Cette thèse porte sur le processus de mise en place et de développement d’une communauté de pratique en innovation. Le terrain de recherche a été réalisé auprès du Groupe SEB, une multinationale française, spécialisée dans le domaine du petit équipement domestique. L'étude empirique, menée dans une perspective longitudinale, est fondée sur 63 entretiens semi-directifs, des observations et des documents internes. L’analyse réalisée met en exergue l’existence de quatre phases caractérisant la mise en place et le développement d’une communauté de pratique. Elle montre aussi la compatibilité des deux types de communautés identifiés dans la littérature : les communautés intentionnellement créées et les communautés émergentes. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que la dynamique de développement varie suivant le type de communauté. Ils soulignent notamment le rôle de l’animation active et ciblée comme un facteur clé influençant la dynamique de communautés de pratique intentionnellement créées. Les éléments de réponse apportés dans le cadre de notre recherche peuvent contribuer à une meilleure gestion des communautés de pratique et servir de guide pour d’autres organisations souhaitant utiliser ces structures sociales dans le domaine de l’innovation. / This thesis focuses on the establishment and development process of communities of practice in the field of innovation. The field study has been conducted at the SEB Group, a French multinational company specializing in electrical appliances. The empirical study, developed from a longitudinal perspective, is based on 63 semi-structured interviews, observations and internal documents. The analysis indicates the existence of four phases that characterize the establishment and development of a community of practice. It also shows the compatibility of two types of communities identified in the literature: intentionally created and emerging communities. The obtained findings reveal that the dynamics of development varies according to the type of community. Furthermore, they highlight that active and effective coordination is a key factor influencing the dynamics of intentionally created communities of practice. The answers obtained in the context of our research can contribute to a better management of communities of practice and serve as a guide for other organizations that wish to deploy these social structures in the field of innovation.

In terms of the world globalization multinational companies are becoming more significant in the international trading system. One of the main conditions for opening the new market by a multinational company is an effective system of the strategic management. This thesis is aimed at analyzing the ways of LUKOIL operations in Ukraine. Moreover, the specific attention of the paper is devoted to the LUKOIL activities in the country. Taking into account all the particularities of the Ukrainian market, the conclusion provides clear evidence about the successful implementation of LUKOIL formulated strategy in Ukraine.

Nos últimos cinqüenta anos ocorreu uma imensa gama de mudanças e inovações tecnológicas que tem impacto direto nos povos, nas questões sociais, econômicas e políticas. Essa mudança fica mais intensa com o processo de globalização que ocorreu nas últimas décadas, e caracterizou um aspecto multifacetado, com questões profundas, que exigiu das culturas uma nova inter-relação mundial. Este novo momento demanda um estudo para que se compreendam o choque entre culturas e o impacto sobre cada indivíduo. O desenvolvimento da economia transformou profundamente o trabalho e estabeleceu alto grau de competências e habilidades dos profissionais necessárias para o novo contexto. Dessa forma, o profissional depara-se com uma recente situação, na qual deve articular culturas de forma harmônica e retornar a sua pátria. Nesse contexto, o objetivo principal foi elucidar as questões relativas à expatriação, procurando apresentar a realidade desse processo através de mapeamento dos diversos momentos dessa mobilidade e sua relação com o momento histórico, bem como, vislumbrar os aspectos do fenômeno da transnacionalidade a que o executivo e sua respectiva família estão sujeitos. A metodologia adotada constituiu-se de pesquisa de campo exploratória e multidisciplinar. As informações foram obtidas com a área de expatriação das organizações e com os profissionais e suas famílias, por meio de questionário e entrevistas. Este trabalho traz três contribuições acadêmicas; a estruturação do cenário histórico mundial e nacional (1956-2005) que permite visualizar a ocorrência da internacionalização do capital e como o Brasil adentrou nesse processo; a possibilidade de entender como se sustentam os processos de expatriação dentro das empresas; e compreender o olhar dos expatriados e respectivas famílias sobre essa experiência, no tocante à adaptação pessoal e profissional no momento da saída e do retorno. / In the past fifty years a vast range of technological changes and innovations that have had direct impact on nations and on social, economical and political matters have occurred. This change is intensified by the globalization process that has taken place in the recent decades, implying on a multifaceted aspect, with profound issues and demanding a new world interrelationship from cultures. This new moment presents a demand for a study to gain in-depth understanding of cultural shock and its impact on individuals. The development of economy has deeply transformed labor and set a high level of skills and competencies needed from professionals within the new context. Thus professionals are faced with a recent situation in which they must articulate cultures harmoniously and then return to their homeland. In this context the main goal was to elucidate matters pertaining to expatriation, seeking to demonstrate this process reality through the mapping of this mobility different moments and its relationship with the historical moment, as well, as to glimpse at the aspects of the transnationality phenomenon to which the executive and his/her respective family are subject to. The chosen methodology was composed of multidisciplinary and exploratory field research. Information was obtained from the organizations expatriation areas and from professionals and their families, through questionnaires and interviews. This work provides three academic contributions; structuring of historic national and world scenario (1956-2005) that provides visualization of capital internationalization occurrence and of how Brazil entered this process; the possibility of understanding how expatriation processes are sustained within companies; and of understanding expatriates and respective families outlook on this experience to the extent of personal and professional adaptation on departure and upon return.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how and to what degree Swedish multinational companies (MNCs) adapt to local conditions when they establish subsidiaries in China, and if cultural differences play an important role in their operations. Background: The major challenge for MNCs establishing abroad is the configuration and integration of their country subsidiaries (Galbraith, 2000). Therefore, it is vital to understand how activities within an organization, such as structures, processes, reward systems, and people practices, should be designed in order for the company to be as efficient as possible (Weiss, 2007; Kesler & Kates, 2011). Swedish direct investments in China have increased significantly in the late 2000s, especially in the eastern regions, where a majority of about 650 Swedish companies in China are located (Swedish Trade Council, 2012a). Establishing across borders is a step towards future growth, but it is important to note that a cross-border expansion comes with many challenges (Galbraith, 2000). Method: This study uses a qualitative research method by investigating the experiences and practices of two Swedish multinational companies with operations in Shanghai, China. Information has been collected from eight respondents in the form of interviews and open-ended questionnaires. Conclusion: Swedish MNCs standardize their organization to a large extent when they establish subsidiaries in China, and culture has a slight influence on the practices of Swedish MNCs but does not play a major role for the business as a whole.

Nos últimos cinqüenta anos ocorreu uma imensa gama de mudanças e inovações tecnológicas que tem impacto direto nos povos, nas questões sociais, econômicas e políticas. Essa mudança fica mais intensa com o processo de globalização que ocorreu nas últimas décadas, e caracterizou um aspecto multifacetado, com questões profundas, que exigiu das culturas uma nova inter-relação mundial. Este novo momento demanda um estudo para que se compreendam o choque entre culturas e o impacto sobre cada indivíduo. O desenvolvimento da economia transformou profundamente o trabalho e estabeleceu alto grau de competências e habilidades dos profissionais necessárias para o novo contexto. Dessa forma, o profissional depara-se com uma recente situação, na qual deve articular culturas de forma harmônica e retornar a sua pátria. Nesse contexto, o objetivo principal foi elucidar as questões relativas à expatriação, procurando apresentar a realidade desse processo através de mapeamento dos diversos momentos dessa mobilidade e sua relação com o momento histórico, bem como, vislumbrar os aspectos do fenômeno da transnacionalidade a que o executivo e sua respectiva família estão sujeitos. A metodologia adotada constituiu-se de pesquisa de campo exploratória e multidisciplinar. As informações foram obtidas com a área de expatriação das organizações e com os profissionais e suas famílias, por meio de questionário e entrevistas. Este trabalho traz três contribuições acadêmicas; a estruturação do cenário histórico mundial e nacional (1956-2005) que permite visualizar a ocorrência da internacionalização do capital e como o Brasil adentrou nesse processo; a possibilidade de entender como se sustentam os processos de expatriação dentro das empresas; e compreender o olhar dos expatriados e respectivas famílias sobre essa experiência, no tocante à adaptação pessoal e profissional no momento da saída e do retorno. / In the past fifty years a vast range of technological changes and innovations that have had direct impact on nations and on social, economical and political matters have occurred. This change is intensified by the globalization process that has taken place in the recent decades, implying on a multifaceted aspect, with profound issues and demanding a new world interrelationship from cultures. This new moment presents a demand for a study to gain in-depth understanding of cultural shock and its impact on individuals. The development of economy has deeply transformed labor and set a high level of skills and competencies needed from professionals within the new context. Thus professionals are faced with a recent situation in which they must articulate cultures harmoniously and then return to their homeland. In this context the main goal was to elucidate matters pertaining to expatriation, seeking to demonstrate this process reality through the mapping of this mobility different moments and its relationship with the historical moment, as well, as to glimpse at the aspects of the transnationality phenomenon to which the executive and his/her respective family are subject to. The chosen methodology was composed of multidisciplinary and exploratory field research. Information was obtained from the organizations expatriation areas and from professionals and their families, through questionnaires and interviews. This work provides three academic contributions; structuring of historic national and world scenario (1956-2005) that provides visualization of capital internationalization occurrence and of how Brazil entered this process; the possibility of understanding how expatriation processes are sustained within companies; and of understanding expatriates and respective families outlook on this experience to the extent of personal and professional adaptation on departure and upon return.

The thesis describes business magazines in the Czech Republic, association of publishers, national awards, specialized publishing agencies. Special attention is focused on surveys of business magazines that have been carried out up to now. The situation on the market of business magazines in Great Britain is briefly described for comparison purpose. As an example of a present-day business magazine, the B2B periodical called Elit magazín was selected. To describe the way of its production, a half-structured interview was carried out. To describe the opinion on the side of the producing company a structured interview was carried out, for description of the readers'opinion a questionnaire survey was chosen. The output is the comparison of both opinions. Because the producing company is a part of multinational company, where some other countries produce business magazines as well, a mapping of time-proven solution of the Volvo Trucks multinational company magazine named Globetrotter Czech is carried out. In the conclusion both productions are compared with intention to sketch out a theoretical potential of the multinational periodical. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Face à la dispersion géographique de leurs activités, les firmes multinationales (FMN) sont amenées à gérer des relations intra- et inter-organisationnelles de plus en plus complexes. Cette recherche doctorale porte sur la coordination de ces relations dans le contexte de l’usine mondiale (global factory), qui constitue une forme particulière de l’entreprise-réseau. Elle s’appuie sur une recherche-action menée auprès de l’entreprise Renault Trucks (groupe Volvo). L’étude empirique est fondée sur 63 entretiens, des groupes de discussion interactifs et l’organisation de deux workshops, complétés par des données secondaires. Les résultats obtenus mettent en avant le rôle prépondérant de la firme-pivot dans le pilotage des relations avec les partenaires internationaux. Selon la configuration du partenaire (niveau d’autonomie opérationnelle et fréquence de la transaction), il est recommandé de choisir des mécanismes de coordination spécifiques. Un jeu de 21 propositions vise à améliorer notre compréhension de l’usine mondiale en termes d’agencement et de fonctionnement interne. Enfin, un design organisationnel de l’usine mondiale est développé. / Facing the geographic dispersion of their activities, multinational companies (MNCs) are involved in the management of increasingly complex intra- and inter-organizational relationships. This doctoral research focuses on the coordination of these relationships in the context of the global factory, which represents a particular form of the network-firm. It is based on an action research project conducted at Renault Trucks (Volvo Group). The empirical study covers 63 interviews, interactive panels and the organization of two workshops, completed by secondary data. The results highlight the important role played by the lead firm for the management of relationships with international partners. Depending on the configuration of the partner (level of operational autonomy and frequency of the transaction), it is recommended to choose specific coordination mechanisms. A set of 21 proposals intends to improve our understanding of the global factory in terms of configuration and internal operations. Finally, an organizational design of the global factory is developed.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-05-15T17:32:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Menezes.pdf: 1929958 bytes, checksum: 3d3899ff8ea4eb98f9fe72636a11064c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T17:32:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Menezes.pdf: 1929958 bytes, checksum: 3d3899ff8ea4eb98f9fe72636a11064c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Nenhuma / Devido ao crescente movimento de investimento externo direto das empresas brasileiras nas últimas décadas, optou-se por desenvolver um estudo sobre esse fenômeno. Para Morschett, Schramm-Klein e Swoboda (2010), apesar de muitas décadas de pesquisa de fato não se sabe ao certo quais são as variáveis que determinam a decisão de modo de entrada no exterior. Fato que afeta também as empresas brasileiras, pois pouco se sabe sobre o impacto das variáveis que determinam a decisão do modo de entrada. Esta dissertação é um estudo de caso qualitativo descritivo no qual foi pesquisada a Companhia Providência S.A., uma empresa brasileira fabricante de falso tecido que, através de sua estratégia de internacionalização, exporta para diversos países do mundo. A Companhia Providência em 2011 realizou seu primeiro investimento externo direto tipo greenfield nos Estados Unidos. O estudo do processo de expansão internacional da Companhia Providência S.A., verificou os fatores determinantes na decisão de investimento externo direto nos Estados Unidos e analisou este fenômeno sob a ótica de várias das teorias de internacionalização presentes na literatura. Como método de investigação, realizou-se um estudo de caso tipo descritivo de uma empresa de origem brasileira, que decide realizar investimento externo direto nos Estados Unidos. A coleta de dados foi através de múltiplas fontes de evidência como: entrevistas, pesquisa documental, pesquisa bibliográfica e observação direta. Em seguida, foi realizada a revisão teórica do tema e desenvolveu-se a análise dos dados e a construção do relatório final. A partir de três correntes teóricas de internacionalização: Escola de Upssala, Paradigma Eclético e Empreendedorismo Internacional foi identificada a convergência entre as teorias e o caso. Ainda foi identificado diversos fatores internos e externos à Companhia Providência que determinaram o investimento externo direto, sendo estes: (1) mercado de grandes proporções que inclusive acessa o bloco NAFTA; (2) oportunidade de mercado emergente em mercado maduro, no segmento de fraldas adulto nos Estados Unidos; (3) disponibilidade dos fatores de produção no país hospedeiro, por se tratar de um polo de fabricação de nãotecido; (4) baixa distância cultural entre os dirigentes da empresa no que se refere a cultura, idioma, gestão e método de produção; (5) mercado de falso tecido no Brasil e América Latina com super capacidade; (6) experiência internacional dos gestores para realizar a operação; (7) know-how na produção de nãotecido; (8) vantagem de recursos, pois obtinha máquina de alta tecnologia; (9) know-how na homologação da planta; (10) motivação estratégica de estar próximo ao cliente para desenvolvimento de inovação em produto. Finalmente, foram sugeridos fatores que podem ser analisados pela empresa em futuras expansões da Companhia Providência. / Due to the growing movement of foreign direct investment by Brazilian companies in the recent decades, it was decided to develop a study on this phenomenon. For Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Swoboda (2010), despite many decades of research in fact no one knows for sure what are the variables that determine the decision of the entering mode abroad.This fact also affects Brazilian companies, because little is known about the impact of the variables that determine the decision of entering mode. This dissertation is a descriptive qualitative case study in which the Company Providencia S.A. was studied. This company is a Brazilian producer of non-woven fabric which through its strategy of internationalization is exporting to several countries. The Company Providencia held in 2011 its first greenfield foreign direct investment in the United States. The study of the process of international expansion the Company Providencia S.A. verified the determining factors in the decision of foreign direct investment in the United States and analyzed this phenomenon from the perspective of various theories of internationalization in the literature. As method of investigation, it was performed a case study descriptive type of a company of Brazilian origin that decided to hold foreign direct investment in the United States. Data collection was done through multiple sources of evidence such as interviews, desk research, literature research and direct observation. Afterwards, the theoretical review of the theme was performed and was developed the data analysis and the construction of the final report. Based on three theoretical perspectives of internationalization, the Uppsala School, Eclectic Paradigm and International Entrepreneurship, it has been identified the convergence between theories and case. Many internal and external factors that determined the Company Providencia foreign direct investment were identified: (1) market of major proportions that even accesses the NAFTA bloc; (2) emerging market opportunity in mature market, in the adult diapers segment in the United States; (3) availability of factors of production in the host country, because it is a pole of manufacturing non-woven fabric; (4) low cultural distance between company directors with regard to culture, language, management and production method; (5) market for non-woven fabric in Brazil and Latin America with super capacity; (6) managers’ international experience for performing the operation; (7) know-how in non-woven fabric production; (8) resource advantage, obtained from high-tech machine; (9) know-how in the ratifying of the plant; (10) strategic motivatin of being close to the customer for developing product innovation. Finally, factors that can be analyzed by the company in future expansions of the Company Providencia were suggested.

Les pays de l’UEMOA, longtemps hostiles aux investissements directs étrangers, sous l’effet conjugué de la globalisation de l’économie et de la pression des institutions de Brettons Woods, ont d’une part, favorisé un accès intérieur aux flux financiers internationaux et d’autre part, offert des incitants fiscaux aux multinationales. Grâce à la libéralisation financière et l’idéologie économique dominante, les multinationales, par différents subterfuges et profitant aussi des handicaps institutionnels et organisationnels des administrations fiscales respectives des pays membres de l’espace UEMOA, échappent à leurs responsabilités fiscales envers ces États. Pour résorber les effets néfastes de l’évasion fiscale des multinationales, les pays de l’espace communautaire UEMOA, doivent mettre un accent particulier sur la modernisation de leurs administrations fiscales d’une part, et d’autre part, insérer dans toutes leurs conventions fiscales, des clauses anti-abus. Enfin, ces États doivent renforcer la lutte contre l’évasion fiscale par une action concertée basée sur une coopération fiscale dans le cadre d’une assistance administrative / The WAEMU countries, long hostile to foreign direct investment, under the combined effect of the globalization of the economy and the pressure of the institutions of Brettons Woods, have in the one hand, favored an internal access to International financial flows and on the other hand, offered tax incentives to multinationals. Thanks to financial liberalization and the prevailing economic ideology, the multinationals, by various subterfuges and taking advantage also of the institutional and organizational handicaps of the respective tax administrations of the member countries of the UEMOA space, escape their fiscal responsibilities towards these states. In order to reduce the harmful effects of tax evasion by multinationals, WAEMU countries must place particular emphasis on the modernization of their tax administrations on the one hand, and on the other hand, to include in all their agreements tax rules, anti-abuse clauses. Finally, these states must strengthen the fight against tax evasion by concerted action based on tax cooperation in the context of administrative assistance

Les différents changements politiques, économiques, sociaux et technologiques poussent les organisations à se développer constamment. Elles font face à des environnements ayant tendance à être de plus en plus exigeants et instables ; d’un côté la globalisation qui déplace toutes les frontières et d’un autre l’envahissement des nouvelles technologies d’information et de communication dans toutes les fonctions de l’entreprise. De nos jours, des personnes issues de cultures différentes peuvent être amenées à travailler au sein d’une même entreprise. Ceci peut toutefois créer des incompréhensions entre les parties concernées. Ces rivalités ne concernent pas simplement les malentendus linguistiques mais vont au-delà de ceux-ci. En effet, la compréhension, l’interprétation, la manière d’agir et de penser de chacun, va dépendre essentiellement de sa propre culture. C’est justement ce qui a suscité notre intérêt et nous a poussée à approfondir ce sujet pour mieux comprendre le phénomène de l’interculturel en milieu organisationnel et déduire les difficultés rencontrées lors d’une interaction dans une telle situation. Et afin de pouvoir proposer ou mettre en place une stratégie valable dans un contexte interculturel, nous avons choisi, comme terrain de recherche, plusieurs organisations implantées au Maroc et opérant dans différents secteurs d’activité. Ainsi, il est question de déterminer en quoi consistent les problèmes liés à la communication dans un contexte interculturel du point de vue des deux groupes de collaborateurs à savoir les autochtones et les étrangers, notamment les français, collaborant au sein d’une même organisation. C’est donc notre curiosité d’apprendre davantage sur l’interculturalité en entreprise qui nous encourage à accomplir cette recherche. / The various political, economic, social and technological changes are pushing organizations to extend constantly there activities. They face environments that tend to be increasingly demanding and unstable ; On the one hand, the globalization that shifts all borders and on the other the invasion of new information and communication technologies in all the functions of the company.Nowadays people from different cultures can be brought to work together within the same company. However, this may create misunderstandings between the concerned persons. These rivalries do not simply concern linguistic misunderstandings, but go beyond them. Indeed, the understanding, the interpretation, the way of acting and the thinking of each one, will depend essentially on its own culture. This is what has aroused our interest and has pushed us to deepen this subject to better understand the phenomenon of intercultural communication in an organizational environment and to deduce the difficulties encountered during an interaction in such a situation. And in order to propose or develop a strategy that might be available in an intercultural context, we have selected several organizations based in Morocco operating in different activities area. Thus, the purpose of our research is to determinate what are the problems related to communication in an intercultural context from the point of view of the two groups of collaborators, namely moroccan people and the foreigners, in particular the French ones, collaborating within the same organization.It is therefore our curiosity to learn more about interculturality in companies that encourages us to carry out this research.