L’objectif principal de ce travail est l’élaboration d’un modèle plus complet du plan de la ville de Policoro à l’époque archaïque que ce soit d’un point de vue de l’espace et de la chronologie que d’un point de vue culturel, politique et économique. Pour parvenir à cet objectif a été réalisée une étude de matériaux céramiques en grande partie non-publie, provenant d’une série de fouille archéologique effectue sur la collina del Castello et dans la vallata mediana. Le travail s’articule autour de quatre parties. La première (chapitre I) discute les fonds écrits littéraires et épigraphiques sur la cité archaïque de Siris. La deuxième partie (chapitre II) est dédiée à la documentation archéologique du site et s’articule en quatre paragraphes. Le premier (II.1), est une présentation des toutes les recherches précédentes, avec une attention particulière aux études portant sur la période archaïque de la cité. Le deuxième paragraphe (II.2) analyse les résultats des fouilles sur la colonie plus antique du site. Le troisième (II.3) contient une présentation des différentes formes de céramique trouvées sur le site puis une liste des différentes argiles identifiées (II.4). La troisième partie (chapitre III) est un catalogue des matériaux trouvés, présentés par secteur de fouille. Pour finir (chapitre IV) sont présentés les conclusions et la bibliographie générale. Chaque partie est complétée par une bibliographie spécifique présentée par ordre chronologique. / The most important purpose of this work (research) intends to draw up a more articulated model of the Policoro archaic settlement, analyzed from a spatial and chronological, but also cultural, political and social point of view. To achieve the goal, ceramic materials of high archaic age and archaic age, found after digging on the Hill of the Castel and in the mid - valley, have been studied, most of which unedited. The work (research) has been divided into the following sections: The first (chapter 1) contains an examination of literary and epigraphic sources concerned to Siri’s archaic settlement and an appendice about the above mentioned reports. The second part (chapter 2) focused on the documentation of materials, is made of five paragraphs including the bibliography. The first paragraph (II.1) retraces the history of the research focusing on the reports of the town archaic period. The second (II.2) consists of a precise analysis of the settlement contexts that gave the evidences of the most ancient colony, followed by the related bibliography (II.3). The fourth paragraph (II.4) shows and defines the evidenced ceramic moulds, followed by a list of different doughs identified by the autopsic analysis of clays (II.5). The third section contains the catalogue of the exhibits, shown on their contexts (Chapter III). Finally, the fourth section, dedicated to the conclusions (chapter 4). Below, a resume in French language, that contains the salient points of the research and bibliographic shorthands.

L’étude du mobilier céramique des peuples de la Préhistoire récente permet aux archéologues de distinguer différents groupes culturels ou cultures matérielles. Ces variétés culturelles reposent sur l’adoption par des groupes humains d’un type particulier de vases qui varie dans le temps et dans l’espace dans les limites d’aires culturelles. Les décors, les éléments de préhension, la morphologie des vases, les techniques de fabrication déterminent ces styles. L’archéologue ou le céramologue perçoit dans l’abondance de caractères ou l’absence de ceux-ci, la marque, le signe, d’un fait culturel. Ces différents critères servent à établir une typologie qui permet d’attribuer une série céramique à un groupe culturel. À travers cette typologie, l’archéologue croit percevoir une intention culturelle. Cependant, un regard porté sur l’ensemble de la céramique du Néolithique affirmé voit, dans la poterie en elle-même, le marqueur d’une nouvelle représentation du fait social et culturel, qui accompagne le nouveau rapport entre l’homme et son environnement à partir du passage à l’économie de production. C’est au travers de la perception de l’identification du vase au corps humain, tel que l’on peut le percevoir dans les sociétés traditionnelles et dans quelques cultures archéologiques, que nous désirons dépasser les limites intrinsèques à l’analyse typologique. Les cultures matérielles sont multiples, séparées, divisées, et leur diversité ne matérialise pas seulement les variétés culturelles. La poterie est avant tout le marqueur d’un nouveau fait culturel qui concerne l’ensemble des cultures néolithiques. Elle est un des vecteurs qui cristallisent l’ancrage du Néolithique et avec lui, une nouvelle perception par l’homme de lui-même, de sa société, de l’univers réel qu’il habite, mais aussi de l’univers spirituel, mythologique, imaginé, symbolisé qui l’habitent. En choisissant comme point de départ les différentes démarches analytiques sur la céramique du Languedoc-Roussillon depuis le Néolithique ancien au Néolithique final, nous voulons considérer la poterie, au-delà de son intérêt matériel, dans son intérêt symbolique et culturel. / This thesis proposes to study the question of the relations between the body and the Neolithic pottery through the case of so-called anthropomorphous vases in the north-western Mediterranean.The first part presents the problematic of this thesis and presents the chronological and geographical framework. We make a brief review of the knowledge of the presence of this type of artefacts and commonly proposed interpretations, and we expose the methods by which we intend to analyze anthropomorphic vases.The second part presents the corpus of vases collected in the catalog (volume 2) by chrono-cultural area. It proposes a typological classification of these pottery and it discusses more particularly the modalities of their emergence in the North-Western Mediterranean, their diffusion or their evolution.The last part questions the choice of pottery as a medium of Neolithic body representation. The creation of a repository of data from ethnology, ethnoarchaeology or narratives allows us to situate our object of study in the field of metaphor and to approach it as a sign. We draw inspiration from theories from semiology and more generally from cultural anthropology in order to get out of the usual accepted archaeological interpretations.The results lead us to propose a definition of anthropomorphic vases and to discuss the phenomenon of the anthropomorphization of vases in the Neolithic context and the effects of agro-pastoral lifestyles on the production of the body's imaginary.

A partir da década de 1970 os espaços de experiência cotidiano foram invadidos pelos mais variados equipamentos microeletrônicos. Estes equipamentos provocavam uma completa transformação na maneira como a cultura é produzida, compartilhada e consumida nos quatro cantos do mundo. Dentre esses equipamentos microeletrônicos, sem dúvida, o computador pessoal foi aquele que canalizou tanto as expectativas quanto os temores do período, tornando-se a tecnologia emblemática do último quarto do século XX. A popularização do computador pessoal e da computação doméstica foi acompanhada pela articulação de construções discursivas e imagéticas que promoviam esses equipamentos como objetos vindos do futuro que traziam promessas de eficiência, democracia, liberdade, mobilidade, pluralidade, entre outras benesses para a humanidade. Assim sendo, o objetivo foi problematizar e compreender as transformações sociais do final do século a partir dos discursos escritos e imagéticos relacionados à computação e aos computadores pessoais, perceber como essas transformações e esse discursos foram disseminados no Brasil e perscrutar a inserção do país nesse contexto mundial de mudança. A análise foi centrada em três tipos de documentos: anúncios publicitários, reportagens de jornais e revistas e manifestos relacionados à tecnologia. Essa documentação foi abordada pelos vieses da história da cultura e dos estudos de cultura material. O intuito foi compreender como práticas, pensamentos e representações que hoje são \"naturalizados\" foram, na realidade, apenas algumas das alternativas que estavam em disputa no período estudado. O texto é apresentado em 4 capítulos nos quais o tema é tratado em ordem cronológica: no primeiro, que compreende o final do século XIX, passando ao longo de todo o século XX até o ano de 1977, é apresentada uma breve história da computação e os principais discursos relacionados ao computador nesse período; o segundo capítulo é sobre o final dos anos 1970 e tem como principal temática as mudanças culturais proporcionadas pela difusão da microeletrônica, mostrando o computador como um dos principais símbolos dessas mudanças; o terceiro capítulo, dedicado à década de 1980, é discutida a relação entre os computadores e a ideia de um futuro que invadia o presente; no quarto capítulo são analisados os principais discursos associados ao computador no decorrer da década de 1990 relacionando-os com os discursos da globalização. / From From the 1970s, the spaces of experience in everyday life were invaded by a variety of microelectronics devices. These equipment brought a complete transformation in the way the culture was produced, shared and consumed in all corners of the world. Among such devices, undoubtedly, the personal computer was the one that gathered hopes and fears of the period thus becoming the iconic technology of the last quarter of the twentieth century. The popularization of personal computers and home computing was accompanied by the articulation of discursive and imagetic constructions which presented this equipment as objects from the future, as pledges of efficiency, democracy, freedom, mobility, plurality, among others benefits for the humankind. Thus, the aim in this work was to argue about the social transformations by the end of the century, from written and imagistic discourses related to computing and to personal computers, to understand how these transformations and discourses were disseminated in Brazil and to examine the insertion of the country in this global context of change. The analysis focused on three categories of documents: advertisements, newspapers and magazine reports, as well as manifestos related to technology. These documents have been examined under the perspective of Cultural History and Material Culture. The intention was to understand how these practices, thoughts and representations that are nowadays \"naturalized\" were, in reality, just some of the alternatives in struggle in the period under study. The text is presented in 4 chapters in which the subject is treated in chronological order: the first chapter, which considers the end of the nineteenth century, passing through the whole of the twentieth century to the year 1977, presents a shorthistory of computing and shows the main discourses related to the computer the period studied; chapter two is about the late 1970s and its main subject are the cultural changes brought by the spread of microelectronics, presenting the computer as one of the main symbols of these changes; chapter three, dedicated to the 1980s, examines the relationship between computers and the idea of a future that reached the present; chapter four discusses the main arguments associated with the computer in the 1990s, relating them to the discourses of globalization.

Não consta resumo na publicação. / Abstract not available.

O objeto de estudo desta tese é a cultura Material de Sítios arqueológicos históricos do século XIX no RS: Sítio Guarda de San Martin e Casa dos Mello - Município de São Martinho da Serra. Os principais objetivos foram contextualizar a história do RS a partir do século XVII: um contexto indígena, missioneiro, espanhol, português rural e urbano; identificar personagens e relacioná-los ao contexto: sorocabanos-tropeiros, sesmeiros, militares, políticos, estancieiros, escravos, comerciantes, imigrantes libaneses, profissionais liberais; caracterizar o cenário/cotidiano do século XIX em regiões do centro e fronteira; a partir das campanhas de escavações de 1995, 1997, 1999 e 2001 (em São Martinho da Serra), identificar as técnicas de escavações em arqueologia histórica (caracterizar e identificar a aplicabilidade dessas técnicas e interpretações); identificar como os grupos que ocuparam São Martinho ao longo do tempo foram se apropriando, modificando e alterando a paisagem rural e urbana. Dessa forma, deixando suas marcas na cultura material e estruturas alterando, principalmente, a paisagem. Identificar e analisar aspectos sobre a formação do RS, as guerras, as definições de fronteira (política, urbanização, maçonaria...). Os dois sítios tiveram sua cultura material estudada (louças, vidros, cerâmica, indígena, cerâmica dos negros escravos, metal - tralha militar, doméstica, pessoal, eqüestre, chaves - , e as pederneiras). Além dos espaços físicos e estruturais (um dos quartéis da guarda, a dispersão das casas e as casas, as ruas, a senzala e a cozinha). / The object of this thesis is the material culture of historical archaeological sites from the XIX century in Rio Grande do Sul: Site guarda de San Martin and House of the Mello - Both located in São Martinho da Serra. The main purposes were contextualize the history of Rio Grande do Sul beninning from XVII century: an indigenous context, a perspective of the people living in the missionary regions as well as the Spanish and Portugueses in urban and rural areas; identify characters and associate then to the context: tropeiros from sorocaba, farmers, militaries, libanese immigrants, liberal professionals; characterize the everyday seting og the XIX century in central and frontier regions; about the excavations in 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2001 in São Martinho da Serra identify the technics of historical archaeology excavations (characterise and identify the applicability of these technics and interpretations); identify how the groups that occupied São Martinho trough time started to change the rural and urban landscape by leaving their marks on the material culture and structures; identify and analyze aspects of the Rio Grande do Sul history (the wars, frontier definitions, politics, urbanization, freemasonry...). The two sites had their material culture studied (china, glass, Indian ceramics, black slaves ceramics, military, domestic and personal material, the horses equipment, keys and some specific stones. As well as the physical and structural spaces (one of the headquarters, the houses and their dispertion, the streets, the house of slaves and the kitchen).

O estudo aqui proposto visa sistematizar os dados arqueológicos e etnográficos sobre sociedades de caçadores-coletores da região Amazônica, bem como os dados paleoambientais dessa mesma região, para testar e refinar modelos sobre a colonização da floresta amazônica por sociedades baseadas em uma economia de forrageiro. Este trabalho também pretende contribuir com novos dados arqueológicos fundamentados em estudos recentes na região de Carajás no estado do Pará. Atenção especial é dada ao material lítico, uma vez que essa é a evidência arqueológica mais duradoura e, portanto, a mais abundante relacionada às sociedades de caçadores-coletores da Amazônia. A viabilidade de uma ocupação humana em áreas de floresta tropical baseada em uma economia de forrageiro tem sido questionada segundo uma perspectiva de fatores limitantes, como ausência de proteína (Lathrap, 1968) ou carboidratos (Bailey, 1989). Estudos etnográficos e ecológicos na região Amazônica têm demonstrado que as generalizações feitas no passado e a limitação ambiental da floresta não procedem. Apesar disso, e do fato de termos presenciado nos últimos anos um crescente número de pesquisas na região voltadas especificamente para a questão da colonização Neotrópical por sociedades de caçadores-coletores, com geração de datações que indicam uma ocupação bem antiga, durante o Pleistoceno final e Holoceno inicial, ainda temos que gerar dados empíricos confiáveis. Além disso, devemos refinar esses modelos para que novos estudos, tanto do ponto de vista teórico, como do ponto de vista empírico, sejam aceitos pelo crivo acadêmico. / The present study is a systematization of archaeological and ethnographic data on Amazonian hunter-gatherers societies, as well as a survey of paleoenvironmental studies from the same region with the aim to test and refine models that explain the colonization of Amazon forest by societies based on foraging economy. This work also contributes to new archaeological data based on recent research in Carajás region, Pará state. Especial attention is given to lithic material, which is the most durable archaeological evidence, therefore, the most abundant cultural remain associated with Amazonian hunter-gatherer societies. The viability of human occupation in tropical forest regions based on a foraging economy has been challenged from an environmental limiting-factor perspective such as low accessibility of protein (Lathrap, 1968) or carbohydrate (Bailey, 1989) for human foragers. Ethnographic and ecological studies in the Amazon region have demonstrated that past generalizations and environmental limitations of tropical forest don't proceed. Despite that, and the fact that in the past few years we have witnessed a growing number of research in the area focused on the question of hunter-gatherers colonization of the neotropics, with the generation of a chronology that indicates the antiquity of human occupation, dating back to the terminal Pleistocene, and early Holocene, we still have to generate more robust empirical data. Furthermore, we need to refine our models, theoretically and empirically, so that the new studies are accepted by the scientific community.

Esta pesquisa propõe analisar o papel o dos artefatos na promoção da sociabilidade no Jardim da Luz, entre os anos de 1870 a 1930. As decisões políticas sobre os espaços públicos verdes tiveram suma importância, pois eram responsáveis pela inserção, reforma ou demolição de artefatos no espaço. Os artefatos, por sua vez, foram muito utilizados na composição das imagens presentes nos cartões postais e circularam pela cidade com o objetivo de exaltar os pontos modernos de São Paulo. No caso do Jardim da Luz, os postais circulados colaboraram para criar o imaginário a respeito do espaço como um local moderno e de sociabilidade. O local passou a ser usado para apresentações musicais, festas e encontros. Foram estudados três principais grupos no espaço: a elite paulistana, os trabalhadores e os fotógrafos lambe-lambe. O Jardim se tornou local representativo para esses grupos, um espaço de festas para alguns e para outros, ambiente de trabalho. Esta pesquisa, pelo estudo da cultura material, pretende compreender os usos dos espaços do Jardim da Luz como um espaço de sociabilidade e suas transformações ao longo do período em questão. / This research intends to analyse urban artifacts\' influence on Jardim da Luz\'s sociability from 1870 to 1930. Political decisions concerning green public spaces had extreme importance on it, as responsibles for artifacts insertion, reform or demolition ion the garden. Artifacts, in turn, were largelly used as background for postcard\'s which circulated through the city to exalt São Paulo\'s modern sights. In Jardim da Luz, Tthose postcards helped to create the ideia of a modern and social place in Jardim da Luz. It had begun to host musical presentations, parties and meetings. In this workstudy, were studied examined three major social groups which attended those events: elite from São Paulo, workers and street photographers. Jardim da Luz became a representative local for those groups, a party place for some and a work site for others. This research, through the study of material culture, intendsaims to understand Jardim da Luz\'s social usage and its transformation through the study of material culture through during the time studied.

O estudo apresenta uma análise sobre os sítios arqueológicos filiados à Tradição Tupiguarani e da cultura material deles decorrentes, de modo a favorecer uma discussão sobre os elementos constituintes dessa filiação cultural na Bacia do Alto Tocantins. Os trabalhos foram executados no âmbito de projetos de salvamento arqueológico, parte integrante da modalidade da pesquisa arqueológica de contrato, realizados pelo Laboratório de Arqueologia do Museu Antropológico da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Os registros arqueológicos foram identificados na área dos empreendimentos hidrelétricos da UHE Serra da Mesa e UHE Cana Brava, localizados na Bacia do Alto Tocantins, região norte do estado de Goiás. O trabalho tem como objetivo relatar as características observadas na constituição do processo de ocupação da área pela Tradição Tupiguarani, mesmo que seus assentamentos sejam significativamente reduzidos neste território, cuja predominância está relacionada aos grupos filiados às Tradições Aratu e Uru. O propósito não é contestar a existência breve ou perene desses grupos na região, se existiram apenas como circulantes de uma rota de migração, mas buscar compreender a partir do cenário arqueológico encontrado, manifestações que configurem a dinâmica de ocupação pelos grupos ceramistas pré-coloniais relacionados à Tradição Tupiguarani. / This study shows an analysis of the archaeological sites related to the Tupiguarani tradition and the material culture arose from it, in a way to enhance a discussion on the principles of such cultural relationship in the Bay of the Upper Tocantins. The work was done in the scope of projects of archaeological rescue, integrating part of the feature of the archaeological research of contract, realized by the Archaeology Laboratory of the Anthropological Museum of the Federal University of Goiás. The archaeological records were identified in the area of the hydroelectric venture of the Hydroelectric Power Station of Serra da Mesa and the Hydroelectric Power Station of Cana Brava, located in the Bay of Upper Tocantins in the north of the Goiás State. The objective of the work is to report the characteristics observed in the constitution of the occupation process of the area by the Tupiguarani Tradition, even though its settlement was quite reduced in this territory, which was predominantly related to the Aratu and Uru Traditions. The aim is not to contest the brief or perennial existence of these groups in the area, if their settlement there was just part of a migratory movement, but to try to understand the manifestation that represents the dynamic of the occupation by the pre-colonial ceramist groups related to the Tupiguarani Tradition according to the archaeological scenery found.

Esse estudo objetiva mostrar a inserção sistemática do cesto do tipo Kaipó na sociedade Krahó. Paralelamente sugere um meio de abordagem dos artefatos através do desenho de observação e da reconstrução técnica. Sugere, ainda, o uso do desenho de observação como meio de comunicação dos processos tecnológicos dos artefatos. A análise dos aspectos visuais e estruturais da coleção de cestos Kaipó do acervo do Museu Paulista forneceu dados etnográficos. São 51 exemplares coletados por Harald Schultz e Vilma Chiara nas aldeias Krahó entre as décadas de 40 a 60. Na atualidade dos Krahó não confeccionam o cesto Kaipó. Assim, alguns dados etnográficos foram relacionados a diversos aspectos sociais e culturais dessa etnia, através da pesquisa de campo e da bibliografia pertinente. Outros dados etnográficos remetem a questões, especialmente os trançados específicos desse tipo de cesto - os enfeites - e a seleção de trançados que adotavam frente a um leque de possibilidades suas conhecidas. O cesto Kaipó expressava com seu trançado em diagonal de buriti um mesmo princípio dual ordenador do mundo Krahó. 106 .O cesto Kaipó explicitava aliança social entre parentes afins adquiridos via a relação marido-esposa. O cesto kaipó guardava os bens particulares de uma esposa - iguarias, miudezas e coco-debabaçu - os quais eram consumidos por outras pessoas, mas tendo a sua proprietária como mediadora. De modo claro, as miudezas e o coco-de-babaçu são matéria-prima para a elaboração do corpo humano; através do corte dos cabelos, da depilação, dos adornos e do ato de colorir a pele a mulher constrói aspectos da pessoa Krahó, sejam outras mulheres, crianças e principalmente homens. Essa característica do cesto permanece em uso: recipientes - latas circulares de folhas de flamdres - de tamanhos aproximadamente iguais aos Kaipó são usados com a mesma finalidade e com o mesmo gestual dos antigos Kaipó. / Não informado pelo(a) autor(a).

Thesis advisor: Marjorie Howes / Thesis advisor: Andrew Von Hendy / By representing the relationship between a subject and a particular object, key modernist writers offered paradigms for conceiving their literary aesthetics more explicitly. <italic>A World of Objects</italic> presents three interconnected narratives about literary making in the twentieth century by pairing James Joyce with the hoarded object, Elizabeth Bowen with the toy, and Samuel Beckett with the forsaken thing. The over-arching aim of this study is to prove the logic of these pairings by contextualizing the object within each writer's work. In addition to offering detailed analyses of specific texts by Joyce, Bowen, and Beckett, I explore the ways that their work participated in larger aesthetic movements made up of fellow writers, visual artists, cultural theorists, psychoanalysts, and philosophers. Focused on the objects that dangerously clutter Shem's inkbottle house in <italic>Finnegans Wake</italic>, my first chapter reopens critical questions about modernism's stylistic engagement with waste, obsessive cataloguing, and projects of indefinite scope. By integrating recent case histories and psychological discourse on compulsive hoarding, I probe both Joyce's increasing interest in the excesses of the object world and its effects upon his readers. Hoarders and critics of the Wake are alike prone to anxieties concerning the potential value of acquired items. These anxieties lead to an extreme tendency that psychological researchers and clinicians refer to as "elaborative processing." Whether encountering a piece of trash, like a pack of used matches, or an obscure signifier, like "fallen lucifers," (an item in Shem's house) both the hoarder and the Joycean create cognitively rich associative networks for accumulated material or linguistic objects. Through an understanding of the phenomenon of hoarding, I offer an analysis of Joycean objects that assumes their potential value within a range of deferrable symbolic registers. Such a reading calls for a reconsideration of Joyce's later aesthetics and a critique of the critico-stylistic techniques peculiar to <italic>Wake</italic> scholarship. I go on to argue that the consequences of Joyce's equation of litter with literature extend well beyond <italic>Finnegans Wake</italic>; and that a large number of modernist texts exhibit the same potential for the discovery of value in the seemingly valueless. Bowen's theories on toys and character--presented in a series of essays, memoirs, radio broadcasts, and novels, particularly <italic>The House in Paris</italic>--provide a rich resource for considering the object of play in twentieth-century literary aesthetics. Bowen had a life-long obsession with toys ranging from Edwardian toy-theaters to Japanese dolls to Czechoslovakian marionettes. In the unpublished essay "Toys," she argues that the highest form of play involves resourceful manipulation, or the faculty to turn a found object into something else. Bowen's resourceful toy, like the hoarded object, relies upon an individual's heightened creative tendency to invent infinite uses (or misuses) for things. This chapter employs Bowen's theory by reemphasizing trope's etymological meaning of "to alter or to turn one thing into another." This method of encountering the phenomenal world can be discovered in a strain of twentieth-century writers who share Bowen's preoccupation with the effects of troping subjects with objects. Bowen was attracted to the toy because of its abilities to create tensions between subject and object distinctions; its mimetic potential to contest, invert, or reflect established ontological assumptions; and its capability to underscore the inter-construction of interiority and exteriority. My project's culminating chapter appropriates the phrase "forsaken things" from <italic>Malone Dies</italic> as a term to signify the recurrent, infraordinary objects that litter Beckett's texts and the daunting critical trajectories necessary to understand his aesthetic projects. Predominantly critics have abandoned Beckett's objects as either bereft of symbolic value or confoundedly too symbolic. My approach counters these readings by accepting the object's status as purposely forsaken, or liberated from confining ideological and aesthetic frames of judgment. Beckett uses objects to bait his audience into accepting tempting, cogent interpretations (whether allegorical, existential, psychoanalytic, autobiographical, or another); however, his technique is to undercut any stable reading by endowing the object with a paradoxically determined indeterminacy. I develop this argument by tracing the ways that a series of objects (spent matches, pebbles, "pointless" pencils) purposely fail to exhibit or contribute to a consistent syntax of meaning across Beckett's novels and short stories. I conclude my chapter by looking at Beckett's first completed play, <italic>Eleutheria</italic>, and a series of short stories that he wrote between 1946-47. Though one associates Beckett with the absence of objects, analysis of these texts proves that like his contemporaries, he, too, was dependent upon them. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English.