Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Τα ετερομεταλλικά σύμπλοκα μεταβατικών μετάλλων-λανθανιδίων (Ln) έχουν μεγάλη σημασία εξαιτίας των σημαντικών φυσικών (μαγνητικών και οπτικών) ιδιοτήτων τους. Μόνο λίγες πλειάδες ΝiII/LnIII και πολυμερή ένταξης έχουν αναφερθεί μέχρι σήμερα. Δύο γενικές προσεγγίσεις για τη σύνθεση συμπλόκων ΝiII/LnIII είναι: η στρατηγική που βασίζεται στη χρησιμοποίηση «μεταλλικών συμπλόκων ως υποκαταστατών» και η στρατηγική που βασίζεται στην «απλή ανάμιξη των συστατικών». Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία εφαρμόζεται η δεύτερη κατά σειρά προσέγγιση για την παρασκευή των ακόλουθων ετερομεταλλικών συμπλόκων: [Ni8Tb8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (1.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Ηο8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (2.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Υ8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (3.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Eu8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (4.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Sm8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (5.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Gd8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (6.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni4Er4(OH)2(Pao)14(PaoH)2](ClO4)4.4MeOH.2H2O (7.4MeOH.2H2O) [Ni4Yb4(OH)2(Pao)14(PaoH)2](ClO4)4.4MeOH.2H2O (8.4MeOH.2H2O) [NiDy(OH)2(Phpao)3(NO3)2(MeOH)].xMeOH (9.xMeOH) {[NiDy(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (10.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiCe(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (11.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiPr(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (12.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiNd(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (13.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiSm(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (14.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiEu(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (15.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiTb(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (16.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiHo(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (17.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiEr(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (18.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiGd(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (19.xMeOH.yH2O) όπου PaoH = 2-πυριδυλοαλδοξίμη, MepaoH = μέθυλο 2-πυριδυλοκετονοξίμη και PhpaoH = φαίνυλο 2-πυριδυλοκετονοξίμη. Οι μοριακές και κρυσταλλικές δομές των συμπλόκων προσδιορίστηκαν με κρυσταλλογραφία ακτίνων-Χ επί μονοκρυστάλλου. Eπίσης μελετήθηκαν οι μαγνητικές και οι οπτικές ιδιότητες επιλεγμένων συμπλόκων. / Heterometallic transition metal-lanthanide (Ln) complexes are of great importance because of their interesting physical (magnetic and optical) properties. Only few ΝiII/LnIII clusters and coordination polymers have been reported to date. Two general approaches for the synthesis of ΝiII/LnIII complexes are: the «metal complexes as ligands» strategy and the «one pot procedure» strategy. Here, the second approach has been applied for the preparation of the following complexes: [Ni8Tb8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (1.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Ηο8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (2.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Υ8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (3.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Eu8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (4.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Sm8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (5.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni8Gd8O(OH)4(Pao)28](ClO4)5(NO3).xMeOH.yH2O (6.xMeOH.yH2O) [Ni4Er4(OH)2(Pao)14(PaoH)2](ClO4)4.4MeOH.2H2O (7.4MeOH.2H2O) [Ni4Yb4(OH)2(Pao)14(PaoH)2](ClO4)4.4MeOH.2H2O (8.4MeOH.2H2O) [NiDy(OH)2(Phpao)3(NO3)2(MeOH)].xMeOH (9.xMeOH) {[NiDy(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (10.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiCe(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (11.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiPr(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (12.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiNd(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (13.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiSm(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (14.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiEu(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (15.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiTb(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (16.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiHo(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (17.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiEr(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (18.xMeOH.yH2O) {[NiGd(Mepao)3(MepaoH)3](ClO4)2}2.xMeOH.yH2O (19.xMeOH.yH2O) where PaoH = 2-pyridylaldoxime, MepaoH = methyl 2-pyridylketoxime and PhpaoH = phenyl 2-pyridylketoxime. The molecular and crystal structures of the complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The magnetic and optical properties of selected complexes have also been studied.

Desenvolveu-se sistemática de trabalho para coletar valores da função ñ vs. concentração de ligante e processos de cálculo de constantes de equilíbrio. Os sistemas Co(II)/N-3 e Ni(II)/N-3 foram analisados com o objetivo de identificar os complexos formados e determinar as respectivas constantes de estabilidade. O estudo desses sistemas foi realizado a (25,0 ± 0,l) °C e em força iônica 2,0 M ajustada com NaClO4. Com base na formação de soluções tampão N-3/ HN3 e na variação de pH provocada pela adição do íon metálico Co(II) ou Ni(II), realizou-se um estudo potenciométrico para cada um dos sistemas acima indicados. Estes estudos foram realizados numa ampla faixa de concentração analítica de azoteto (0 a 2,000 M) e para diversas concentrações do íon metálico, para possibilitar uma análise mais detalhada sobre a formação dos complexos. Em relação ao sistema Co(II)/N-3 foi possível determinar a formação de cinco espécies mononucleares. As respectivas constantes de estabilidade foram calculadas por três métodos diferentes. A comparação dos desvios calculados para os valores de ñ obtidos a partir de cada um dos três conjuntos de constantes permitiu decidir pelo seguinte conjunto de constantes: β1 = 5,67 ± 0,20 M-1 β2 = 19,5 ± 2,1 M-2 β3 = 6,52 ± 4,66 M-3 β4 = 15,8 ± 2,0 M-4 β5 = 4,83 ± 0,31 M-5 Num comportamento diverso ao dos íons Co (II) o niquel levou à formação de complexos polinucleares. Realizou-se então um estudo monográfico envolvendo aspectos estruturais, qualitativos e quantitativos sobre a formação de complexos polinucleares. O sistema Ni(II)/-3 foi então analisado através do método potenciométrico citado mas em condições que permitiram a obtenção de um número maior de dados experimentais em relação ao sistema Co(II)/N-3, para tornar possível a determinação da composição assim como o cálculo das constantes de estabilidade das espécies existentes em equilíbrio. Dois métodos de cálculo foram utilizados, adotando-se o seguinte conjunto de constantes de equilibrio: mononucleares Ni(N3)+ β11 = 5,80 Ni(N3)2 β12 = 9,69 Ni(N3)-3 β13 = 7,54 Ni(N3)=4 β14 = 534 binucleares Ni2(N3)3+ β21 = 4,06 Ni2(N3)2+2 β22 = 31,8 Ni2(N3)+3 β23 = 175 Ni2(N3)4 β24 = 2,06x104 Ni2(N3)-5 β25 = 2,30x105 Ni2(N3)=6 β26 = 7,15x105 trinucleares Ni3(N3)2+4 β34 = 2,28x104 Ni3(N3)+5 β35 = 3,51x106 Ni3(N3)6 β36 = 1,17x108 Três estudos complementares foram realizados para o sistema Ni(II)/N-3. A utilização de métodos espectrofotométrico e potenciométrico em condições de excesso de metal em relação ao ligante permitiu determinar as contantes de estabilidade das espécies mono e binucleares mais simples: NiN+3 e Ni2N3+3. O método espectrofotométrico forneceu um valor de β11 = 6,90 M-1, enquanto que o segundo método forneceu β11 = 7,53 ± 0,10 M-1 e β21 = 4,29 ± 0,15 M-2. Medidas espectrofotométricas realizadas nas condições do segundo método permitiram calcular as absortividades molares das duas espécies, em cinco comprimentos de onda na faixa do ultravioleta. No comprimento de onda de absorção máxima dos complexos (293 nm) os valores de ε encontrados foram os seguintes: ε11 = 362 e ε21 = 475 cm-1mol-11. Finalmente, um estudo condutométrico feito em alta concentração de Ni(II) (0,4 M) e para concentrações variáveis de azoteto permitiu identificar a formação da espécie Ni2(N3)-5. Fez-se uma série de diagramas de distribuiçao, os quais mostraram as contribuições de cada espécie em função do ligante e, eventualmente, da concentração total do íon metálico (sistemas polinucleares). / A systematic approach in order to obtain ñ data vs. free ligand concentration was developed as well as calculation procedures for treatment of the data to obtain stability constants. The Co(II)/N-3 and Ni(II)/N-3 systems were analysed with the purpose to identify the formed complexes and to compute its stability constants. The equilibria studies were performed at 25.0 ± 0.1° C and 2.0 M ionic strength maintained with NaClO4. The pH change in azide/hydrazoic acid buffers caused by the metal cation addition was the basis of the potentiometric method to study the complex formation. A wide range of azide concentration was used at several metal cation (cobalt or nickel) concentration in order to provide reliable results. With regard to the Co(II)/N-3 system the formation of five stepwise complexes was detected. The stability constants were computed from three different calculation procedures. The best set of formation constants is: β1 = 5,67 ± 0,20 M-1 β2 = 19,5 ± 2,1 M-2 β3 = 6,52 ± 4,66 M-3 β4 = 15,8 ± 2,0 M-4 β5 = 4,83 ± 0,31 M-5 The nickel(II)/azide system presented a quite different behaviour as compared with the cobalt(ll) one, as extensive polynuclear complex formation is attained. A monographic study about this kind of complex formation seemed interesting to be included in this thesis. An extensive study of the nickel(II)/azide system was performed at conditions wich provide enough experimental data to be treated on basis of polynuclear complex formation. Two different calculation procedures lead to the following set of equilibrium constant: mononuclear Ni(N3)+ β11 = 5,80 Ni(N3)2 β12 = 9,69 Ni(N3)-3 β13 = 7,54 Ni(N3)=4 β14 = 534 binuclears Ni2(N3)3+ β21 = 4,06 Ni2(N3)2+2 β22 = 31,8 Ni2(N3)+3 β23 = 175 Ni2(N3)4 β24 = 2,06x104 Ni2(N3)-5 β25 = 2,30x105 Ni2(N3)=6 β26 = 7,15x105 trinuclears Ni3(N3)2+4 β34 = 2,28x104 Ni3(N3)+5 β35 = 3,51x106 Ni3(N3)6 β36 = 1,17x108 Two complementary studies, potentiometric and spectrophotometric, were performed at high metal cation/1igand ratio in order to create conditions for the existence of on1y a few species as Ni(N3)+ and Ni2(N3)3+. β11 from spectrophotometric method is 6.90 M-1; from potentiometric method β11 is 7.53 ± 0.10 M-1 and β21 is 4.29 ± 0.15 M-2. The molar absorptivities at λmax, 293 nm, was calcu1ated as ε11 = 362 cm-1. mol-1.1 and ε21 = 475 cm-1. mol-1.1. Finally a conductometric titration of 0.4 M niekel(II) with 3.9 M sodium azide showed a high contribution of Ni2(N3) -5 in agreement with the potentiometric study. A series of distribution diagrarns were plotted in order to have the percent contribution of each species vs. the ligand concentration and, eventually, vs. the metal concentration when polynuclear complexes are formed.

[pt] Câncer é o nome dado a um conjunto de mais de 100 doenças e entre as possibilidades de tratamento está a quimioterapia. Após a descoberta das propriedades antitumorais do complexo de coordenação comumente chamado cisplatina, um dos compostos mais utilizados em neoplasias malignas, o estudo dos complexos metálicos teve um grande impulso e alguns compostos promissores de cobre(II) já foram desenvolvidos. Por outro lado, bases de Schiff derivadas de aminas e aldeídos aromáticos têm apresentado uma ampla aplicação em muitas áreas de pesquisa, sendo que algumas são farmacologicamente utilizadas na terapia anti-hipertensiva, hipnótica e antineoplásica. Neste contexto, no presente trabalho, foi sintetizado e caracterizado um ligante imínico binucleante sulfonado derivado da taurina, já conhecido na literatura: (LIT) e, a partir deste, seus complexos inéditos de Zn(II), Cu(II) e Ni(II), que foram caracterizados pelas seguintes técnicas: espectroscopia vibracional e eletrônica, análise elementar de CHNS, análise termogravimétrica, espectroscopia de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) e modelagem molecular computacional. Os novos compostos obtidos neste trabalho são, a saber: composto (1), composto (2) e composto (3), em que LIT representa uma forma parcialmente hidrolisada de LIT. Os complexos 1 e 2 são os primeiros compostos binucleares do ligante LIT descritos. Neles, os centros metálicos são tetracoordenados e apresentam uma ponte exógena acetato coordenada nas formas bidentada, para o composto 1, e monodentada, para 2. Esta diferença na coordenação da ponte se dá, provavelmente, devido aos distintos arranjos geométricos em torno dos metais: enquanto o zinco apresenta um arranjo tetraédrico, o cobre mostra um do tipo quadrático. O complexo 3 é binuclear, composto por um dímero altamente simétrico envolvendo, como dito acima, uma forma parcialmente hidrolisada de LIT. Os centros metálicos são hexacoordenados, ligados por pontes endógenas fenólicas. Tanto 2 quanto 3 são silenciosos ao EPR. Foi realizado também um ensaio de toxicidade aguda em Artemia salina para as espécies hidrossolúveis LIT e complexo 1. Este ensaio mostra boa correlação com a atividade citotóxica para alguns tumores sólidos humanos. / [en] Cancer is a name given to a set of more than 100 diseases and among the possibilities of treatment is chemotherapy. After the discovery of the antitumor properties of the coordination complex commonly called cisplatin, it is one of the compounds most used in malignancies. The study of metal complexes had a big boost and some promising copper(II) compounds have been developed. Furthermore, the Schiff bases derived from aromatic aldehydes and amines present a wide range of applications in many areas of research, some of which are pharmacologically used in antihypertensive, hypnotic, and antineoplastic therapy. In this context, in the present study, we synthesized and characterized a binucleating imine ligand, derivative of taurine, already known in the literature: (LIT). New dinuclear Zn(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes of this ligand were synthesized, and were characterized by the following techniques: vibrational and electronic spectroscopies, CHNS elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and computational molecular modeling. The new compounds obtained in this work are: composite (1), composite (2) composite (3), where LIT represents a LIT partially hydrolyzed form. Complexes 1 and 2 are the first dinuclear compounds of the LIT ligand described. In these, metal centers are tetracoordinated, with the presence of an exogenous acetate bridge, which shows a bidentate coordination mode for compound 1 and a monodentate coordination pattern for 2. This difference occurs probably due to different geometrical arrangements around the metal centers: while zinc has a tetrahedral coordination geometry, copper shows one of the square planar type. On the other hand, compound 3 a dinuclear complex, which is composed of a highly symmetric dimer involving, as mentioned above, a partially hydrolyzed form of LIT. The hexacoordinated metal centers are connected by two endogenous phenolic bridges. Both 2 and 3 are EPR silent. An acute toxicity test on Artemia salina shrimp was also carried out for the hydro-soluble species LIT and 1. This assay shows good correlation with cytotoxic activity for some human solid tumors.

Объектом исследования являлась глюкоза. Актуальность работы заключается в практическом применении бесферментных электрохимических сенсоров для контроля уровня глюкозы в крови при сахарном диабете. Цель работы: разработка бесферментного электрохимического сенсора для определения глюкозы с использованием органических комплексов никеля (II), в качестве чувствительных элементов, и самоорганизующихся слоев полимера с молекулярными отпечатками на основе полиэтиленимина, в качестве селективного элемента. Комплекс ацетилацетонат никеля (II) проявляет электрокаталитические свойства. С помощью полученного сенсора были проведены измерения глюкозы в модельных растворах, имитирующих сыворотку крови. Было выявлено отсутствие влияния посторонних соединений. Полученные ПМО обладают селективностью. Страниц 59, рисунков 47, таблиц 3, библиографических наименований 61. / The object of the study was glucose. The relevance of the work lies in the practical application of enzyme-free electrochemical sensors to control blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus. Objective: to develop an enzyme-free electrochemical sensor for glucose determination using organic nickel (II) complexes, as sensitive elements, and self-assembled polymer layers with molecular prints based on polyethyleneimine, as a selective element. The nickel (II) acetylacetonate complex exhibits electrocatalytic properties. Using the obtained sensor, glucose was measured in model solutions simulating blood serum. It was revealed the absence of the influence of extraneous compounds. The resulting MIPs have selectivity.

Dans la première partie de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressé à l’étude de l’anisotropie magnétique au sein de complexes mononucléaires de Ni(II) et de Co(II) pentacoordinés de géométrie allant de la pyramide à base carrée jusqu’à la bipyramide trigonale. Pour les complexes mononucléaires, nous avons montré que pour une géométrie donnée, la nature de l’ion métallique a une influence importante sur l’anisotropie magnétique.Nous avons étudié l’effet de la géométrie pour un même ion métallique. Dans le cas d’une géométrie bipyramidale trigonale (symétrie C3v), nous avons montré que le complexe de Co(II) possède un axe facile de l’aimantation et donc un blocage de l’aimantation qui conduisent à l’ouverture d’un cycle d’hystérèse à basse température. Ce type de complexe peut donc être utilisé pour le stockage de l’information. Dans la deuxième partie du travail, nous avons étudié les propriétés magnétiques de complexes binucléaires. Un complexe binucléaire de Co(II) pontés par deux Cl- présente un faible couplage ferromagnétique et un blocage de l’aimantation.Enfin, l’autre aspect de ce travail est de réaliser une molécule binucléaire où deux ions anisotropes, chacun possédant un axe facile de l’aimantation, soient faiblement couplés de manière antiferromagnétique. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié des composés avec des ligands de type cryptant où la géométrie autour des Co(II) est bipyramide trigonale. Nous avons trouvé qu’avec un ligand pontant de type Cl- ou Br-, l’interaction d’échange est beaucoup plus importante que l’anisotropie locale des ions Co(II) conduisant à un comportement magnétique où les ions perdent leur caractère local. Ce travail ouvre la perspective de synthétiser le même type de complexes mais avec des ponts de plus grande taille pour diminuer l’intensité du couplage antiferromagnétique. / In the first part of this thesis, we studied the magnetic anisotropy of pentacoordinated mononuclear Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes possessing geometries from square pyramid to trigonal bipyramid. We have shown that, for a given geometry, the metal ion nature has an important influence on the magnetic anisotropy.Then, we studied for a given metal ion the effect of geometry on its magnetic anisotropy. In the case of a trigonal bipyramidal geometry (C3v symmetry), we showed that Co(II) has an Ising type anisotropy (easy axis of magnetization) and thus a blocking of magnetization that leads to an opening of a hysteresis cycle at low temperature. This type of complexes can be used for storing data albeit at low temperature.In the second part of the work, we studied the magnetic properties of binuclear complexes. A binuclear Co(II) complex bridged by two Cl- has a weak ferromagnetic coupling and a blocking of its magnetization.Finally, another aspect of this work was to design binuclear complexes, where two anisotropic ions having each one an easy axis of magnetization, are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled. To do this, we have studied compounds with cryptand ligands where the geometry around the Co (II) is trigonal bipyramid. We found that with a Cl- or Br- bridging ligand, the exchange interaction is much more important than the local anisotropy of Co(II) ions leading to a magnetic behavior where the ions lose their local character. This work opens up prospects for synthesizing the same type of complex but with larger bridges to decrease the intensity of the antiferromagnetic coupling.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Phasenbildung im ternären System Ni(OH)2-NiCl2-H2O systematisch untersucht. Die basischen Nickel(II)-chlorid Phasen NiCl(OH), Ni2Cl(OH)3, NiClx(OH)2-x, Ni3Cl2+x(OH)4-x ∙ 2 H2O mit x = 0,26; 0,48; 0,82 und Ni3Cl2+x(OH)4-x ∙ 4 H2O mit x = 0,10 konnten phasenrein hergestellt und deren Kristallstrukturen mittels hochauflösender Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie aufgeklärt werden. Die so erhaltenen strukturellen Daten wurden durch Anwendung von IR-und Spektroskopie, UV/VIS-Spektroskopie, SQUID-Messungen, Thermoanalysen und temperaturaufgelöster in-situ Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie als komplementäre Methoden bestätigt. Weiterhin konnte eine allgemein anwendbare Routine zur Beschreibung der Diffraktionseffekte stapelfehlerbehafteter Schichtverbindungen für das Programm TOPAS entwickelt werden. Die Bildung und Stabilität der basischen Nickel(II)-chlorid Phasen in wässriger Nickel(II)-chlorid Lösung wurde systematisch bei 200°C und 25°C über Zeiträume von zwei Jahren untersucht und Löslichkeitsdaten ermittelt. Des Weiteren erfolgte die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Magnesium Oxid und basischen Magnesiumchlorid Phasen mit wässrigen nickelhaltigen Magnesiumchlorid Lösungen. Hierbei konnte die Mischkristallbildung zwischen analogen basischen Magnesium- und Nickel(II)-chloridphasen beobachtet werden. Es wurde festgestellt, dass basische Magnesiumchloride und Magnesiumoxid ein gutes Rückhaltevermögen für gelöstes Nickel aufweisen und dass ein Zutritt von gelöstem Nickel weder die Pufferwirkung noch die Beständigkeit der basischen Magnesiumchlorid Phasen beeinträchtigt.

Une étude thermodynamique et cinétique systématique a été entreprise sur l'extraction liquide-liquide du nickel(II) par la 2-ethylhexanal oxime (EHO) seule ou en mélange avec l'acide di-(2-éthylhexyl) phosphorique (D2EHPA) en solution dans le dodécane.<br />La caractérisation des différentes agrégations de la EHO et du D2EHPA par osmométrie VPO a montré l'existence de monomères (notés respectivement HOx et HA), de dimères et de trimères ainsi que l'absence d'espèce mixte EHO-D2EHPA.<br />L'étude de l'extraction du nickel par l'oxime seule à partir de différents milieux aqueux a montré que la cinétique est relativement lente et que seuls les chlorure permettent l'extraction en milieu acide. Les différents types de complexes organiques extraits ont été mis en évidence. En l'absence de sel ou avec NH4NO3, les complexes extraits sont respectivement Ni(Ox)2(HOx)n où n vaut 3 ou 4 pour de plus fortes concentrations en oxime. En présence de chlorure, les complexes extraits sont NiCl2(HOx)n en milieu acide (pH<4) ou NiCl(Ox)(HOx)n pour un milieu moins acide, n valant 3 ou 4 selon la concentration de l'oxime.<br />L'étude cinétique, conduite dans une cellule agitée de type Rushton, a montré que le processus est contrôlé par une étape interfaciale. Elle correspond à la réaction de solvatation du complexe neutre NiCl2(H2O), (pH<4), ou NiCl(Ox)(H2O) adsorbé, (pH>4), par une molécule d'oxime dans le cas des chlorures ; pour les autres électrolytes, il s'agit de l'échange cationique entre Ni(Ox)(H2O)5+ et HOx.<br />L'ajout d'un co-extractant (D2EHPA) provoque une accélération cinétique significative. Le complexe extrait est NiA2(HOx), confirmé par ailleurs par une étude iso-moléculaire. L'étape limitante est une réaction interfaciale d'échange cationique entre NiA(H2O)5+ adsorbé et HA. Pour comparaison, l'étude cinétique a été également conduite dans une cellule à aire interfaciale constante de type Armollex et a permis une estimation de l'aire interfaciale spécifique développée dans la cellule agitée.

Treatment of the diethyl ester of o-phenylenebis(oxamic acid) (opbaH2Et2, 1) with 5/6 equivalent of MeNH2 in abs. EtOH results in the exclusive formation of the ethyl ester of o-phenylene(N′-methyl oxamide)(oxamic acid) (opooH3EtMe, 2) in ca. 50% yield. Treatment of 2 with four equivalents of [Me4N]OH followed by the addition of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O gave [Me4N]2[Cu(opooMe)]·H2O (3A) in ca. 80% yield. As 3A appears to be a hygroscopic solid, the related [nBu4N]+ salts [nBu4N]2[M(opooMe)]·H2O (M = Cu (3B), Ni (4)) have been synthesized. By addition of two equivalents of [Cu(pmdta)(NO3)2] to a MeCN solution of 3B the novel asymmetric trinuclear complex [Cu3(opooMe)(pmdta)2](NO3)2 (5) could be obtained in ca. 90% yield. Compounds 2, 3A, 3B, 4 and 5 have been characterized by elemental analysis and NMR/IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the solid state structures of 3A in the form of [Me4N]2[Cu(opooMe)]·MeOH (3A′), 3B in the form of [nBu4N]2[Cu(opooMe)] (3B′), 4 in the form of [nBu4N]2[Ni(opooMe)]·1.25H2O (4′) and 5 in the form of [Cu3(opooMe)(pmdta)2] (NO3)2·3MeCN (5′), respectively, have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. By controlled cocrystallization, diamagnetically diluted 3B (1%) in the host lattice of 4 (99%) in the form of single crystals have been made available, allowing single crystal EPR studies to extract all components of the g-factor and the tensors of onsite CuA and transferred NA hyperfine interaction. Out of these studies the spin density distribution of the [Cu(opooMe)]2− complex fragment could be determined. The magnetic properties of 5 were studied by susceptibility measurements versus temperature. An intramolecular J parameter of −65 cm−1 has been obtained, unexpectedly, as 5 should possess two different J values due to its two different spacers between the adjacent CuII ions, namely an oxamate (C2NO3) and an oxamidate (C2N2O2) fragment. This unexpected result is explained by a summarizing discussion of the experimentally obtained EPR results (spin density distribution) of 3B, the geometries of the terminal [Cu(pmdta)]2+ fragments of 5 determined by X-ray crystallographic studies and accompanying quantum chemical calculations of the spin density distribution of the mononuclear [Cu(opooMe)]2− and of the magnetic exchange interactions of trinuclear [Cu3(opooMe)(pmdta)2]2+ complex fragments. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Triazenes are a class of compounds characterized by the presence of a diazoamino functional group (N=N N) showing remarkable ability to support the stereochemical requisites of a wide variety of metal transition complexes. They act as versatile ligands in coordination chemistry when deprotonated and have relevant biological and synthetic porperties. This work presents the synthesis and investigation of molecular and crystal structure of a new series of monotriazenes [3-(4-phenyldiazenyl)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)triazene (2b); 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-phenyldiazenyl)triazeno (2c), 1-(2-bromophenyl)-3-(4-phenyldiazenyl)triazene (2d); 3-(4-phenyldiazenyl)-1-(2-iodophenyl) triazene (2e); 1,3-bis-(3-methoxy-4-methylbenzoate)triazene (2g)] and substituted 1,4-bis (phenyltriazenyl)butanes, C6H5N(H)=N-N(CH2)4-N=NN(H)C6H5, [1,4-bis(4-ethyl-benzoato triazenyl) butane (5a), 1,4-bis(2-fluorophenyltriazenyl)butane (5b), 1,4-bis(2-clorophenyltriazenyl)butane (5c), 1,4-bis(2-bromophenyltriazenyl)butane (5d), 1,4-bis(2-iodophenyltriazenyl)butane (5e), 1,4-bis(4-amidophenyltriazenyll)butane (5f)]. The insertion of groups on phenyl rings attached to the triazene chains makes the environment significantly more interesting coordination providing the supramolecular array through noncovalent intermolecular interactions and self-organizatinal units of primary molecule. The metal ions used for complexation are salts of Ni2+, Cu2+ and Pd2+ and they were chosen due to the attracting biological relevance, magnetic properties, catalytic yielding. Nine metal complexes unpublished were synthesized [trans-[PdII(C6H5NNC6H4NNNC6H4Cl)2(C5H5N)2] (3c) [(PdII (R1R2C6H3NNNC6H3R1R2)(PPh3)2Cl) DMSO] [R1 = 4-C(O)OCH3, R2 = 3-OCH3] (3g) [CuII (RC6H5NNN(CH2)4NNNC6H5R)]2 [R = C2H5C(O)O (6a), R = F (6b), R = NH2C(O) (6f)], [NiII (RC6H5NNN(CH2)4NNNC6H5R)]2 [R = F (7b) R = Cl (7c) R = Br (7d) R = NH2C(O) (7f)]. The synthesis and characterization of these compounds is justified by the exploration of the reactivity, the coordinative behavior and by the understanding of the interactions between different ligands and metal centers. The structural analysis of the synthesized compounds by X-ray diffraction on single crystal in the solid state were performed for characterization of interactions in the crystal. Thus, a thorough understanding of the relationship between the crystal structure and supramolecular organization is analyzed. Besides the structural analysis of compounds, elemental analysis CHN, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies and mass spectrometry were also carried out for characterization. The physical chemical properties were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis and magnetic susceptibility. / Triazenos são importantes membros da família de compostos nitrogenados de cadeia aberta, caracterizados por conter o grupo funcional [N═N─N] e apresentam diferentes propriedades de coordenação a metais de transição. São compostos fracamente ácidos e quando desprotonados atuam como ótimos ligantes na química de coordenação apresentando grande importância sintética e biológica. Nessa tese, foi inicialmente desenvolvida a síntese de uma série inédita de compostos triazenos monocatenados [3-(4-fenildiazenil)-1-(2-fluorofenil)triazeno (2b); 1-(2-clorofenil)-3-(4-fenildiazenil)triazeno (2c); 1-(2-bromofenil)-3-(4-fenildiazenil)triazeno (2d); 3-(4-fenildiazenil)-1-(2-iodofenil)triazeno (2e); 1,3-bis(3-metoxi-4-metilbenzoato)triazeno (2g)] e de compostos triazenos biscatenados derivados do 1,4-bis(feniltriazenido)butano, C6H5N(H)N=N-(CH2)4-N=N-N(H)C6H5, [1,4-bis(etil-4-benzoatotriazenil) butano (5a); 1,4-bis(2-fluorofeniltriazenido)butano (5b); 1,4-bis(2-clorofeniltriazenido)butano (5c); 1,4-bis(2-bromofeniltriazenido)butano (5d); 1,4-bis(2-iodofeniltriazenido)butano (5e); 1,4-bis(4-amidofeniltriazenido)butano (5f)]. A inserção de grupamentos substituintes nos anéis fenila na cadeia triazenídica tornam o ambiente de coordenação significativamente mais interessante, propiciando o aumento da ocorrência de interações intermoleculares não covalentes e impondo a auto-organização de unidades moleculares primárias no estado sólido. Os metais escolhidos para complexação foram sais de Ni2+, Cu2+ e Pd2+ em virtude de atraírem atenção como objeto de estudos relacionados com medicina, propriedades magnéticas e catálise obtendo-se como resultados deste trabalho nove complexos metálicos inéditos [trans-[PdII(C6H5NNC6H4NNNC6H4Cl)2(C5H5N)2] (3c); [(PdII(R1R2C6H3NNNC6H3R1R2)(PPh3)2Cl)·DMSO] [R1 = 4-C(O)OCH3, R2 = 3-OCH3] (3g); [CuII(RC6H5NNN(CH2)4NNNC6H5R)]2 [R = C2H5C(O)O (6a); R = F (6b); R = NH2C(O) (6f)] ; [NiII(RC6H5NNN(CH2)4NNNC6H5R)]2 [R = F (7b); R = Cl (7c); R = Br (7d); R = NH2C(O) (7f)]. A síntese, e a caracterização desses novos compostos estão relacionadas à exploração da reatividade, ao comportamento coordenativo e a compreensão das interações entre os diferentes centros metálicos e os ligantes. Efetuou-se um estudo estrutural no estado sólido para a caracterização das interações presentes nas estruturas cristalinas dos compostos sintetizados e a ferramenta utilizada foi à difração de raios X em monocristal. Dessa forma aprofundou-se a compreensão da relação entre a estrutura cristalina e sua organização supramolecular. Além do método de difração de raios X de monocristal os compostos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho, espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear, 1H e 13C, espectroscopia ultravioleta e visível, espectrometria de massas e análise elementar CHN. As propriedades físico-químicas foram investigadas através de análise termogravimétrica e susceptibilidade magnética.