Το τελευταίο διάστημα, ο όρος «ποιότητα λογισμικού» γίνεται ολοένα και πιο δημοφιλής. Όλο και μεγαλύτερη σημασία δίνεται στο τι είναι ποιότητα λογισμικού, αν μπορεί να μετρηθεί και με ποιους τρόπους κι επίσης το αν αξίζει να γνωρίζει κανείς στη φάση ανάπτυξης λογισμικού πόσο ποιοτικό είναι ένα πρόγραμμα. Επιπλέον, η ανάπτυξη λογισμικού ανοιχτού κώδικα βελτιώνεται και εξελίσσεται με γρήγορους ρυθμούς. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως στόχο την εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων, ώστε να αποτιμηθεί η σταθερότητα ενός προγράμματος ανοιχτού λογισμικού με χρήση μετρικών. Το πρόγραμμα το οποίο μελετήθηκε ήταν το Win Merge και οι μετρικές των ρουτινών του υπολογίστηκαν με τη βοήθεια του προγράμματος Source Monitor. Αρχικά, ταξινομήθηκαν οι ρουτίνες σε κατηγορίες ανάλογα με τον αριθμό των εκδόσεων στις οποίες είχαν τροποποιηθεί. Στη συνέχεια, υπολογίστηκαν οι μέσοι όροι των ρουτινών για κάθε κατηγορία και προέκυψαν τα αντίστοιχα διαγράμματα (ένα για κάθε μετρική). / Nowadays, the term “software quality” becomes more and more popular. In addition, more and more people are interested in what it is quality of software, if and how it can be measured and whether it is worth knowing the quality of your program in the phase of software development. Moreover, the development of open source is improved with rapid rythm. This project aims at the export of conclusions, so that the stability of a program of open source is evaluated by using metrics. The program we used is Win Merge and metrics were calculated by using Source Monitor program. Initially, the routines were categorized in categories depending on the number of versions in which they had been modified. Afterwards, we calculated the averages of routines for each category and we resulted in the corresponding diagrams (for each metric).

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-08-30T18:07:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLCCD.pdf: 4056126 bytes, checksum: ed6319985f95cfa7a1084a7fd08bef23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-09-25T18:11:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLCCD.pdf: 4056126 bytes, checksum: ed6319985f95cfa7a1084a7fd08bef23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-09-25T18:11:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLCCD.pdf: 4056126 bytes, checksum: ed6319985f95cfa7a1084a7fd08bef23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T18:15:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLCCD.pdf: 4056126 bytes, checksum: ed6319985f95cfa7a1084a7fd08bef23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Outra / The advancement of human occupation and the evolution of its many activities have put many ecosystems at risk. The loss of native vegetation to agricultural practices has resulted in the fragmentation of habitats, which has serious consequences for biodiversity. Protected areas exist to try to avoid these interferences, but enforcement is not always effective and can avoid impacts. This scenario makes fundamental the analysis of the landscape of protected areas in macro-scale in order to try to predict and to reverse the impacts resulting from the expansion of the anthropic occupation. In view of these considerations, this dissertation aimed to obtain information about the landscape of the State Environmental Protection Area Rio Pandeiros (PSA Pandeiros), through the use of structural indexes of the landscape. The information was inserted and analyzed in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The landscape structure was evaluated through the land use and land cover dynamics of PSA Pandeiros in 1995 and 2015. The evaluation of priority areas for PSA conservation was evaluated through the application of landscape metrics based on the results of the use and coverage evaluation from the land. And the evaluation of the location of ecological corridors for the PSA area was carried out based on the analysis of PSA connectivity potential from the results of the landscape metrics. The results showed that agricultural activities have strong influence structure of the landscape, mainly the pasture. The advancement of agricultural practices has made the landscape of the PSA suffer some degree of fragmentation which if not controlled will have serious consequences for the local biodiversity. The PSA still presents some fragments that have been considered high conservation areas due to their size and shape, are essential areas for actions that encourage the protection of the PSA. The analysis of the location of the ecological corridors showed that the proposed corridors are located in conservation priority areas and, therefore, their consolidation is necessary so that the fragmentation process of the PSA begins to be reversed and that the PSA may in the near future have A more connected landscape to ensure the 26 species of medium and large mammals found in the PSA and all the biodiversity that is interconnected. / O avanço da ocupação humana e a evolução de suas inúmeras atividades têm colocado diversos ecossistemas em perigo. A perda de vegetação nativa para práticas agrícolas tem resultado na fragmentação dos habitats o que gera graves consequências para a biodiversidade. As áreas Protegidas existem para tentar evitar estas interferências, mas nem sempre a fiscalização é efetiva e consegue evitar os impactos. Esse cenário torna fundamental a análise da paisagem de áreas protegidas em macro escala de forma a tentar prever e reverter os impactos resultantes da expansão da ocupação antrópica. Diante dessas considerações, esta dissertação teve como objetivo a obtenção de informações sobre a paisagem da Área de Proteção Ambiental Estadual do Rio Pandeiros (APA Pandeiros), por meio da utilização de índices estruturais da paisagem. As informações foram inseridas e analisadas em Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). A estrutura da paisagem foi avaliada através da dinâmica de uso e cobertura da terra da APA Pandeiros em 1995 e 2015. A avaliação de áreas prioritárias para conservação da APA foi avaliada através da aplicação de métricas da paisagem baseadas nos resultados da avaliação do uso e cobertura da terra. E a avaliação da localização de corredores ecológicos para a área da APA foi realizada baseada na análise do potencial de conectividade da APA a partir dos resultados das métricas da paisagem. Os resultados mostraram que as atividades agrícolas têm forte influência estrutura da paisagem, principalmente a pastagem. O avanço das práticas agrícolas fez com que a paisagem da APA sofresse certo grau de fragmentação que caso não seja controlado trará sérias consequências para a biodiversidade local. A APA ainda apresenta alguns fragmentos que foram considerados como áreas de alta prioridade para a conservação devido ao seu formato e tamanho, são áreas essenciais para ações que incentivem a proteção da APA. A análise da localização dos corredores ecológicos mostrou que os corredores propostos estão localizados em áreas prioritárias para a conservação e dessa forma, a sua consolidação é necessária para que o processo de fragmentação da APA comece a ser revertido e que a APA possa num futuro próximo ter uma paisagem mais conectada a fim de assegurar as 26 espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte encontrada na APA e toda a biodiversidade que está interligada.

No description available.

Recent research within the field of Software Engineering have used GitHub, the largest hub for open source projects with almost 20 million users and 57 million repositories, to mine large amounts of source code to get more trustworthy results when developing machine and deep learning models. Mining GitHub comes with many challenges since the dataset is large and the data does not only contain quality software projects. In this project, we try to mine projects from GitHub based on earlier research by others and try to validate the quality by comparing the projects with a small subset of quality projects with the help of software complexity metrics.

No contexto global, a competição entre as organizações mudou de perfil nos últimos anos. De forma geral, no passado as empresas buscavam melhorar seu desempenho considerando apenas o seu papel e as suas relações com o mercado. Entretanto, a mudança nos parâmetros competitivos passou a demandar uma visão integrada dentro e fora das empresas. As cadeias de suprimentos e as redes produtivas, para tanto, tornaram-se as estruturas de governança mais indicadas para a gestão das relações entre clientes e fornecedores. Entretanto, as considerações acerca do desempenho de uma empresa isolada passaram a não fazer mais sentido, uma vez que a integração entre empresas tem como principal foco a otimização da rede ou cadeia em detrimento do desempenho local. Assim, o desdobramento de um sistema de medição de desempenho que considere de forma acertada os elementos competitivos que devem ser mensurados e que possibilite a sua integração pode contribuir para a gestão dos processos entre empresas. Esta dissertação propõe, a partir da definição de uma empresa focal, uma sistemática para avaliar o desempenho de cadeias de suprimentos fundamentada em indicadores de competitividade empresarial. Apoiando-se no método Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), as diversas métricas são agrupadas em subgrupos e é realizada a hierarquização das mesmas com o objetivo de verificar o seu comportamento integrado. A interação dos subgrupos de indicadores é então realizada através da função preferência, proporcionando uma análise crítica de desempenho sob a ótica agregada e desagregada. A sistemática proposta é aplicada em uma indústria do setor siderúrgico, permitindo a identificação de desajustes e de oportunidades potenciais de melhoria na avaliação de sua cadeia de suprimentos. / Competitiveness profile between organizations has changed over the last years. As a general rule, companies used to improve performance considering only their role and relation with market. However, recent changes due to competitiveness have required an integrated approach within and outside the enterprise. Supply chains and productive networks became suitable governance structures for modern management, especially to deal with relationships between customers and suppliers. However, considerations about performance of a single company turned out to be senseless in that integration between companies started a focused approach to optimize network performance. Thus, the development of a performance measurement system relying on measurable competitive elements and enabling integrated analysis of performance became vital for precise supply-chain management evaluation. This dissertation proposes, from the perspective of a central company, a system to evaluate performance of supply chain based on competitiveness related metrics. Based on Analytical Hierarchy Process, metrics are hierarchically grouped to promote their integration. Next, interaction of groups of metrics is performed, enabling a critical performance analysis. The proposed methodology is illustrated on a case study in the steel industry in order to improve supply-chain management.

This study explores the promise of student success in undergraduate education that exceeds its standard definition and measurement as retention and graduation rates. The research paradox framing this dissertation is: In what ways can universities support conceptions of undergraduate student success that escape measurement? This paradox is explored through two analytic questions: What do the orientations of student success in the American higher education literature produce? and What does the map of student success at Great State University produce? To explore these questions, this study utilizes assemblage theory, a theorization of the composition of the conditions that produce our social fields to develop a molecular sociology, the methodology by which this study opens up the determinate world to the map of the assemblage. A genealogy of the undergraduate education literature explores what the orientations of student success produce. This section first destabilizes the notion that student success is a collection of literature that moves forward linearly with the march of scientific measurement. Second, it provides the orientation of the current student success assemblage in American higher education, data-driven control. A cartography of student success at Great State University next maps the orientations and disorientations of the first year of GSU’s student success initiative to data-driven control. In this mapping, we explore the initiative’s continued production of the in/dividual student: the dividual, or data point subject produced by data-driven control through the justification of student-centered practices. We also explore the moments that escaped the capture of data-driven control, or liberal education. Through a compilation of cartographic locations, we come into relation with student success at GSU as an assemblage of indeterminate molecularities productive of determinate reality. This study concludes with a call for a fractal student success, a student success incommensurate with itself and its locations. This expansive success is fostered by critical methodologies and practices. Narrow policy changes suggested by many organizations active in student success serve to re/produce data-driven control. Change in our students’ lives and possibilities will come from unyielding experimentations in research, practice, and policy to warp and overthrow data-driven control, and all assemblages that follow.

The lack of training data is a common problem in machine learning. One solution to thisproblem is to use transfer learning to remove or reduce the requirement of training data.Selecting datasets for transfer learning can be difficult however. As a possible solution, thisstudy proposes the domain similarity metrics document vector distance (DVD) and termfrequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) distance. DVD and TF-IDF could aid inselecting datasets for good transfer learning when there is no data from the target domain.The simple metric, shared vocabulary, is used as a baseline to check whether DVD or TF-IDF can indicate a better choice for a fine-tuning dataset. SQuAD is a popular questionanswering dataset which has been proven useful for pre-training models for transfer learn-ing. The results were therefore measured by pre-training a model on the SQuAD datasetand fine-tuning on a selection of different datasets. The proposed metrics were used tomeasure the similarity between the datasets to see whether there was a correlation betweentransfer learning effect and similarity. The results found a clear relation between a smalldistance according to the DVD metric and good transfer learning. This could prove usefulfor a target domain without training data, a model could be trained on a big dataset andfine-tuned on a small dataset that is very similar to the target domain. It was also foundthat even small amount of training data from the target domain can be used to fine-tune amodel pre-trained on another domain of data, achieving better performance compared toonly training on data from the target domain.

This PhD thesis evaluated the applicability of Climate-Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM) as it is presently done. The objectives stated in this thesis aimed at broadly assessing applicability by looking at multiple aspects: (i) the way CBDM is used by expert researchers and practitioners; (ii) how state-of-the-art simulation techniques compare to each other and how they are affected by uncertainty in input factors; (iii) how the simulated results compare with data measured in real occupied spaces. The answers obtained from a web-based questionnaire portrayed a variety of workflows used by different people to perform similar, if not the same, evaluations. At the same time, the inter-model comparison performed to compare the existing simulation techniques revealed significant differences in the way the sky and the sun are recreated by each technique. The results also demonstrated that some of the annual daylight metrics commonly required in building guidelines are sensitive to the choice of simulation tool, as well as other input parameters, such as climate data, orientation and material optical properties. All the analyses were carried out on four case study spaces, remodelled from existing classrooms that were the subject of a concurrent research study that monitored their interior luminous conditions. A large database of High Dynamic Range images was collected for that study, and the luminance data derived from these images could be used in this work to explore a new methodology to calibrate climate-based daylight models. The results collected and presented in this dissertation illustrate how, at the time of writing, there is not a single established common framework to follow when performing CBDM evaluations. Several different techniques coexist but each of them is characterised by a specific domain of applicability.

[pt] A demanda por desenvolvimento de software incremental tem impulsionado a busca por técnicas de programação avançadas, tais como programação orientada a aspectos e programação orientada a características. Estas técnicas têm por objetivo apoiar a implementação de mudanças de software de forma localizada, a fim de promover a estabilidade do programa. Para atingir este objetivo, elas oferecem uma grande variedade de sofisticados mecanismos de composição, que fornecem meios para definir de forma flexível a composição de dois ou mais módulos de um programa. No entanto, dada a complexidade do código composição resultante, a definição inicial e alterações posteriores na especificação de uma simples composição podem afetar a estrutura e o comportamento de vários módulos, prejudicando assim a estabilidade do programa. Um fator complicador é que essas mudanças geralmente exigem raciocínio sobre certas propriedades da composição, que não estão explícitas nos artefatos de implementação ou de projeto. Infelizmente, não há conhecimento do estado da arte sobre as propriedades da composição que afetam positivamente ou negativamente a estabilidade do programa. Esse entendimento não é possível ainda, uma vez que: (i) não há uma caracterização conceitual e meios de quantificação referentes às propriedades do código de composição, e (ii) não há nenhuma investigação empírica sobre a influência dessas propriedades na estabilidade do programa. Um efeito colateral dessas lacunas é que os desenvolvedores têm recorrido a métricas convencionais, tais como o acoplamento, para determinar ou prever a estabilidade de um programa implementado usando técnicas de programação avançadas. Neste contexto, a presente tese apresenta três contribuições. Primeiro, são apresentados os resultados de um estudo empírico, revelando que as métricas convencionais utilizadas, tais como acoplamento, não são indicadores eficazes de estabilidade quando técnicas avançadas de programação são usadas. Em segundo lugar, é apresentado um arcabouço de medição que engloba um conjunto de métricas de composição destinado a quantificar as propriedades do código de composição. Este arcabouço foi desenvolvido com base em uma metamodelo e uma terminologia usada para caracterizar os elementos e propriedades do código de composição. Trata-se de um arcabouço extensível e que pode ser usado independente da técnica de programação adotada. Terceiro, nós também investigamos meios para aliviar o esforço de manutenção quando mudanças relacionadas ao código de composição precisam ser realizadas.Nesta investigação, nós avaliamos se modelos enriquecidos com a especificação das propriedades de composição ajudam os desenvolvedores a melhorar a estabilidade do programa em suas tarefas de manutenção. / [en] The demand for incremental software development has driven a search for advanced programming techniques, such as aspect-oriented programming and feature-oriented programming. These techniques share the goal of supporting localized implementation of software changes in order to promote program stability. To achieve this goal, they offer a wide range of sophisticated composition mechanisms, which provide means to flexibly define the composition of two or more modules in a program. However, given the complexity of the resulting composition code, the initial definition and further changes to a single composition specification might affect the structure and behaviour of multiple modules, thereby harming the program stability. A complicating factor is that those changes often require some reasoning about certain composition properties, which are not explicit in the implementation or design artefacts. Unfortunately, there is no understanding in the state of the art about the composition properties that affect positively or negatively the program stability. This understanding is not yet possible as: (i) there is no conceptual characterization and quantification means for composition code properties, and (ii) there is no empirical investigation on the influence of these properties on program stability. A side effect of these gaps is that developers have resorted to conventional metrics, such as coupling, to determine or predict the stability of a program implemented with advanced programming techniques. In this context, this thesis presents three contributions to overcome the aforementioned problems. First, we have developed an empirical study revealing that widely-used metrics, such as coupling, are not effective indicators of stability when advanced programming techniques are used. Second, we propose a measurement framework encompassing a suite of composition metrics intended to quantify properties of the composition code. This framework is based on a meta-model and terminology for characterizing the elements and properties of the composition code. This framework is extensible and agnostic to particular programming techniques. Third, we also investigate how to alleviate the maintenance effort in performing changes related to the composition code. We evaluate if the availability of design models enriched with specification of composition properties help developers to improve program stability in their maintenance tasks.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-09T17:35:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_viveiros_salomao.pdf: 2312588 bytes, checksum: 733919ffcb929e3dc1d52793e03adbc8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T16:37:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_viveiros_salomao.pdf: 2312588 bytes, checksum: 733919ffcb929e3dc1d52793e03adbc8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T16:37:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) natalia_viveiros_salomao.pdf: 2312588 bytes, checksum: 733919ffcb929e3dc1d52793e03adbc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / As altera??es na estrutura da paisagem provocadas pelo homem ou por agentes naturais determinam o objetivo fundamental da ecologia da paisagem. Os impactos no solo s?o consideradas as principais causas da perda da biodiversidade, pois s?o respons?veis pela perda e fragmenta??o de habitats. A implanta??o de corredores ecol?gicos ? uma estrat?gia para minimizar os processos de degrada??o de fragmentos florestais e garantir a conserva??o de esp?cies e ecossistemas. O objetivo desse trabalho ? analisar e determinar ?reas suscept?veis ? implanta??o de corredores ecol?gicos, ligando essas ?reas ao Parque Estadual Serra do Intendente, a fim de garantir a conserva??o dos dom?nios brasileiros Cerrado e Mata Atl?ntica, no munic?pio de Concei??o do Mato Dentro, Minas Gerais. Para tanto, primeiramente, foi realizada a din?mica da vegeta??o da ?rea de estudo entre os anos de 1979 e 2015, a partir da matriz de transi??o. Para a confec??o da matriz, foi realizada a classifica??o visual do mosaico de fotografias a?reas de 1979 e a classifica??o supervisionada de uso e ocupa??o do solo da imagem de sat?lite LANDSAT 8 de 2015. Ambas as classifica??es resultaram em tr?s classes de vegeta??o, sendo elas herb?cea, arbustiva e arb?rea. Ap?s a an?lise da din?mica da vegeta??o, foi realizada a an?lise da estrutura da ?rea, calculando-se as m?tricas de paisagem: m?tricas da ?rea (?rea da paisagem e porcentagem da paisagem), m?tricas de fragmentos (n?mero dos fragmentos), m?tricas de borda (raz?o entre ?rea e total de bordas), m?tricas de forma (tamanho e forma dos fragmentos) e m?tricas do vizinho mais pr?ximo (conectividade entre os fragmentos). A an?lise da din?mica da vegeta??o resultou em uma redu??o da vegeta??o arb?rea e um crescimento da vegeta??o herb?cea e arbustiva. J? a an?lise da estrutura resultou em uma maior fragmenta??o, maior n?mero de fragmentos irregulares, maior total de bordas e redu??o da conectividade entre os fragmentos. Para definir as ?reas de implanta??o dos corredores ecol?gicos, foi analisado o potencial ecol?gico e estrutural da paisagem. Para a confec??o do mapa de potencial ecol?gico determinaram-se as vari?veis e seus pesos, sendo os maiores pesos para as vari?veis vegeta??o e hidrografia, somando ambos 80% do total e os menores pesos para as vari?veis altitude e declividade, somando ambos 20% do total. A confec??o do mapa de potencial estrutural foi de acordo com o c?lculo das m?tricas da classe, sendo elas: m?dia da ?rea do fragmento, m?dia do formato dos fragmentos, m?dia do total de bordas e m?dia da conectividade. Assim, os resultados conclu?ram que ?reas pr?ximas aos corpos d??gua, com menor total de bordas e maior conectividade entre os fragmentos eram ?reas mais favor?veis aos corredores, j? que garantiam o equil?brio e conserva??o das esp?cies nativas, favorecendo o fluxo g?nico e a desfragmenta??o dessas ?reas. O presente trabalho demonstrou que a ?rea de estudo, embora fragmentada, apresentou cobertura vegetal acima de 60% e, portanto, o habitat encontra-se conservado, ressaltando-se a import?ncia de se conhecer a ?rea tanto estrutural quanto ecologicamente, a fim de garantir um bom resultado nas pr?ticas conservacionistas. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / Changes in the structure of man-made landscape or natural agents determine the fundamental goal of landscape ecology. The impacts on soil are considered the main causes of loss of biodiversity because they are responsible for the loss and fragmentation of habitats. The establishment of ecological corridors is a strategy to minimize the degradation processes of forest fragments and ensure the conservation of species and ecosystems. The objective of this work is to analyze and determine areas susceptible to implementation of ecological corridors, linking these areas to the Parque Estadual Serra do Intendente, in order to ensure the conservation of the Atlantic forest and Cerrado biomes in the municipality of Concei??o do Mato Dentro, Minas Gerais. To do so, first was conducted the dynamics of the study area between the years of 1979 and 2015 from the visual classification of the mosaic of photographs 1979 areas and supervised classification of soil use and occupation of the LANDSAT satellite image 8 of 2015. Both ratings resulted in three classes of vegetation, shrubby, arboreal and herbaceous. For the analysis of structural dynamics, used the landscape metrics: metrics of the area (landscape area and percentage of the landscape), fragments metrics (number of fragments), edge metrics (ratio of area and perimeter and full of edges), so metrics (size and shape of the fragments) and metrics of the nearest neighbor (connectivity between the fragments). Analysis of the structure has resulted in a greater fragmentation, a greater number of irregular fragments, the larger total of edges and reduced connectivity among the fragments. To set the deployment areas of ecological corridors, was analyzed the potential structural and ecological landscape. For the preparation of a map of ecological potential was the biggest weights for classes of vegetation and hydrography, adding both 80% of the total and the smallest weights to the altitude and slope classes, adding both 30% of the total. For the preparation of a map of structural potential, was analyzed the metrics of the classes of the fragment area landscape, the average shape of the fragments, the average total of edges and average of connectivity. Thus, the results concluded that areas close to water bodies, with less total of borders and greater connectivity between the shards were most favourable to the halls, as guaranteed the balance and conservation of native species, favoring the gene flow and the defragmentation of these areas. It appears in this work that the though fragmented area, features cover above 60%, and therefore, the habitat is maintained. In addition, it is necessary to know the structural area as ecologically, in order to ensure a good result in conservation practices.