que la photo-polymérisation UV.Mots-Clés : Polypropylène, photo-thermo-oxydation, contrôle par la diffusion d'oxygène, effet d'écran, modélisation cinétique, prédiction de durée de vie. / Developing numerical tools for polymer lifetime prediction constitutes a promising opportunity for shortening the duration of material certification procedures in the automotive industry without decreasing their reliability. This PhD thesis aims at modeling the photothermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene (iPP), which is responsible for the alteration of both its mechanical and aspect properties. The adopted approach consists in coupling the kinetics of photo- and thermo-oxidation reactions with physical phenomena, such as oxygen transport and UV-light attenuation in the material thickness, in order to describe all the physico-chemical changes. Upper-scale properties, from which will be defined the end-of-life criteria, will be calculated afterwards by applying the suitable structure-property relationships. The main challenge was to extend the pre-existing kinetic model of thermal ageing to photothermal ageing by taking into account initiation reactions of photolysis. Heavy campaigns of ageing and characterization tests made on a reference iPP, as well as an exhaustive capitalization of literature data of other iPPs, have allowed elaborating a kinetic model of photothermal oxidation and to generalize it to the whole iPP family in large domains of oxygen partial pressure (from 0.2 to 50 bars), temperature (from 40 to 230°C) and UV-light exposure (variable intensities and light sources) describing both natural and accelerated ageing conditions. The experimental validation of the model has allowed substantiating the kinetic approach and showing its limitations, as well as highlighting some numerical issues. The model has been designed in order to be an upgradable numerical tool which will allow, at term, optimizing the representativeness of the ageing testing devices and the performance of commercial iPP formulations. All these theoretical and numerical developments are prone to be applied to the photothermal degradation of other types of polymer substrates, but also in other application fields of the macromolecular photochemistry such as UV-photopolymerization.Keywords: Polypropylene, photothermal oxidation, oxygen diffusion control, screen effect, kinetic modeling, lifetime prediction.

This thesis is focused on proposal of new version of production proces of part stem-arbor, proposal of suitable edge tools, which should be used for new verion of production proces a their comparison based on their lifetime. The lifetime has been got from brought out sample production order. There is based on these results suitable edge tools and cutting conditions during machining according to new version of production proces. There is evaluated either quality control or figured out savings in production.