Orientadores: Maria Filomena Spatti Sândalo, Andrew Ira Nevins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_MariaLuisadeAndrade_D.pdf: 9587442 bytes, checksum: 3fa3a7847eda593904ce50e3a60d08ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta tese descreve e analisa aspectos morfofonológicos e morfossintáticos dos nomes deverbais formados pelos nominalizadores -ção e -mento no Português Brasileiro, aliando uma abordagem experimental e quantitativa a uma investigação diacrônica. Esses sufixos formam nomes derivados a partir de raízes e verbos e são descritos conjuntamente como os nominalizadores mais produtivos em PB (Basílio 1980, 1996; Rocha 1999; entre outros). Em um estudo quantitativo (Freitas 2014), averiguamos tendências claras na distribuição desses afixos nominalizadores, a partir da análise de uma base de dados composta de 2175 palavras: (i) Há uma relação de preferência entre os verbos da segunda conjugação (em -er) e o sufixo -mento. Interessantemente, nos nomes deverbais formados por este afixo há um alteamento obrigatório da vogal temática -e- (e.g. mover/movimento), causando neutralização entre a segunda e a terceira conjugação. Contudo, nos nomes formados por - ção, este alteamento não é categórico (e.g. fazer/fazeção/*fazição). (ii) A estrutura argumental da base é fator condicionante na escolha dos sufixos -ção e -mento: verbos transitivos e inergativos são preferencialmente nominalizados com -ção, e os verbos inacusativos são nominalizados com -mento. Neste trabalho, investigamos se as tendências lexicais identificadas são produtivas sincronicamente, quer dizer, se as distribuições observadas no léxico apresentam realidade psicológica ou não para os falantes de PB. Para isso, desenvolvemos três experimentos com logatomas (ou pseudo-palavras) com intuito de averiguar a hipótese de que os falantes têm internalizados dois fatores que condicionam a seleção preferencial dos sufixos -ção e -mento: (i) o fator fonológico, i.e., as classes temáticas verbais; e (ii) o fator sintático, i.e., a estrutura argumental do verbo base. Os resultados dos experimentos atestam que existe uma correlação significativa entre os fatores investigados e a escolha do sufixo nominalizador, assim como averiguamos no léxico. Dessa maneira, tendo em vista um modelo sintático de formação de palavras como o da Morfologia Distribuída (Halle; Marantz 1993; 1994; Marantz 2001, 2007; Embick 2010), argumentamos que o tipo de estrutura argumental dos verbos determina o comportamento morfofonológico e morfossintático dos nomes deverbais formados pelos sufixos -ção e -mento. A hipótese que defendemos é a de que a presença de DP complemento na estrutura argumental de verbos desencadeia diferenças no ponto computacional em que as raízes são enviadas ao componente fonológico para serem processadas, gerando diferenças de superfície nos nomes resultantes desse processo derivacional. Adicionalmente, abordamos nesta tese a questão da variação na produtividade morfológica dos nominalizadores -ção e -mento em uma perspectiva diacrônica, a partir de um estudo piloto acerca da datação das palavras contidas na versão eletrônica do dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa / Abstract: This dissertation describes and analyses morphophonological and morphosyntactic aspects of the deverbal nouns formed by the nominalizing suffixes -ção and -mento in Brazilian Portuguese, combining an experimental and quantitative approach with a diachronic investigation. These suffixes can take both roots and verbs to form derived nouns and they are described together as the most productive nominalizers (Basílio 1980, 1996; Rocha 1999; among others). In a quantitative study (Freitas 2014), I found clear tendencies in the distribution of these affixes from the analysis of a database of 2715 words collected from the electronic version 1.0 of the Houaiss Dictionary of Portuguese: (i) There is a preference relation between the verbs of second conjugation (in -er) and the suffix -mento. Interestingly, in the deverbal nouns formed by this suffix there is an obligatory raising of the theme vowel -e- to [i] (e.g. mover/movimento), triggering neutralization between the second and the third verbal conjugations. However, in nouns formed by -ção, the raising is not categorical (e.g. fazer/fazeção/*fazição); (ii) the argument structure type of the verbal base is a conditioning factor for the selection of -ção and -mento: transitive and unergative verbs preferably select -ção and unaccusative verbs preferably select -mento. In this dissertation, I investigate whether these lexical trends are synchronically productive, exhibiting or not psychological reality for native speakers. To do so, I developed three wugtests in order to test the hypothesis that speakers have internalized two conditioning factors in the preferential selection of -ção and -mento: (i) the phonological factor, i.e. the thematic classes of the verbal bases; (ii) the syntactic factor, i.e. the argument structure type of the verbal bases. The experimental results attest there is a significant correlation between these factors and the choice of nominalizing suffix, as we have found in the lexicon. Therefore, taking into account a syntactic model of word formation such as Distributed Morphology (Halle; Marantz 1993; 1994; among many others), I argue that the argument structure of verbal bases is responsible for the morphophonological and morphosyntactic behavior of the nouns formed by -ção and -mento. I defend the hypothesis that the presence of a DP as complement of a root may trigger differences in the computational point at which the roots are sent to the phonological component to be phonologically processed, resulting in surface differences to the derived nouns. Additionally, in this work, I also address questions relating to the diachronic variation in the morphological productivity of the competing morphemes based on a pilot study using the electronic version of the Houaiss Dictionary of Portuguese / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

In this project, we address the task of nested noun phrase identification in English sentences, where a phrase is defined as a group of words functioning as one unit in a sentence. Prior research has extensively explored the identification of various phrases for language understanding and text generation tasks. Our aim is to tackle the novel challenge of identifying nested noun phrases within sentences. To accomplish this, we first review existing work on related topics such as partial parsing and noun phrase identification. Subsequently, we propose a novel approach based on transformer models to recursively identify nested noun phrases in sentences. We fine-tune a pre-trained uncased BERT model to detect phrase structures in a sentence and determine whether they represent noun phrases. Our recursive approach involves merging relevant segments of a sentence and assigning labels to the noun phrases at each step, facilitating the identification of nested structures. The evaluation of our model demonstrates promising results, achieving a high accuracy of up to 93.6% when considering all noun phrases in isolation and 90.9% when accounting for the predicted phrase structure of the sentence. Additionally, our model exhibits a recall rate of 83.5% and 81.2% at both levels, respectively. Overall, our model proves to be effective in identifying nested noun phrases, showcasing the potential of transformer-based models in phrase structure identification. Future research should explore further applications and enhancements of such models in this domain. / I detta projekt tar vi upp uppgiften att identifiera nästlade substantivfraser i engelska meningar, där en fras definieras som en grupp ord som fungerar som en enhet i en mening. Tidigare forskning har utförligt utforskat identifieringen av olika fraser för språkförståelse och textgenereringsuppgifter. Vårt mål är att ta itu med den nya utmaningen att identifiera nästlade substantivfraser i meningar. För att åstadkomma detta granskar vi först befintligt arbete med relaterade ämnen som partiell analys och identifiering av substantivfraser. Därefter föreslår vi en ny metod baserad på transformers-modeller för att rekursivt identifiera nästlade substantivfraser i meningar. Vi finjusterar en förtränad BERT-modell utan kapsling för att upptäcka frasstrukturer i en mening och avgöra om de representerar substantivfraser. Vårt rekursiva tillvägagångssätt innebär att sammanfoga relevanta segment av en mening och att tilldela etiketter till substantivfraserna vid varje steg, vilket underlättar identifieringen av nästlade strukturer. Utvärderingen av vår modell visar lovande resultat och uppnår en hög precision på upp till 93,6% när man tar hänsyn till alla substantivfraser isolerat och 90,9% när man tar hänsyn till meningens förutsagda frasstruktur. Dessutom uppvisar vår modell en täckning (recall) på 83,5% respektive 81,2% på båda nivåerna. Sammantaget visar vår modell sig vara effektiv för att identifiera nästlade substantivfraser, vilket visar potentialen hos transformers-modeller för identifiering av frasstruktur. Framtida forskning bör utforska ytterligare tillämpningar och förbättringar av sådana modeller på detta område.

Thema der Dissertation sind Nominalphrasen im Deutschen und Spanischen. Die Dissertation ist in 5 Abschnitte unterteilt. Das erste Kapitel gibt die Motivation der Arbeit, und im letzten Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und mögliche Erweiterungen diskutiert. Im zweiten Kapitel wird eine Einführung in den theoretischen Rahmen, die Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), gegeben und mit generativen Ansätzen verglichen. Dabei werden die Grundlagen und die Beschreibungsmechanismen der Theorie erklärt. HPSG ist ein oberflächenorientiertes, deklaratives, beschränkungsbasiertes Framework. Im dritten Kapitel werden vier zentrale syntaktische Begriffe besprochen und diskutiert: Kopf, Argument, Adjunkt und Spezifikator. Trotz ihrer Relevanz in der linguistischen Literatur werden diese vier Relationen verschieden interpretiert. Bei der Diskussion dieser syntaktischen Hauptrelationen werden die entsprechenden HPSG Mechanismen erklärt, mit denen sie beschrieben werden, u.a. das Semantik-Prinzip und das Kopfmerkmalsprinzip. Das vierte Kapitel der Dissertation beinhaltet Analysen für drei verschiedene Phänomene der NPs im Deutschen und Spanischen: Kasusmarkierung, optionale Argumente und pränominale Argumente. Deutsch und Spanisch unterscheiden sich in der Art und Weise, wie sie Kasus an ihren NPs markieren. Deutsch markiert sie morphologisch und Spanisch syntaktisch. Beide Arten der Markierung werden modelliert und verglichen. In Bezug auf die Optionalität von Argumenten wird zunächst die verbale Domäne betrachtet. Anhand dieser Analyse wird dann die nominale Domäne modelliert. Im letzten Teil wird eine Analyse für die pränominalen Argumente gegeben. Dabei werden folgende Aspekte betrachtet: Kombinatorik verschiedener Argumente, Theta-Rollenvergabe für die Argumente, Fakultativität der Argumente und Behandlung der (In-)Definitheit bei pränominalen Genitiven. / The topic of this dissertation are noun phrases in German and Spanish. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents the motivation of the work, and in the last chapter a summary is presented and discussed. In the second chapter, I give an introduction into the theoretical framework, Head-Driven Phase Structure Grammar (HPSG) by explaining its fundamental mechanisms, and compare it to generative approaches. HPSG is a surface oriented, declarative, constraint-based framework. In the third chapter, four central syntactic concepts are critically discussed: head, argument, adjunct, and specifier. Although these four concepts are highly relevant in the linguistic literature, they are often interpreted differently. While discussing these fours syntactic relations, I explain the main mechanisms of HPSG to describe them, e.g. the Semantic Principle and the Head Feature Principle. The fourth chapter contains analyses for three different NP phenomena in German and Spanish: case marking, optionality of arguments, and prenominal arguments. German and Spanish differ in the way they mark case on their NPs. German case-marks NPs morphologically, while case marking in Spanish is syntactic. Both types of marking are modelled and compared. Regarding argument optionality, I first look at the verbal domain and use this analysis to model optionality in the nominal domain. The last part of this chapter gives an analysis of prenominal arguments. The following aspects are considered: combinatory of a head noun with different arguments, theta role assignment for the arguments of a nominal head, optionality of arguments and treatment of (in-)definiteness in prenominal genitives.