The insertion of Modern and Contemporary Physics (FMC) in High School (IN) supported by researchers from the School of Sciences and Physical Education is linked to a concern with the initial training and continuing education. In this paper, we present results of research through an undergraduate Supplementary Discipline (DCG), the initial training of teachers, aiming at achieving the contents of FMC Health and cross-cutting theme in the planning of teaching undergraduates in physics. The implementation of this discipline occurred in the 2nd half of 2011, the degree course in Physics UFSM. To produce this DCG was made a research on the topic Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy (EN / Rad) in major journals and conferences in the area of Science Education and Physical Education in the period 2005 to 2010. The results of this investigation, which have focused on the proposed training for the classroom, pointed a small number of implementations. We also carried out an analysis of the curriculum, the graduate courses in Physics at the federal universities of RS, especially UFSM, regarding the relationship of the disciplines of the grid that addressed the conceptual and procedural contents on the subject EN / Rad. In the analysis of documents were used content analysis procedures. The results of this analysis, from the perspective of National Curricular Guidelines (DCN) for courses in Physics, presented a temporal mismatch between these disciplines with differing emphasis. In this sense, the DCG has come to contribute to the Initial Training for the elaboration of didactic plans, relating the theme EN / Rad and Health, along activities for discussion and didactic plans, results pointing to the levels of coordination between these two themes. The main result was presented in planning the sequence and importance given to the Health theme in these relationships, demonstrating that the Health theme is used as an illustration, usually at the end of the planning, configuring itself as a weak link. / A inserção da Física Moderna e Contemporânea (FMC) no Ensino Médio (EM) defendida por pesquisadores das áreas de Ensino de Ciências e de Ensino de Física está vinculada a uma preocupação com a formação inicial e continuada de professores. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se resultados de pesquisa, através de uma Disciplina Complementar de Graduação (DCG), na formação inicial de professores, visando à articulação dos conteúdos de FMC e o tema transversal Saúde nos planejamentos didáticos dos licenciandos em Física. A implementação desta disciplina ocorreu no 2º semestre de 2011, no curso de licenciatura em Física da UFSM. Para a elaboração desta DCG foi realizada uma investigação sobre o tema Energia Nuclear e Radioatividade (EN/Rad) nos principais periódicos e eventos da área de Ensino de Ciências e Ensino de Física, no período de 2005 a 2010. Os resultados desta investigação, que tiveram como foco as propostas de ensino para a sala de aula, apontaram um número reduzido de implementações. Também foi realizada uma análise das grades curriculares, dos cursos de licenciatura em Física das universidades federais do RS, em especial da UFSM, quanto à relação das disciplinas da grade que contemplassem os conteúdos conceituais e procedimentais sobre o tema EN/Rad. Na análise dos documentos foram utilizados os procedimentos de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados desta análise, sob a ótica das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) para os cursos de Física, apresentaram uma incompatibilidade temporal entre estas disciplinas de diferentes ênfases. Neste sentido, a DCG veio a contribuir na Formação Inicial para a elaboração de planejamentos didáticos, relacionando o tema EN/Rad e a Saúde, ao longo de atividades de discussão e de planejamentos didáticos, apontando como resultados os níveis de articulação entre estes dois temas. O principal resultado apresentado nos planejamentos foi a sequência e a relevância dada ao tema Saúde nestas relações, demonstrando que o tema Saúde é utilizado como uma ilustração, geralmente, ao final dos planejamentos, configurando-se como uma articulação frágil.

Thesis (MTech (Quality)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / There is a South African Government initiative to use State-owned Enterprises (SOE’s) to roll out a programme for the development and stimulation of local small businesses in South Africa. The state has requested SOE’s to set targets on a voluntary basis to increase trade with small businesses, with the purpose of developing small enterprises to eventually enhance skills transfer, training and employment. However, when large customers such as Eskom Nuclear Generation require ISO certification as a prerequisite for a supplier to provide goods and/or services to them, most small businesses are unable to comply. The requirement of ISO9000 compliance inhibits the ability of most small businesses to compete with their larger counterparts. Small businesses constitute as much as 90% of most world economies. They have many advantages to offer customers, such as a high level of flexibility, innovation and responsiveness to customer needs. These attributes can introduce healthy competition to the supply chain. Small businesses, by their very nature experience more risks, such as a higher vulnerability to volatile market forces and skills loss. In addition, they are generally less specialised. They are under continuous competitive pressure, and are generally not able to provide assurance of a sustainable product over a longer period. Although there is an imperative to develop and use small suppliers, they introduce higher risk to the supply chain. The primary research objective of this dissertation is to develop a robust model to identify risks inherent to small businesses, and to propose measures to mitigate such risks. A classification of problems with small suppliers that have occurred at Koeberg Nuclear Power Station over a period of 3 years (from June 2005 to May 2008), will form the basis of the research methodology. The anticipated findings of the research include the following. _ Several common critical issues of failure will be identified in the internal processes of small suppliers, with variations between types of suppliers, which will indicate which elements within the context of ISO9000 can be applied to address shortcoming in the suppliers’ processes. _ A matrix will be compiled from this by which the customer can identify the type of supplier, the types of risks inherent to that supplier, and which elements of ISO9000 the customer should insist upon to be adopted into an elementary quality management system of that small supplier. This should be executed as part of a larger supplier development programme.

É presentada nesta dissertação uma análise espectral das equações de transporte de nêutrons, independente do tempo, em geometria unidimensional e bidimensional, na formulação de ordenadas discretas (SN), utilizando o modelo de uma velocidade e multigrupo, considerando meios onde ocorrem o fenômeno da fissão nuclear. Esta análise espectral constitui-se na resolução de problemas de autovalores e respectivos autovetores, e reproduz a expressão para a solução geral analítica local das equações SN (para geometria unidimensional) ou das equações nodais integradas transversalmente (geometria retangular bidimensional) dentro de cada região homogeneizada do domínio espacial. Com a solução geral local determinada, métodos numéricos, tais como os métodos de matriz de resposta SN, podem ser derivados. Os resultados numéricos são gerados por programas de computadores implementados em MatLab, versão 2012, a fim de verificar a natureza dos autovalores e autovetores correspondentes no espaço real ou complexo. / Presented in this dissertation is a spectral analysis of the neutron transport equations in the slab and X, Y geometry time-independent discrete ordinates formulation using the one-speed and multigroup model in neutron fission reacting media. This spectral analysis is bared on solving eigenvalue problems and yields the expression for the local general solution of the equations (for slab geometry) or of the transverse integrated nodal equations (for multidimensional rectangular geometry) within each homogenized region of the domain. With the local general solution so determined, a number of coarse-mesh numerical methods, such as the response matrix methods, can be derived. Numerical results are generated by computer program s implemented in MatLab, version 2012, in order to verify the nature of the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors in real or complex space.

Submitted by Leandro da Silva Batista Pereira (trabanddr@gmail.com) on 2013-10-22T13:51:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Versão Final - 2.pdf: 1234281 bytes, checksum: 86be572fe83ef8688da681c95ba07ccb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafael Aguiar (rafael.aguiar@fgv.br) on 2013-11-18T17:12:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Versão Final - 2.pdf: 1234281 bytes, checksum: 86be572fe83ef8688da681c95ba07ccb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-11-21T13:34:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Versão Final - 2.pdf: 1234281 bytes, checksum: 86be572fe83ef8688da681c95ba07ccb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-21T13:39:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Versão Final - 2.pdf: 1234281 bytes, checksum: 86be572fe83ef8688da681c95ba07ccb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-27 / The present work covers the first years of the Brazilian nuclear policy, betwee n 1945 and 1956. Our aim is to understand the reasons of the triumph of Admiral Álvaro Alberto in the 1956 Parliamentarian Inquiry Commission of the Nuclear Question (CP I da Questão Nuclear), in which his policy proposals for the nuclear sector were vindicated and re-established, even after the personal defeats suffered by him during the Café Filho Administration (1954-1955), when he was fired from the presidency of the CNPq and witnessed his nuclear policy being stopped by the government. The work concludes that such an outcome was made possible by the fact that his guidelines for the nuclear sector managed to obtain a significant echo among several sectors of the Brazilian society that defended the state monopoly on the natural resources and an autonomous scientific and technological development effort. Besides that, his efforts were aided by an exceptionally favorable political conjuncture at the earl y phase of the Juscelino Kubitschek Administration (1956-1961), which was distinguished by a st rong political polarization, in which the nuclear question gained a national projec tion. With his triumph in the 1956 CPI, Alberto managed to define the terms of the debat e about the nuclear policy in the following years and decades. / Os primeiros anos da política nuclear brasileira, entre os anos de 1945 e 1956, é o assunto tratado no presente trabalho. Aqui procuramos compreender as razões por trás da vitória de Álvaro Alberto na CPI da Questão Nuclear de 1956, na qual as suas propostas para o setor foram valorizadas e restabelecidas, mesmo após o Almirante ter sofrido derrotas durante o governo Café Filho (1954-55), quando foi exonerado da presidência do CNPq e teve a sua política atômica suspensa. O trabalho conclui que a vitória foi possível graças ao fato de as suas diretrizes para a área nuclear terem ressonância junto a diversos setores da sociedade brasileira adeptos do monopólio estatal sobre os recursos naturais e de um desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico em bases autônomas; além de uma conjuntura política excepcional no início do governo de Juscelino Kubitschek, marcado por forte polarização política, na qual o assunto nuclear ganhou projeção nacional. Com a sua vitória na CPI de 1956, Álvaro Alberto logrou definir os termos debate sobre a política a ser adotada na área atômica pelos anos e décadas seguintes.

Le carbure de bore B4C est une céramique couramment utilisée comme absorbant neutronique pour la régulation de la puissance des réacteurs nucléaires. Les réactions d’absorption neutronique, de type (n,α) sur l’isotope bore-10, conduisent à la production de grandes quantités d’hélium (jusqu’à 1022.cm-3). Il en résulte du gonflement induit par la formation de bulles hautement pressurisées, puis de la microfissuration. L’analyse de la littérature montre que les mécanismes de diffusion de l’hélium et les premières étapes de la formation des bulles sont mal connus. L’objectif de notre étude est d’étudier le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore, en réalisant une analyse paramétrique. Pour cela, des échantillons de B4C fritté à partir de différentes poudres ont été implantés en hélium dans des accélérateurs d’ions à différentes concentrations et températures, ce afin de simuler l’hélium produit en réacteur. Les analyses se sont ensuite principalement appuyées sur deux techniques de caractérisation : L’analyse par réactions nucléaires ou NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) qui est une technique d’analyse par faisceau d’ions. La réaction 3He(d,4He)1H utilisée permet d’obtenir des profils d’hélium dans le matériau. La Microscope Electronique en Transmission (MET) qui permet d’observer les amas potentiels d’hélium dans le matériau. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence l’influence de la concentration d’hélium implanté : plus elle est élevée, plus la densité d’amas dans la zone implantée est élevée ; puis celle de de la température d’implantation : plus cette dernière est élevée, plus la température seuil de germination des amas est élevée et leur densité réduite. Nous en avons déduit que ces différences étaient dues à l’influence de l’endommagement résiduel, plus faible à haute température. Des doubles implantations d’or et d’hélium ont confirmé que l’endommagement créé par les ions Au avait un effet significatif sur la germination des amas, en abaissant le seuil de température de leur apparition et en augmentant leur densité. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle des joints de grains qui se sont révélés être de véritables pièges pour hélium. Nous avons démontré que l’hélium ne diffuse pas dans ni à travers ces joints de grains jusqu’à des températures de l’ordre de 1200°C. Enfin, l’élargissement des profils d’hélium après traitements thermiques, dans la gamme de température 600-800°C, a permis de déterminer un coefficient de diffusion apparent de l’hélium dans le B4C, paramètre inconnu dans la littérature, ainsi qu’une énergie d’activation : D = D0.exp(-Ea/kT), avec D0 = 6,03x10- 3 x/ 2,5 cm2.s-1 et Ea = 2,03 ±0,18 eV. L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de mieux appréhender le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore qui sera utilisé dans les dispositifs de contrôle de la puissance et les protections neutroniques du réacteur ASTRID, projet français de réacteur à spectre neutronique rapide refroidi au sodium. Les résultats obtenus permettent ainsi de tirer des indications utiles à la conception des éléments absorbants neutroniques du réacteur / Boron carbide B4C is a ceramic commonly used as a neutron absorber to control the power of nuclear power plants. The neutron absorption reactions, (n,α) type on the boron-10 isotope, lead to the production of large quantities of helium (up to 1022.cm-3). This results to swelling induced by the formation of highly pressurized bubbles, followed by microcracking. Analysis of the literature shows that helium diffusion mechanisms and the early stages of bubble formation are poorly understood. The goal of our work is to study the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, by carrying out a parametric analysis. For this purpose, samples of B4C, sintered from different powders, were implanted in helium with ion accelerators at different concentrations and temperatures, in order to simulate the helium produced in the reactor. The analyses were then mainly based on two characterization techniques: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), which is an ion beam analysis technique. The 3He(d,4He)1H reaction used allows obtaining helium profiles in the material. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which allows observation of potential helium clusters in the material. We first demonstrated the influence of the concentration of implanted helium: the higher it is, the higher the density of clusters in the implanted area; then the influence of the implantation temperature: the higher it is, the higher the threshold temperature for cluster nucleation and the lower the density. We have deduced that these differences were due to the influence of the residual damage, which is lower at high temperature. Dual gold and helium implantations confirmed that damage caused by Au ions had a significant effect on cluster nucleation, lowering the temperature threshold of their occurrence and increasing their density. Next, we have highlighted the role of grain boundaries which have proved to be very efficient traps for helium. We have demonstrated that helium does not diffuse into these grain boundaries at temperatures up to 1200°C. Finally, the broadening of the helium profiles after heat treatments, in the temperature range 600-800°C, allowed us to determine an apparent diffusion coefficient of helium in B4C, still unknown in the literature: D = D0.exp (-Ea/kT), with D0 = 6.03x10-3 x/ 2.5 cm2.s-1 and Ea = 2.03 ± 0.18 eV. This work allowed us to better understand the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, which will be used in power control devices and neutron protections for the ASTRID reactor, a French sodium fast-neutron reactor project. The results thus allow obtaining useful indications for the design of the neutron absorber elements of the reactor

The solution of large and sparse eigenvalue problems arising from the discretization of the diffusion equation is considered. The multigroup<p>diffusion equation is discretized by means of the Nodal expansion Method (NEM) [9, 10]. A new formulation of the higher order NEM variants revealing the true nature of the problem, that is, a generalized eigenvalue problem, is proposed. These generalized eigenvalue problems are solved using the Jacobi-Davidson (JD) method<p>[26]. The most expensive part of the method consists of solving a linear system referred to as correction equation. It is solved using Krylov subspace methods in combination with aggregation-based Algebraic Multigrid (AMG) techniques. In that context, a particular<p>aggregation technique used in combination with classical smoothers, referred to as oblique geometric coarsening, has been derived. Its particularity is that it aggregates unknowns that<p>are not coupled, which has never been done to our<p>knowledge. A modular code, combining JD with an AMG preconditioner, has been developed. The code comes with many options, that have been tested. In particular, the instability of the Rayleigh-Ritz [33] acceleration procedure in the non-symmetric case has been underlined. Our code has also been compared to an industrial code extracted from ARTEMIS. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Au-delà des questions inhérentes à la sûreté des installations nucléaires, l’accident de la centrale Fukushima Dai’ichi du 11 mars 2011 a fait ressurgir ce que certains considèrent comme un paradoxe : le Japon s’est lancé dans l’aventure du nucléaire alors qu’il avait lui-même été victime de la bombe atomique et que, de surcroît, il est régulièrement confronté à des catastrophes naturelles. Par ailleurs, la catastrophe de Fukushima a encouragé une certaine réflexion sur les médias japonais, qui vise particulièrement à critiquer le rôle que ceux-ci ont joué dans la promotion du nucléaire et son acceptation auprès du public japonais dès après la Seconde guerre mondiale. En s'inscrivant dans le champ des études en histoire culturelle, le présent travail vise ainsi à comprendre, à travers le prisme de l'image médiatique, comment le Japon a opéré une transition entre Hiroshima (1945) et Tôkaimura (1957), autrement dit entre le nucléaire militaire et le nucléaire civil, en attachant une importance particulière à la manière dont les discours sur ces "deux nucléaires" ont été articulés dans la presse japonaise. Pour ce faire, nous analysons la manière dont les grands quotidiens nationaux Asahi Shinbun et Yomiuri Shinbun ont traité de l’énergie atomique durant la genèse du projet nucléaire civil japonais (1945-1957), une période charnière démarrant avec les bombardements atomiques d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki et se clôturant avec la mise en route du tout premier réacteur nucléaire expérimental japonais à Tôkaimura. À travers un plan structuré chronologiquement autour de quatre périodes, nous tentons donc de fournir des éléments de réponse à la question suivante : comment l’énergie nucléaire civile a-t-elle été représentée dans la presse nationale japonaise à l’époque de son introduction dans l’archipel ? Dans la première partie (1945-1949), nous observons comment l’énergie nucléaire a été représentée durant les premières années suivant les bombardements atomiques sur Hiroshima et Nagasaki, alors que le discours sur le nucléaire militaire était censuré par les Forces Alliées et que l’énergie nucléaire civile n’en était encore qu’à ses balbutiements. Dans la deuxième partie (1949-1952), nous analysons comment le socle des représentations de cette énergie évolue alors que la menace de la guerre nucléaire fait surface et que les premiers succès de production d’électricité nucléaire à l’étranger attirent l’attention de la presse japonaise. Notre troisième période (1953-1955) s’intéresse à trois évènements médiatiques qui ont influencé le discours médiatique autour de l’énergie nucléaire : le discours américain Atoms for Peace ; l’incident du thonier Daigo Fukuryû Maru ; et la venue de l’industriel américain John Jay Hopkins sur l’invitation de Shôriki Matstutarô, alors à la tête du quotidien Yomiuri Shinbun. Enfin, dans notre dernière partie (1955-1957) nous analysons tout d’abord la manière dont le quotidien Yomiuri Shinbun a couvert une grande exposition sur "les usages pacifiques" de l’énergie nucléaire qu’il avait lui-même co-organisé avec l’United States Information Agency pour améliorer l’image de cette dernière après l’incident du Daigo Fukuryû Maru. Dans un second temps, nous nous intéressons aux débats politiques à l’heure où le Japon commence à institutionnaliser son projet nucléaire civil. Enfin, nous clôturons cette dernière partie en traitant d’un événement qui devait symboliser l’aboutissement du projet nucléaire civil japonais : la mise en marche du tout premier réacteur nucléaire expérimental du Japon, dans le village de Tôkaimura. / In addition to questions that are inherent to the safety of nuclear installations, the accident at Fukushima Dai’ichi Nuclear Power Plant of March 2011 raised what can be considered a paradox: Japan has embarked on a nuclear adventure even though it has been the victim of a nuclear bomb itself and while it regularly faces natural catastrophes.Furthermore, the Fukushima catastrophe has encouraged some reflexion on the Japanese media, with special focus on the role these have played in the promotion of nuclear energy and in its acceptance by the Japanese public after the Second World War.This study, which belongs to the field of cultural history, aims at understanding through the prism of the media image, in what way Japan has accomplished a transition between Hiroshima (1945) and Tôkaimura (1957); in other words between military nuclear power and civilian nuclear energy, while attaching special importance to how the debate about these two aspects of the nuclear reality has been articulated in the Japanese press. To do this, we analyse the manner in which the big national newspapers: the Asahi Shinbun and Yomiuri Shinbun, dealt with atomic energy during the establishment of the Japanese civilian nuclear project (1945-1957), a pivotal period which started with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and closed with the start-up of the first Japanese experimental nuclear reactor in Tôkaimura. By means of a plan that is structured chronologically around four periods we will try to provide answers to the following question: how was civilian nuclear energy represented in the Japanese national press at the time of its introduction in the archipelago?In the first period (1945-1949), we observe how nuclear energy was represented during the first years following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, at a time that any discussion about atomic bombings was censured by the Allied Forces and that civilian nuclear energy was still in its infancy. In the second period (1949-1952), we analyse how the base of the representations of that energy evolves while the threat of nuclear war surfaces and while the first successes of the production of nuclear energy draw the attention of the Japanese press. Our third period (1953-1955) focuses on three media events which influenced the debate around nuclear energy: the American speech Atoms for Peace; the incident of the tuna fishing boat Daigo Fukuryû Maru and the arrival of the American industrialist John Jay Hopkins at the invitation of Shôriki Matstutarô, the head of the daily newspaper Yomiuri Shinbun. Finally, in our last period (1955-1957) we analyse first of all the manner in which the Yomiuri Shinbun covered the great exhibition on ‘the pacific uses of nuclear energy’ which it had itself co-organized with the United States Information Agency after the Daigo Fukuryû Maru incident, in order to improve the image of the latter. Then, we examine the political debates at the time that Japan began to institutionalize its nuclear civilian project. Lastly we end this part discussing an event that should symbolize the successful conclusion of the Japanese nuclear project: the start-up of the first experimental nuclear reactor in Japan in the village of Tôkaimura.

Hlavným cieľom diplomovej práce je kriticky analyzovať politiku Európskej Únie a jej dopad na činnosť nadnárodnej spoločnosti E.ON. Keďže politika Európskej Únie má za cieľ zefektívniť spôsob podnikania vykonávaného v rámci Európskej Únie a okrem iného má predstavovať garanciu zodpovednosti jak spotrebiteľov, tak dodávateľov operujúcich na trhu, tak zámer práce bol definovaný na analýzu politického vplyvu rozhodnutí Európskej Únie a ich dopad na následné strategické rozhodnutia firmy. Analytická čas práce je preto zameraná na analýzu Európskej energetickej politiky s kladením dôrazu na profil spoločnosti E.ON, Európsku energetickú stratégiu, obnoviteľné zdroje, jadrovú energetiku, bezpečnosť energetickej dodávky a na Európsky systém obchodovania s emisiami.

This graduation thesis deals with evaluation of power and coolant flow in reactor core. The first part is a description of nuclear power plant VVER 440. It is focused on parts important for transfer and utilize energy in regular operating of generating block. In the second part, the equations for calculation of power and coolant flow in reactor core are deduced. The last part is about designing the program for calculation of published values. There are specified requirements for the program and on the basis of this the source code is written. The parts of code are described. In conclusion of this part, the user's manual is work out. The program is on CD in the annexe.

Even though nuclear energy was one the first areas in which European countries started integrating their policies through the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the question of nuclear installations safety was only addressed by the EU in the context of the impending enlargement of the Union in 2004. In 2003, the European Commission submitted the first-ever proposal for a European directive on nuclear safety. However, the Council rejected it the following year, opening a five-year-long debate leading to the drafting of a new directive proposal, which was subsequently adopted in 2009. Only two years later, in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima disaster, amending this directive became necessary. Discussions resulted in adopting the amended legislation in the summer of 2014. This master's thesis analyses the main factors influencing the Council's decision-making on either rejecting or adopting the proposed directives in 2004, 2009 and 2014. The analysis is based on the following five scope conditions supposed to lead to integration acceptance by EU member states, as defined by authors Manuele Citi and Martin Rhodes: policy failure and availability of a successful alternative, external influence emanating from foreign countries hardly manageable by the individual states, functional interdependence...