Late Motherhood from Demographic Point of View (Example of the Czech and Slovak Republic) Abstract The thesis thematically refers the issue of late motherhood in the Czech and Slovak Republics from the twenties of the twentieth century to the present from a demographic point of view. It describes the changes that have occurred during the observed years as to fertility of women aged over 35, using selected demographic indicators. In the second part the focus lies on the analysis of selected demographic factors using binary logistic regression. In the very end, the form of late motherhood is discussed. According to the results of the analysis are determined three different types of late motherhood. Keywords: late motherhood, late maternity, fertility, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, logistic regression

Neste trabalho estudamos os efeitos da multicolinearidade em modelos de regressão logística e apresentamos estimadores viesados para que tais efeitos fossem minimizados. Primeiramente, o modelo de regressão logística e o processo para a estimação dos parâmetros foram apresentados. Foram feitos, também, alguns testes para avaliar a significância dos mesmos, bem como técnicas para analisar a qualidade do ajuste do modelo. Em seguida, os efeitos da multicolinearidade na estimação dos parâmetros e na sua inferência foram avaliados, bem como técnicas para o seu diagnóstico. Para amenizar o efeito deste problema, apresentamos dois estimadores alternativos ao de máxima verossimilhança: estimador em cristas e estimador em componentes principais. Comparamos, então, o desempenho dos três estimadores na forma de um estudo de simulação e de uma aplicação em um conjunto de dados reais. O principal resultado obtido foi que, na presença de multicolinearidade, os estimadores alternativos conseguiram um melhor ajuste em comparação ao de máxima verossimilhança, além de minimizar os seus efeitos. / This work proposes the use of some biased estimators to investigate whether is possible minimize the multicollinearity effects in logistic regression models. Initially, the latter model was presented, as well as its fitting process (therefore obtaining the maximum likelihood estimator), some tests to evaluate the significance of the parameters and techniques to analyze goodness of fit were also considered. Furthermore, the effects of multicollinearity in the fitting process and in the parameters inference were discussed, as well as techniques to identify the presence of multicollinearity. In order to diminish the effect of this problem, two alternative estimators were presented: ridge estimator and principal component estimator. Therefore, these three estimators performances were compared using a simulation study and applied in a real data set. The manly conclusion was that, in the presence of multicollinearity, the alternative estimators performed better than the maximum likelihood estimator, besides reducing its effects.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Bianca Chiganer Cramer Balassiano.pdf: 973689 bytes, checksum: caa5d01cfd474568dd4cacc49b6e911b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Infection with gastrointestinal parasites in dogs can be associated with several factors. The aim of this study was to identify these parasites and their frequencies, and to verify the factors associated with infection. From November 2003 to September 2004 five-hundred dogs presented to three veterinary establishments in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro were evaluated. A form was filled for each dog, including information obtained from physical examination and from the interview of the owner, approaching factors related to the dog, the management and the owner. One fecal sample from each dog was examined by centrifugal flotation and centrifugal sedimentation methods and stained by safranin-methylene blue technique. Data obtained from physical exams and interviews, as well as the results of fecal parasitological exams, were submitted to bivariate analysis and, after the selection of significant variables (p=0.05), multivariate analysis was performed, using logistic regression. Gastrointestinal parasites were detected in 46.4% of the dogs. Hookworms (15.2%), ascarids (7.4%), whipworms (5.0%), Dipylidium caninum (0.2%), taeniids (3.0%), Cryptosporidium sp. (26.2%), Cystoisospora sp. (4.4%) and Giardia sp. (2.6%) were observed in the fecal samples. Protozoans (29.6%) were more frequently observed than helminths (23.2%). Age of the animal (p<0.001), access to soil (p<0.001), ambient hygiene (p<0.01) and pro-oestrous (p<0.05) were associated with infections with gastrointestinal parasites. Access to soil (p<0.001), anthelmintic usage (p<0.01), owner s school level (p<0.01), age of the animal (p<0.01), pro-oestrous (p<0.01) and breed (p<0.05) were associated with infections with helminthes. Age of the animal (p<0.001) and ambient hygiene (p<0.01) were associated with infections by protozoans. Frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs was high and infections were associated with factors related to the animal, to the management and to the owner. / A infec??o de c?es por parasitos gastrintestinais pode estar associada a diversos fatores. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar tais parasitos, observar suas freq??ncias e verificar os fatores associados ? infec??o pelos mesmos. De novembro de 2003 a setembro de 2004, foram avaliados 500 c?es atendidos em tr?s estabelecimentos veterin?rios no Munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro. Um formul?rio foi preenchido para cada c?o, atrav?s de exame f?sico do animal e entrevista com o propriet?rio, abordando fatores inerentes aos c?es e fatores relacionados ao manejo e ao propriet?rio. Uma amostra fecal de cada c?o foi coletada e examinada pelas t?cnicas de centr?fugo-flutua??o em solu??o saturada de a??car e de centr?fugo-sedimenta??o (Ritchie) e corada pela t?cnica de safranina-azul de metileno. Os dados obtidos nos exames f?sicos e nas entrevistas, bem como os resultados dos exames parasitol?gicos de fezes, foram submetidos ? an?lise bivariada e, ap?s sele??o das vari?veis significativas (p=0,05), procedeu-se ? an?lise multivariada, atrav?s de regress?o log?stica. Parasitos gastrintestinais foram detectados em 46,4% dos c?es. Nas amostras fecais observaram-se ancilostom?deos (15,2%), ascarid?deos (7,4%), tricur?deos (5,0%), Dipylidium caninum (0,2%), ten?deos (3,0%), Cryptosporidium sp. (26,2%), Cystoisospora sp. (4,4%) e Giardia sp. (2,6%). Protozo?rios (29,6%) foram mais freq?entes do que helmintos (23,2%). A idade do animal (p<0,001), o acesso ? terra (p<0,001), a higiene do ambiente (p<0,01) e o pr?-estro (p<0,05) estiveram associados ? infec??o por parasitos gastrintestinais. O acesso ? terra (p<0,001), a administra??o de anti-helm?nticos (p<0,01), o grau de escolaridade do propriet?rio (p<0,01), a idade do animal (p<0,01), o pr?-estro (p<0,01) e a ra?a (p<0,05) estiveram associados ? infec??o por helmintos. A idade do animal (p<0,001) e a higiene do ambiente (p<0,01) estiveram associadas ? infec??o por protozo?rios. A freq??ncia de parasitos gastrintestinais em c?es foi alta e as infec??es foram associadas a fatores inerentes aos c?es e fatores relacionados ao manejo e ao propriet?rio.

Context: Although over half of married South African women of reproductive age (15-49 years) use a method of fertility control, 15 percent of them have an unmet need for family planning. Women’s unmet need for family planning is often attributed to traditional norms ascribing decision-making power to men. However, rural-urban migration, exposure to western style education; constitutional guarantee of gender equity and exposure to outside influences via the internet and mass media make such an assumption untenable in contemporary society. Method: Using logistic regression, eight models are separately fitted for the independent variables related to the background and socio-economic characteristics of the woman; the characteristics of the husband; their comparative characteristics; sexual and reproductive factors; sources of information and communication; reproductive as well as HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes. The final model, using backward stepwise analysis, estimates the effects of the factors associated with a joint or a male vs. a female pattern of dominance in decision-making about using fertility control. Results: The final model shows that joint decision-making is positively correlated with fifth or higher birth order, being raised in a town, living in a household in the middle wealth quintile, having between four and five children; using fertility control to limit births getting a lot of information about HIV/AIDS from the husband, spousal discussions about family planning and not knowing whether good nutrition stops HIV transmission. Male dominance is positively associated with having only one union, having the same amount of education as the husband or not knowing how much education he has, spousal communication about family planning, first marriage occurring 5-19 years ago, not knowing if the condom was used at last intercourse, knowing that condoms are used for family planning only, not getting information about family planning from posters and irregular exposure to the radio. Conclusions: In the era of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and emphasis on the reproductive health approach in family planning, there is a need for studies, at the local level, that include both individuals in the relationship. Qualitative studies focusing on the nature, context and content of couple communication about sexuality and reproduction can provide important information about gender relationships in the South African context. There is also a need to understand the effect of gender and community norms on sexual and reproductive decision-making. Studies on HIV discordant couples can provide important information on the impact of the epidemic on sexual and reproductive decisionmaking. Studies focusing on family formation can provide information on the impact of social change on intergenerational and gender relationships as well as trends in reproductive attitudes and behaviours in transitional South African society

High rates of nonmedical use of pain relievers and stimulants have been documented in the United States, putting substance abusers at risk of addiction and possible arrest for illegal possession and use. Treatment programs can help stop patterns of abuse. This thesis explores the factors impinging on substance abuse treatment seeking for nonmedical pain reliever and stimulant users. Data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health 2014 were analyzed in order to find the most recent patterns of pain reliever and stimulant abuse and potential determinants of receiving treatment. Descriptive statistics about the population reporting nonmedical use of pain relievers and/or stimulant use are first presented. Logistic regression analyses are then conducted on one dependent variable: respondents stating if they ever received treatment. Possible determinants that may influence one’s potential to receive treatment included income, insurance coverage, race/ethnicity, age, sex, psychological state, and metro/nonmetro residency status.

In this study, we used a cross-sectional study design to examine the relationship between the calcium intake and risk factors for CVD among obese adults by using continuous waves of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data 1999-2010. The association between calcium intake and risk factors of CVD (hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL, glycohemoglobin), CRP, albuminuria) is assessed among obese adults in USA. The incidence of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is high among obese people. The potential effects of inadequate calcium intake on CVD are receiving increased epidemiologic attention. Understanding the association between risk factors for CVD and calcium intake among obese adults is important for the advancement of CVD, nutrition and obesity research. Data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999-2010 were examined, utilizing a subset of 14,856 obese subjects. Analysis of Variance statistical tests were conducted to determine associations between calcium intake and CVD risk. Simple and multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the predicted value of calcium intake with CVD. After adjusting for energy intake and other potential risk factors, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, glycosylated hemoglobin and albuminuria were negatively associated with calcium intake at &alpha = 0.05 level in both linear and logistic regression analyses. In a comparison of calcium intake by quartiles, results reveal that total cholesterol had a weak negative association with calcium intake at &alpha = 0.1 level. The implications of these study results are important as the importance of adequate calcium intake and its potential to decrease CVD among obese adults has incredible preventive value for populations. Additional research that focuses on dietary intake, calcium thresholds and impacts on total cholesterol levels in the body is warranted.

In 1993, a travel study was conducted along the Wasatch front in Utah (Research Systems Group INC, 2013). The main purpose of this study was to assess travel behavior to understand the needs for future growth in Utah. Since then, the Research Service Group (RSG), conducted a new study in 2012 to understand current travel preferences in Utah. This survey, called the Residential Choice Stated Preference survey, asked respondents to make ten choice comparisons between two hypothetical homes. Each home in the choice comparison was described by different attributes, those attributes that were used are, type of neighborhood, distance from important destinations, distance from access to public transport, street design, parking availability, commute distance to work, and price. The survey was designed to determine the extent to which Utah residents prefer alternative household attributes in a choice selection. Each attribute contained multiple characteristic levels that were randomly combined to define each alternative home in each choice comparison. Those choices can be explained by Random Utility Theory. Multinomial logistic regression will be used to estimate changes in utility when alternative attribute levels are present in a choice comparison. Using the coefficient estimate for price, a marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for each attribute level will be calculated. This paper will use two different approaches to obtain MWTP estimates. Method One will use housing and rent price to recode the price variable in dollar terms as defined in the discrete choice experiment. Method Two will recode the price variable as an average ten percent change in home value to extrapolate a one-time payment for homes. As a result, we found that it is possible to obtain willingness to pay estimates using both methods. The resulting interpretations in dollar terms became more relatable. Metropolitan planning organization can use these results to understand how residents perceive home value in dollar terms in the context of location-based attributes for homes.

After the rebellion over the killing of Michael Brown, the US Justice Department reported that over-policing for the sake of monetary extraction was taking place in Ferguson, MO, with non-White and people in poverty being disproportionately targeted at the hands of the police. And while it has been shown to be present within the Ferguson community, this extraction and targeting by police is not a geographically isolated occurrence. Based on previous research, a racialized, economic-based system of oppression goes hand-in-hand with policing. But how do the qualities of these geographies affect the prominence and location of police violence on a systemic level? Through a process of identity creation and reification informed through the interaction of racial capitalism and the state, specific geographies are identified with different groups within society as a function of housing segregation. These areas are then targeted by police based on their identity and the existing social hierarchy. By using data from Fatal Encounters, an independent organization which catalogs who has been killed by police, coupled with demographic descriptors of place, I show that zip codes with higher levels of Black and Hispanic populations as well as worse-off economic measures were positively associated with an increased odds of more people being killed by police. By shedding light on the drivers of this cycle of violence, I hope to contribute to the establishment of a more just society by redefining who shall be protected from what and whose interests shall be served.

This dissertation is a treatise on spatially-explicit resource selection on two very different vertebrate species. The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is the most endangered large whales in the world. Ship strikes and fishing gear entanglement are impediments to recovery. The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is an imperiled species whose upland habitats are shrinking from urban and agricultural development. Determining spatial distribution of important resources is important for conservation strategies. Historical and modern thinking of habitat selection theory and analytical techniques are reviewed and applied to these species. Fine-scale resource selection of sea surface temperature (SST), derived from AVHRR imagery, is evaluated for right whales in the southeastern U. S. calving grounds. Aerial survey data (December-March, 1991-1998) including survey tracklines and right whale locations were entered into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for comparing whale use of SST to availability based on search effort. Using Monte Carlo techniques, mean and standard deviation for SSTs and latitudes of whale-sightings were compared to sampling distributions derived from available SSTs and latitudes. From these data, it was concluded that the North Atlantic right whale uses SSTs and latitudes non-randomly. Broad-scale habitat selection for gopher tortoises was evaluated from the 2003 Land Cover/Land Use map (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission). Based on land cover and ancillary data, potential gopher tortoise habitat was developed for northeast Florida.

Orientador: Selene Maria Coelho Loibel / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como foco a análise de dados categóricos, uma parte integrante da Análise Multivariada que interpreta a informação que está contida em dados discretos provenientes de contagens de eventos, possuindo características de nidas pela combinação das categorias de duas ou mais variáveis. A análise de dados categóricos é de grande importância dentro da Estatística pois tem aplicabilidade em variadas áreas do conhecimento. Os dados utilizados, foram coletados através de um question ário aplicado aos alunos de cinco Escolas Técnicas Estaduais (Etec) que nalizaram os cursos técnicos em 2018 e 2019. A pesquisa teve como objetivo obter dados locais e analisar se os alunos pretendem trabalhar ou continuar estudando na mesma área do curso que estão concluindo, se os alunos estão satisfeitos com os cursos que estão fazendo, se pretendem voltar para Etec e fazer outro curso complementar, entre outros questionamentos. Devido à natureza dos dados obtidos, as técnicas de análise de dados categóricos são adequadas e devem ser aplicadas para modelar e fazer inferências sobre os aspectos de interesse. Esta análise pode levar a resultados que serão de grande utilidade para essas Etecs. / Abstract: This dissertation focuses on the Categorical Data Analysis, an integral part of the Multivariate Analysis, which interprets embedded information in discrete data resulting from event counts, having characteristics de ned by combinations of categories from two or more variables. The categorical data analysis is of considerable importance within Statistics since it has a wide applicability in several areas of knowledge. The data set used was collected through a questionnaire applied to students from ve Public Technical Schools (Etec) that nished the technical courses in 2018 and 2019. The research aims to gather local data and analyze whether students intend to work or continue studying in the same eld of the technical course they are completing, whether students are satis ed with the courses they are attending, whether they want to go back to Etec and take another complementary course, among other questions. Due to the nature of the data obtained, categorized data analysis techniques are adequate and should be applied to model and make inferences about the aspects of interest. This analysis can be leaded to outcomes that will be very useful to these Etecs. / Mestre