在臺灣，教授高中英語聽講課的老師常要苦思尋索如何選用教材與方法以引起學生的學習動機。研究者發現一些老師偶爾會在課堂中運用戲劇技巧，例如角色扮演以誘發學生的學習興趣。是以引發研究者的研究動機：嘗試應用一套有系統、有效又完整的「戲劇教學法」順利推進課程。 是以，研究者採用國立政治大學英國語文學系教師研究團隊在政大實小所進行的英語戲劇教學模式，在英語聽講課進行一學期的實驗教學行動研究。亟盼透過本研究成果提供不熟悉戲劇教學或擔心戲劇教學費時的英語教師們，一種非傳統式的英語聽講課。 本研究採質性研究，研究對象為32名高中一年級學生，研究者依上述教學研究模式設計15週的教學活動，研究資料採集研究者的上課觀察、錄影、學生回饋單、三份問卷、學生公演錄影及後測，加以分析整理出研究結果。 研究結果發現97%的學生喜歡此種戲劇實驗教學，特別是經過戲劇教學中劇本創作和不斷的演練、.及公演，學生的學習動機、語言能力、創造力及其它技能如布景服裝設計也因而增進。而此種課程可融合「語言教學」、「多元智慧」及「合作學習」等教學方法，提升學生的學習動機及語言能力，並可激發學生在戲劇表演及英語表達應用上的創造力。值得推廣。 / In Taiwan, English listening and speaking classes often trouble many English teachers with having to choose proper teaching materials or class activities to motivate students. The researcher observed some current teachers occasionally used some dramatic techniques, such as role play to elevate students’ interest. This motivated the present researcher to employ a more comprehensive and systematic drama teaching strategy in this course. Therefore, the researcher applied the model that was conducted in National Chengchi University Experimental Elementary School by a team of researchers at the English Department of the National Chengchi University to do this experimental drama teaching. The present research aims to provide the English teachers who are not good at drama teaching or view drama teaching as time consuming with a favorable, non-traditional method in the listening and speaking course. The participants included in this research were 32 students of the 10th grade. The researcher designed a 15-week course activities based on the NCCU model. A qualitative research method was utilized in this research. Data from the researcher’s observation, videotaping, students’ reflection, three questionnaires, students’ work, the formal performance videotaping and a post test were collected and analyzed to assess the effects of this action research. The findings indicated 97% of students liked this experimental drama teaching. Especially, through script creation, rehearsals and the formal performance, students’ learning motivation, four skills of language learning, creativity and other skills such as property and costume designs, were elevated. This course can integrate language learning, multiple intelligence theory, and cooperative learning theories to motivate and strengthen students’ proficiency and creativity in using English as a second language. Drama teaching in listening and speaking course is worthy of recommendation. .

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985.

Purpose: This thesis examines the effect of listener characteristics (i.e., cognition and vocabulary) and language-based factors (i.e., lexical frequency and phonological similarity) on speech recognition accuracy in adverse listening conditions. Method: Fifty listeners (40 females and 10 males) aged 18-33 years and with normal hearing (puretone thresholds ≤ 20 dB HL, 0.25-8 kHz) participated. They completed a speech perception experiment, which required listeners to repeat back non-sensical English phrases presented at a variety of signal-to-noise ratios (-5, -2, +1, and +4 dB SNRs). In addition, all listeners undertook assessments of vocabulary knowledge (PPVT-IV) and cognition (WAIS -IV). The primary dependent variable was individual content word recognition accuracy, and results were analysed using binomial mixed effects modelling. Results: Listeners demonstrated variability in their speech recognition abilities, and their vocabulary and cognitive scores. Statistical analysis revealed that listener-based factors affected word recognition. Listeners with faster processing speed and larger working memories exhibited higher word recognition accuracy. Surprisingly, listeners with higher non-verbal intelligence scores exhibited lower word recognition accuracy. Vocabulary knowledge interacted with SNR, such that as the listening conditions became more favourable, listeners with larger receptive vocabularies identified more words correctly. Similarly, main effects were also present for language-based factors. The more phonologically distinct a word was, the more likely it was to be correctly identified; higher frequency words were more likely to be accurately recognised. In addition, higher frequency words were identified more accurately at higher SNR levels. Finally, listener- and language-based factors interacted. The positive effect of working memory on word recognition was reversed as word frequency increased; on the other hand non-verbal intelligence’s negative influence on word recognition was reversed as word frequency increased. Conclusion: In the current cohort, listener and language-based factors interacted in the process of word recognition in noise. These results provide an insight into the underlying speech recognition mechanisms in adverse conditions. Further understanding of how these listener differences affect an individual’s speech processing may lead to the development of improved signal processing techniques and rehabilitation strategies.

I denna vetenskapliga essä har jag låtit mina tankar kring livsberättelser, möta författare,filosofer, psykologer och litteraturvetares, tankar om berättelsens makt i individens liv ochskapandet av identitet. Vilka berättelser väljer jag att berätta för andra och hur påverkar deberättelserna synen på mig själv? I denna essä, finns ett smakprov på hur jag i arbetet medindivider, använder mig av traditionella berättelser, som sagor, myter och legender, för attskapa en begriplig ram i en annars oordnad tillvaro. Jag uppmärksammar det faktum att flerasöker lösningar utanför sig själv, på det som tidigare sågs som ett ifrågasättande av livet. Jaghar tagit hjälp av forskning som har studerat förutsättningarna för mitt yrke och sett på mitteget lyssnade i samtal med hjälpsökande i en verksamhet där jag är starkt påverkad avmålstyrning. Hur påverkas mitt förhållningssätt till individen av de inre och yttre faktorerna imitt yrke som coach? Genom att bland annat utgå ifrån ett samtal med en ung kvinna har jagundersökt mitt förhållningssätt till det hon berättar för mig. / In this scientific essay I have let my thoughts on life stories, meet writers, philosophers, psychologists and literary scholars, on the story of power in the life of the individual and thecreation of identity. What stories do I tell others, and how do they affect the stories view ofmyself? In this essay, I give an example of my work with individuals, using traditional stories, as fairy tales, myths and legends, to create a meaningful framework in an otherwise disordered existence. I pay attention to the fact that many are seeking solutions outside themselves, on what previously was seen as a questioning of life. With the assistance of research which have studied the conditions of my own profession and seen from my ownlistening of conversations with individuals seeking aid in situations where I am strongly influenced by performance management. How is my approach to the subject of the internal and external factors in my profession as a coach? By including assumed a conversation with a young woman, I have examined my attitude to what she tells me.

本研究通過對深圳大學初級漢語水平留學生的晤談以及測試，發現初級水平階段的漢語學生在聆聽過程中常出現以下困難： 1. 未能準確辨識出語音。 2. 雖然能夠識別單個辭彙或者短語，但是無法獲取整個句子的含義。 3. 未能及時進入聆聽狀態，以至於錯過了錄音的開始部分。 4. 遇到障礙往往會卡在困難之處，導致錯過了後續的錄音內容。 5. 無法概括出語段大意。 由於語言知識的不足，留學生在聆聽過程中往往受挫。從認知負荷理論的角度看，無論是語音、辭彙、語法結構，乃至於句子的深層含義和文本大意，不同的層面都對工作記憶施加了負荷。降低認知負荷的有效方法便是激活學生的圖式，對所聽材料進行預測、補充以及選擇性加工，使工作記憶留存更多資源處理不熟悉的任務。適當的聆聽策略可以幫助學生激活長時記憶中的圖式，跳躍障礙，提升理解。 基於此，本研究以深圳大學初級漢語班的外國學生為研究對象，以其中一班（共13 名學生）為實驗組，另一個班（共11 名學生）為控制組，進行准實驗研究。考慮到學生已初步具備預估、猜想的意識，且大部分聆聽困難可透過此方法得以解決，所以在實驗過程中，實驗組學生將接受“猜一猜”的聽力策略教學法。此聽力策略的實施階段包括聆聽以前和聆聽過程。控制組學生接受教師原有的教學方法，即聆聽前教師講解生詞，學生流覽問題，而後聽錄音做練習。 准實驗研究結果顯示，實驗組學生“詞義推斷”一項成效明顯，而“句子深層含義”以及“概括大意”兩項雖然有所改善，但和控制組相比，差異仍未達到顯著水平。“猜一猜”的聆聽策略能在一定程度上幫助學生激活長時記憶中的圖式，在聆聽前根據話題、背景知識等預估錄音大意，在聆聽過程中，利用上下文來跳躍障礙，達成順暢理解。圖式的激活降低了學習者工作記憶的負荷，為工作記憶釋放了大量空間。 從學生調查問卷的結果看，聽力策略“猜一猜”得到了師生的普遍認同，具有教學意義。 最後，本研究對聆聽教學以及未來研究提出了一些建議，以期有更深入的探討。 / published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

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This two-part study employed an experimental design and interviews to examine the effects of videos on adult English as a Second Language (ESL) student listening comprehension. The purpose of the first part of the study was to compare the effects of video in two pre-listening activity conditions on beginner and upper-beginner adult ESL listening comprehension. The participants were 49 Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) students enrolled in two beginner and two upper-beginner ESL classes The beginner classes were randomly assigned either to the audio only (AO) condition or the audio with written script (AW) condition. The upper-beginner classes were similarly assigned to the two conditions, the AO condition or the AW condition. In the AO condition, the students listened to a tape recording of four pre-listening questions prior to viewing the video. In the AW condition, the students listened to the same tape recording and, in addition, were shown the same questions that were printed on large sheets of paper and held up at the front of the class by the teacher. The same pre-test was administered to all four classes. Twelve exercises including pre-listening questions, videos, and comprehension questions were completed. The beginner classes viewed videos from Learning English in the Community LINC 2 (Cameron et al., 1995), and the upper-beginner classes viewed videos from Learning English in the Community LINC 3 (Cameron et al., 1995). The same post-test was administered to all four classes. Results indicated that the written script in the AW condition significantly improved the listening comprehension ability of beginner and upper-beginner adult ESL students. The second part of the study was aimed at gaining insights into the pre-listening questions, the videos, and their value on teaching listening comprehension. All of the students were individually interviewed. Overall the students were positive about the showing of videos as aids for enhancing listening comprehension, the content of the videos, as well as the questions. Some of the students, however, found some of the instruments difficult to understand. They found that the vocabulary was unfamiliar or the speed of delivery was too fast. This lack of comprehension may have affected the results of Part One of the study.

Bakalauro darbe analizuojamas pradinių klasių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių (SUP) turinčių mokinių kalbėjimo ir klausymo gebėjimų ugdymo procesas per lietuvių kalbos pamokas. Tyrime dalyvavo 98 bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų pradinių klasių pedagogai. Anketinės apklausos metu tirta, kokiais metodais ir priemonėmis pedagogai ugdo SUP turinčių mokinių kalbėjimo ir klausymo gebėjimus. Analizuojant tyrimo duomenis, buvo siekiama atskleisti SUP turinčių mokinių kalbinio ugdymo prioritetus; išsiaiškinti kokie veiksniai lemia SUP turinčių mokinių kalbėjimo ir klausymo gebėjimų ugdymo sėkmę; išskirti dažniausiai patiriamus kalbėjimo ir klausymo gebėjimų ugdymo(si) sunkumus per lietuvių kalbos pamokas. Tyrimu nustatyti tokie SUP turinčių mokinių kalbinio ugdymo prioritetai: vertinimas pasiekimų knygelėse už skaitymą ir rašymą; pateikiamos užduotys – pasakojimai iš patirties arba pagal paveikslėlius; daugiausia galimybių kalbėti SUP mokiniams suteikiama per lietuvių kalbos pamokas. Dažniausiai kalbėjimo ir klausymo gebėjimai ugdomi taikant informacinius metodus (pokalbis, pasakojimas, vaizdas); didaktinius žaidimus. Priimtiniausia SUP mokinių kalbėjimo ir klausymo gebėjimų ugdymo sritis – dialogas. SUP mokinių kalbėjimo ir klausymo gebėjimus labiausiai padėtų tobulinti naujos metodinės priemonės bei glaudesnis darbas su įvairiais specialistais ir vaikų tėvais. Pedagogai nepatenkinti dėl per didelio vaikų skaičiaus klasėje, nepakankamos pagalbos iš SUP turinčių vaikų tėvų. Pedagogams sunku... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Process development of speaking and listening skills of the primary grades pupils with specific educational needs (SEN) were analysed during the Lithuanian lessons in this bachelor paper. 98 pedagogues of general education schools parcitipated in research. Teachers` education methods and means were investigated by questionnaire, they teach speaking and listening skills of the pupils with SEN. Researching this analysis information was tried to reveal speaking and listening development priorites of children with SEN; ascertain what factors determine speaking and listening ability, education success of the pupils with SEN; exlude mostly used speaking and listening ability development difficulties during the Lithuanian lessons. Linguistic education priorites of pupils having SEN were defined by this analysis, such as assessment for reading and writing in the aschievement books; mostly given tasks – tellings from experience or according to the pictures; children with SEN most chances to speak are having during the Lithuanian lessons. Usually speaking and listening skills are tought by information methods (conversation, tale, view); didactic games. Dialogue is the most acceptable speaking and listening ability education range of children with SEN. New methodical means and closer work with various specialists and parents of children would be the best help for speaking and listening skills improvement of the pupils with SEN. Pedagogues are not satisfied with too many children in... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of former teen talking circle participant’s experience with the practice of compassionate listening in talking circles and to explore compassionate listening as a form of spiritual activism. This study explored the use and effect of compassionate listening within the facilitator training materials developed and used by the organization Teen Talking Circles as well as the use and experience of compassionate listening within the teen talking circles. For the purpose of this study, I interviewed seven former female teen talking circle participants. Open ended semi-structured interviews were the means of data collection. Data were analyzed thematically and after reviewing the transcripts from all seven interviews, the five strongest themes to come out of the interviews were: increased communication skills, increased awareness, less judgment of self and others, deeper relationships and an increased sense of empathy.