Our senses, while limited, shape our perception of the world and contribute to the functional architecture of the brain. This dissertation investigates the role of sensory modality and task demands in the cortical organization of healthy human adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This research provides evidence for sensory modality bias in frontal cortical regions by directly contrasting auditory and visual sustained attention. This contrast revealed two distinct visual-biased regions in lateral frontal cortex - superior and inferior precentral sulcus (sPCS, iPCS) - anatomically interleaved with two auditory-biased regions - transverse gyrus intersecting precentral sulcus (tgPCS) and caudal inferior frontal sulcus (cIFS). Intrinsic (resting-state) functional connectivity analysis demonstrated that sPCS and iPCS fall within a broad visual-attention network, while tgPCS and cIFS fall within a broad auditory-attention network. Unisensory (auditory or visual) short-term memory (STM) tasks assessed the flexible recruitment of these sensory-biased cortical regions by varying information domain demands (e.g., spatial, temporal). While both modalities provide spatial and temporal information, vision has greater spatial resolution than audition, and audition has excellent temporal precision relative to vision. A visual temporal, but not a spatial, STM task flexibly recruited frontal auditory-biased regions; conversely, an auditory spatial task more strongly recruited frontal visual-biased regions compared to an auditory temporal task. This flexible recruitment extended to an auditory-biased superior temporal lobe region and to a subset of visual-biased parietal regions. A demanding auditory spatial STM task recruited anterior/superior visuotopic maps (IPS2-4, SPL1) along the intraparietal sulcus, but neither spatial nor temporal auditory tasks recruited posterior/interior maps. Finally, a comparison of visual spatial attention and STM under varied cognitive load demands attempted to further elucidate the organization of posterior parietal cortex. Parietal visuotopic maps were recruited for both visual spatial attention and working memory but demonstrated a graded response to task demands. Posterior/inferior maps (IPS0-1) demonstrated a linear relationship with the number of items attended to or remembered in the visual spatial tasks. Anterior/superior maps (IPS2-4, SPL1) demonstrated a general recruitment in visual spatial cognitive tasks, with a stronger response for visual spatial attention compared to STM.

MENEZES, Léia Cruz de. Expressões linguísticas modalizadoras deônticas em função argumentativa: um exercício de análise retórico-funcional. 2011. 334f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2011. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-26T12:25:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_lcmenezes.pdf: 3729325 bytes, checksum: 75ce0ffca891806b5eb92fa940afe182 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-26T12:52:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_lcmenezes.pdf: 3729325 bytes, checksum: 75ce0ffca891806b5eb92fa940afe182 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-26T12:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_lcmenezes.pdf: 3729325 bytes, checksum: 75ce0ffca891806b5eb92fa940afe182 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The goal of this research is to comprehend the actuation of the deontic linguistic expression in the construction of the argumentative speech, which is understood as a movement which the starting point is the audience agreement concerning the premises which the one who argues bases the theses he defends and draws conclusions authorized by argumentative techniques. Assuming that the linguistic uses are adjusted to the speakers´ communicative intention ,the deontics modal linguistic expressions vary according to the different goals along the argumentative movement. Aiming the understanding of the persuasive effects of these variation, two theoretic-methodological perspectives were discussed in the research: the New Rhetoric and the Linguistics of functional base. While the understructure of the functional Linguistics, as a grammar theory, gives us support to the description and linguistic analysis of the category of the modality in use, the New Rhetoric understructure gives us support to the understanding of the linguistic expressions of the modality concerning the construction of the argumentative speech. The corpus for this work is made of twenty nine typed registers of talks given by Federal Representatives during sessions at Câmara dos Deputados (House of Representatives) throughout 2007 and early 2008. All talks were about the need of national security policies able to stop the increase of violence in Brazil. The research reveals the preference for the subjective use of deontic modal expressions ,in which it is observed the dilution of the speaker´s commitment with his desire for the actions recommended by him. By restoring deontic logic which source presents itself like him, the speaker, in accord with all men and women taken as normal who compose the country public opinion, the one who gives the talk bases his recommendation on what is taken as normal. There underlies the authority of the argumentative strategy of the “massive number”. The research also unveiled the preference for direct non-indication of the deontic targets, as a way to avoid confrontation with personal meaning. The predilection for the indirect indication of targets was observed in 319 occurrences out of 464 modal expressions contained in this corpus. When considered the speaker´s behavior in relation to deontic targets, the research confirmed the option for the inclusion. When the speaker put himself among those who bear the need to do something or to prevent something negative to happen, he increases the listeners´ adhesion to his recommendations by showing himself willing to act. Instead of restoring obligations and prohibitions, he presents himself as the one convoking partners to action. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender a atuação das expressões linguísticas modalizadoras deônticas na construção do modo de discurso argumentativo, o qual é entendido como um movimento cujo ponto de partida é o acordo do auditório sobre premissas nas quais aquele que argumenta alicerça as teses que defende e conduz a conclusões autorizadas por técnicas argumentativas. Partindo do pressuposto de que os usos linguísticos são ajustados aos intentos comunicativos dos falantes, as expressões linguísticas modalizadoras deônticas variam em conformidade com distintos propósitos no transcurso do movimento argumentativo. Visando à compreensão dos efeitos persuasivos dessas variações, duas perspectivas teórico-metodológicas foram postas em diálogo na pesquisa: a Nova Retórica e a Linguística de base funcional. Enquanto o arcabouço da Linguística funcionalista, como teoria gramatical, dá-nos suporte para a descrição e análise linguística da categoria modalidade em uso, o arcabouço da Nova Retórica dá-nos suporte para a compreensão das expressões linguísticas da modalidade em função da construção do discurso argumentativo. O corpus constituído para esse trabalho é formado de vinte e nove registros taquigráficos de proferimentos de Deputados Federais em sessões plenárias na Câmara dos Deputados ao longo do ano de 2007 e início de 2008. Todos os proferimentos versam sobre a necessidade de uma política de segurança nacional capaz de frear a escalada da violência no Brasil. A pesquisa revelou a predileção por usos subjetivos das expressões modalizadoras deônticas, nos quais se observa a diluição do comprometimento do orador com a desejabilidade das ações que recomenda. Ao instaurar valor deôntico cuja fonte se apresenta como ele, orador, em consonância a todos os demais homens e mulheres adultos tidos como normais que compõem a opinião pública do País, aquele que profere o discurso alicerça suas recomendações naquilo que é tido por normal. Subjaz a estratégia argumentativa da autoridade do “grande número”. A pesquisa também revelou a predileção pela não-indicação direta de alvos deônticos, como meio de evitar confrontos com conotação pessoal. A predileção pela indicação indireta de alvos fez-se notar em 319 ocorrências das 464 expressões modalizadoras constantes no corpus. Quanto ao comportamento do orador em relação a alvos deônticos, a pesquisa constatou a opção pela inclusão. Ao se colocar entre aqueles sobre os quais recai a necessidade de realizar algo ou de evitar que algo se produza, o orador aumenta a adesão dos ouvintes às recomendações que apresenta por mostrar-se alguém disposto a agir. Ao invés de instaurador de obrigações e proibições, ele apresenta-se como aquele que convoca parceiros à ação.

Vocabulary acquisition plays an important role in second language students’ performance. In the process of learning vocabulary, students are exposed to different sorts of input that might affect the way their working memory processes, retains, and recalls the new information they are exposed to, which can be visual, auditory, haptic, or multimodal (Paivio, 1991). Research has been extensively done on the effects of input modality on working memory in L1 word recall tasks in individuals with normal development and also in individuals with visual disabilities; however, no attention has been given to the effects of input modality on working memory in word recall tasks in blind individuals in the realm of second language learning. The current research sought to investigate the effects of input modality on working memory in L2 word recall tasks with the goal of determining if the lack of access to visual stimuli would have any substantial effects on L2 word retention and recall. It was predicted that participants would do better on those word recall tasks that involved the use of more than one modality simultaneously and that lack of access to visual stimuli would not negatively affect L2 word recall. To address these issues, we devised two word recall experiments: experiment 1 for the blind participant of the study (a 24 year old female graduate student who is an English native speaker), and experiment 2 for the sighted participants. Both experiments comprised a Digit Span Test, 4 word recall tasks in which participants were exposed to four different lists of high frequency Spanish words and their English translations in different modalities (Oral, Written (Braille), Oral+Written (Braille), Haptic/visual+Oral), and an interview. Thirty (16 females, 14 males) American English Native speakers who were sighted with ages ranging from 19 to 37 participated in this study; half of them were blindfolded for the last word recall task (Haptic+Oral). The results for both experiments showed that contrary to our predictions and to what dual coding theories claim, our participants were able to recall more words in those tasks that involved the use of only one modality. In part this may be attributed to 1) the fact that it was the first time these participants were exposed to Spanish vocabulary and so it made it more difficult for their working memories to integrate modalities and 2) an information overload since the stimulus words were presented with their translation. Moreover, the lack of access to visual stimuli did not have a strong effect in those participants who were blindfolded, which may be explained by the fact that the oral and haptic input triggered the use of mental imagery when retaining and recalling the words. Finally, the practical and pedagogical implications of the findings of the present study, as well as recommendations for the future research are discussed.

Technology may play a critical role in impacting student engagement, specifically within an assessment context. Using a mixed methods approach, I examined the relationship between varying degrees of technology-enhancements applied in a mathematics performance task on the outcome of student cognitive engagement. Using a counterbalanced quasi-experimental design, I evaluated the impact of three performance task platforms on student self-reported cognitive engagement in from a sample of students in grades 6-8 in Oregon, Washington, and North Carolina (N = 450). The three performance task platforms (a) included technology-enhanced (technology-based including animation and interactivity), (b) technology-enabled (computer-based without including animation and interactivity), (c) and paper-and-pencil. The measure used for cognitive engagement (CE-S-DSP & SOS) was a hybrid of previously used self-reporting tools and showed preferable reliability for the overall score of cognitive engagement. The data were not able to be explored using a 5-factor confirmatory factory analysis, due to model fit limitations. Results from the between subjects analysis of variance and did not suggest a relationship between performance task platform (modality type) and student cognitive engagement. Qualitative interview data indicated that students preferred using technology to take tests and overall showed favorability for the technology-enhanced performance task, specifically the interactivity and animations to help visualize and work through the problem. Yet, despite the positive links to technology-enhancements, there were features of paper-and-pencil tasks that students appreciated such as the ability to navigate between the items and the ability to take notes. Results indicated that just putting tests on computers may not be enough and technological affordance should be purposefully implemented. Findings from this study can help inform future use of platform type, technological enhancements employed, and strategies for technology use within an assessment context.

MENEZES, Léia Cruz de. A modalidade deôntica na construção da persuasão em discursos políticos. 2006. 186f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2006. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-19T14:57:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_lcmenezes.pdf: 1129994 bytes, checksum: 2434958a8cb1fb1ced02f6dd19a0bee1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-19T16:53:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_lcmenezes.pdf: 1129994 bytes, checksum: 2434958a8cb1fb1ced02f6dd19a0bee1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-19T16:53:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_lcmenezes.pdf: 1129994 bytes, checksum: 2434958a8cb1fb1ced02f6dd19a0bee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / The study aimed at investigating in which way linguistic expressions of the deontic modality act in a sense of making the audience’s participation possible in standpoints defended in political speeches and, thus, it was analyzed, under a functionalist theory, forty-four speeches delivered by Representatives at the Lower House of Congress. They discussed the reformation proposal on the welfare state along the first semester of the year 2003. Being understood as the modality related to the axis of the obligation, the deontic modality is, in the present research, as a whole, analyzed under the manifestation of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic-discourse aspects. The research revealed the existence of a relation between the reformation process’ stage, what is directly related to the social pressure over the politicians, and the usage frequency of deontic modalizator expressions. Concerning the linguistc means of the deontic modality expression, one could perceive a high production of the modal verb, standing out the verb “must” in the consolidation of obligations. One could also observe a high frequency of the lack of a target’s explicitation in which the deontic value was established as well as an exclusion strategy in relation to the target, when the latter was specified. The politicians’ preference for presenting themselves to the public as the ones who took the responsibilities in a task execution, or for making the audience believe that this responsiblity belongs to somebody else, weakens the audience’s pression over the politician’s figure, then transferring this responsibility to other individuals or to institutions. For these reasons, in general terms, one can observe the politicians’ preference for keeping some distance from the established deontic value’s incidence target. / Objetivando analisar de que modo expressões lingüísticas da modalidade deôntica atuam no sentido de viabilizar a adesão do auditório a pontos de vista defendidos em discursos políticos, pesquisamos, sob o prisma da orientação funcionalista, quarenta e quatro discursos proferidos por Deputados Federais no plenário da Câmara por ocasião das discussões envolvendo a proposta de reforma no regime previdenciário dos servidores públicos, ao longo do primeiro semestre de 2003. Entendida como a modalidade relacionada à possibilidade ou necessidade de atos executados por agentes moralmente responsáveis, a modalidade deôntica foi analisada do ponto de vista sintático, semântico e pragmático. A pesquisa revelou a existência de uma relação entre pressão social sob os oradores e freqüência de uso de expressões deonticamente modalizadas, a saber, quanto maior a pressão em torno da aprovação/rejeição do projeto em tramitação, mais freqüentemente se valeram os parlamentares de expressões capazes de, entre outras funções, apresentá-los à opinião pública como autoridades dispostas a lutar pelos interesses da comunidade. Quanto aos meios lingüísticos de expressão da modalidade deôntica, constatamos a alta produtividade do verbo auxiliar modal, destacando-se o verbo dever na instauração de obrigações. Observamos também a elevada produtividade da exclusão do orador do alvo sobre o qual recai o valor deôntico instaurado. A predileção dos parlamentares por apresentarem-se à opinião pública como indivíduos que já arcaram com o ônus que lhes competia na execução de uma tarefa, ou por levar a audiência a crer que a competência para a realização de algo é de outrem, cabendo-lhes denunciar e cobrar, é justificada na medida em que essa estratégia revelou-se mecanismo de atenuação da pressão por parte do auditório sobre a figura do orador, transferindo expectativas e cobranças a outros indivíduos ou a instituições.

LOPES, Maria de Fátima de Sousa. Análise funcionalista da modalidade deôntica na coluna Confronto das Ideias do jornal "O Povo". 2015. 147f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2015. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-28T13:27:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mfslopes.pdf: 1689561 bytes, checksum: 12fad8f2dd6feebd802907a133aa8270 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-28T14:26:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mfslopes.pdf: 1689561 bytes, checksum: 12fad8f2dd6feebd802907a133aa8270 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-28T14:26:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mfslopes.pdf: 1689561 bytes, checksum: 12fad8f2dd6feebd802907a133aa8270 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This study analyzes how linguistic expressions of deontic modality act in defense of points of view on texts from “Confronto das Ideias” column of a Brazilian newspaper called “O Povo”. We analyzed based on a functionalist view of language the manifestation of deontic modality in sixty texts produced over thirty topics each one with two contrary points of view. The topics covered in the column are about social issues of community interests. These texts were published in 2013 and 2014. Seen as the type of modality that is related to the possibility or need of acts performed by morally responsible agents, the deontic modality was analyzed in its syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects. With regard to the linguistic expressions of deontic modality, we verified that the modal auxiliaries were the most frequent of them with 62.7% of frequency. Among them, the auxiliary verb must was recurrent in establishing obligation, followed by the modal auxiliary can, that had an occasional frequency in establishing prohibition by negative polarity cannot. The obligation value was the most frequent with 65.9% of recurrence followed by permission value, often manifesting suggestions. With regard to semantic aspects, the deontic source that most introduced the modality was enunciator with 63.2% of frequency, since the authors, in most cases, speak on behalf of them and of a supposed common sense. The most common deontic target on which fall the deontic values was the common-area with 49.2% of presence in the texts. This type of deontic target relates to the whole community including the enunciator. When the target is defined by a third person, it was most frequent references to institutions. The tense in which the modal auxiliary verbs most appear was the Present, with 68.6% of frequency, and the Indicative, with 75.7% of recurrence. We conclude that the authors use these resources to present their ideas about obligations, permissions, suggestions and prohibitions related to topics of social interests. Some linguistic expressions were used to assert or attenuate the illocutionary force with which the authors defend their points of view, aiming to persuade the readers to practices presented by them as ideals. The deontic modality is therefore set as a category that introduces notions about conduct and citizenship in defense of points of view about social issues pointed in the column. / O presente estudo analisa de que maneira as expressões linguísticas da modalidade deôntica atuam na defesa de pontos de vista dos autores da coluna Confronto das Ideias do jornal O Povo. Pesquisamos, a partir de uma visão funcionalista da linguagem, a manifestação da modalidade deôntica em sessenta textos produzidos sobre trinta temas, cada tema com dois textos de posicionamentos contrários. Os temas tratados na coluna fazem referência a questões sociais, de interesse da comunidade. Os textos coletados foram publicados nos anos de 2013 e 2014. Vista como a modalidade relacionada à possibilidade ou necessidade de atos executados por agentes moralmente responsáveis, a modalidade deôntica foi aqui analisada quanto aos aspectos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos. No que se refere aos meios linguísticos de expressão da modalidade deôntica, verificamos que os auxiliares modais foram os mais recorrentes, com 62,7% de frequência. Dentre eles, o verbo auxiliar dever foi constante frente aos demais, instaurando obrigação, seguido pelo auxiliar modal poder, que teve uma considerável frequência, instaurando proibição através da polaridade negativa não+poder. O valor de obrigação nos textos do corpus foi o mais frequente, com 65,9% de recorrência, seguido do valor de permissão, manifestado, muitas vezes, como uma sugestão. Com relação aos aspectos semânticos, a fonte deôntica que mais instaurou a modalidade foi a do tipo enunciador, com 63,2% de frequência, uma vez que os autores, na maioria dos casos, falam em nome deles e de um suposto senso comum. O alvo deôntico mais frequente, sobre o qual recaem os valores deônticos instaurados nesses textos, foi o domínio-comum, com 49,2% de presença nos textos. Esse tipo de alvo deôntico diz respeito a toda a comunidade, inclusive o enunciador. Quando o alvo é uma terceira pessoa definida, é mais frequente a referência a uma instituição. O tempo verbal em que os verbos auxiliares modais mais se manifestaram foi o Presente, com 68,6% de frequência, e o modo, o Indicativo, com 75,7% de recorrência. Concluímos que os autores se utilizam desses recursos para apresentar suas ideias com relação a obrigações, permissões, sugestões e proibições acerca de assuntos de interesse social. Algumas expressões linguísticas são usadas para asseverar ou atenuar a força ilocucionária com que os autores defendem seus pontos de vista, objetivando conquistar a adesão dos leitores às práticas apresentadas por eles como desejáveis. A modalidade deôntica é configurada, assim, como uma categoria que instaura noções relacionadas à conduta e à cidadania na defesa de opiniões sobre as questões de interesse social abordadas na coluna Confronto das Ideias do jornal O Povo.

As formações x-inho são descritas, na maioria das gramáticas de Língua Portuguesa como contendo noções dimensiva e afetiva. Entretanto, essas mesmas gramáticas não incluem os fatores extraligüísticos e contextuais nos quais os anunciadores estão inseridos quando optam por uma formação em x-inho. Sob esta perspectiva, tem-se no presente trabalho, o objetivo de investigar a produtividade das formações x-inho em dois corpora eletrônicos: um oral, subdividido em dois subcorpora contendo respectivamente narrativas e descrições e um escrito, oriundo exclusivamente das variadas seções e cadernos de um jornal de grande circulação e qualidade. A dissertação quantifica as ocorrências das formações x-inho em cada um dos corpora. Em seguida cada uma dessas ocorrências é analisada para se verificar que tipo de noção (dimensiva, afetiva positiva ou negativa, intensificadora, etc) ela contem. Por fim são contrastados os dados de freqüência e dispersão de cada uma das noções encontradas para cada um dos corpora. A metodologia de nossa análise está centrada na área de investigação lingüística denominada Lingüística de corpus, que serve de base para que os dados colhidos sejam analisados e interpretados. / The items ending in -inho are described in the majority of grammars of Portuguese as conveying two notions, namely affect and dimension. However, the same grammars do not seem to include either the extralinguistic or contextual factors in which speakers are inserted when they opt for a word ending in -inho. The aim of the present work thus is to investigate the productivity of such items in two electronic corpora: one of an oral nature which is further subdivided into two sub-corpora containing narratives and descriptions and a second one compiled exclusively from the various sections of a widely read quality newspaper. The dissertation quantifies the various instances of items ending in inho in each of the corpora. Next, each of these occurrences is analysed and classified to check which notion (dimentio,positive affect, negative affect, intensification) they convey. Last the results of both frequency and dispension counts are contrasted for each of the corpora. The methodology of our analyses is centered on the area known as Corpus Linguistics, which provides a basis for the data to be compiled and interpreted.

Este trabalho tem por objeto as estruturas gramaticais portuguesas tradicionalmente denominadas orações principais. Considerando seu uso em textos, essa estrutura é analisada sob a perspectiva sistêmico-funcional com base na hipótese de que essas construções, quando ligadas a orações subordinadas substantivas, veiculam significados interpessoais. O estudo dessas orações baseou-se em um corpus formado por editoriais de jornal. O levantamento e a análise das ocorrências revelaram a contribuição dessas estruturas para a indicação da modalidade. A partir da revisão crítica dos conceitos de oração principal em gramáticas de diferentes orientações teóricas, passou-se a analisar o significado das estruturas na metafunção interpessoal. Desse modo, comprovou-se a importância dessas estruturas em textos de orientação argumentativa. A análise do significado interpessoal dessas construções torna possível, pois, uma melhor compreensão do seu potencial semântico e de sua funcionalidade no discurso. / The object of this work are the Portuguese grammatical structures tradicionally known as main clauses. Considering their use in texts, the main clauses are analyzed from a systemicfunctional perspective based on the hypothesis that these constructions, when connected with certain kinds oh subordinate clauses, carry in themselves interpersonal meanings. The study of these clauses in newspaper editorials has revealed their contribution to the indication of modality. After a critical revision of the concepts of main clauses in grammars of different theoretical orientation, these structures were analyzed in the interpersonal metafunction. The analysis of the interpersonal meaning of these constructions allows a better understanding of their semantic potential as well as their discourse functionality.

This diploma thesis focuses on problems with expressing modality in German language system. It also deals with modality adaptation in contemporary textbooks for teaching German as a foreign language at CEFR level A1-A2. In the beginning the thesis deals with theoretical adaptation of modality and ist possibilities of expressing in grammatical and lexical system of contemporary German Language. The end of theoretical part pays attention to teaching German as a foreign language, especially to problems with grammar arrangement or more precisely modality. The empirical part focuses on analysis of modality presentation in selected textbooks at CEFR level A1-A2 at lower secondary schools and corresponding grammar schools. The attention is aimed at formal, pragmatic and stylistic aspect of presenting the phenomenon, as well as comprehensibility, suitability and reasonability of its adaptation.

Cette thèse aborde la question des modalités de participation de l’enfant en situation de handicap à un jeu et tente d’appréhender les facteurs favorisant ou non cette participation. Pour cela, nous avons mis, tout d’abord, en exergue que derrière les notions de socialisation et d’intégration, la participation à un faire au sein d’un collectif est omniprésente. Ensuite, nous relatons l’évolution législative du champ du handicap avec la volonté étatique d’encourager la participation de la personne en situation de handicap à la société. Nous essayons aussi de mieux comprendre les enjeux en différenciant les notions d’intégration/d’inclusion portant en elles la question même de la participation. En outre, sur un plan théorique nous mettons en évidence le lien entre le jeu et la participation en nous appuyant sur les communautés de pratique de Wenger (2005), sur les dimensions de la participation de Billett (2008) et sur le travail de Brougère (2005, 2008) sur le jeu. De plus, pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons fait le choix de l’approche ethnographique à partir d’une observation participante périphérique légitime (Brougère, 2006) et d’entretiens semi-directifs. Notre terrain de recherche est composé de plusieurs lieux d’observation, centres de loisirs, rencontres ludiques et observations au domicile, pour regarder au plus près la participation de l’enfant en situation de handicap à un jeu. Nous avons également construit des entretiens compréhensifs (Kaufmann, 2011) qui ont eu lieu auprès d’enfants en situation de handicap avec un membre de sa fratrie. Le souhait est que ces enfants nous parlent de leur participation à un jeu. L’ensemble des données empiriques est présenté sous la forme de treize portraits d’enfants en situation de handicap pour rapporter une situation réelle prise dans un contexte donné. Enfin, en nous appuyant sur ces portraits, nous proposons des pistes d’analyse sur les diverses modalités de participation ludique de l’enfant et sur les facteurs favorisant ou non sa participation à un jeu. / This thesis approaches the question of the modalities of participation of the children in situation of handicap in a play and tents to approach the factors favouring or not this participation. For this, we first of all highlihted that behind the notions of socialization and integration, the participation in acting with in a collective is omnipresent. Then, we recite the legislative evolution of the field of the handicap with the state-will to encourage the involvement of the person in situation of handicap to the society. We also try to understand better the skates by differentiating the notions of integration /inclusion carrying in them the very question of the participation. Besides, on a theoretical plan we highlight the link between the play and the participation resting on Wenger's communities of practice (2005), on Billett’s dimensions of participation (2008) and on Brougère's work about the play (2005, 2008). Moreover, to give an answer to our question of research we chose ethnographic approach from a peripheral participating observation (Brougère, 2006) and from interviews. Our ground of research consists of several places of observation: leisure centres, play meetings and observations done in the place of residence to have a closer look at the participation of the children in situation of handicap in a play. We also built comprehensive interviews (Kaufmann, 2011) which involved children in situation of handicap with a member of the brotherhood. The wish is that these children communicate with us about their participation in a play. The set of the empirical data is presented under the form of thirteen portraits of children in situation of handicap to report a real situation taken in a given context. Finally, resting on these portraits, we propose an analytical framework about the different modalities of the child's playful participation and about the factors favouring or not his/her participation to play.