The production of oil in Brazil is increasing to each year. As result a increasing volume of production water is generated as part of the process itself of formation of the deposits, many times in bigger ratios that the oil itself. The produced water owns a great diversity of contaminants, what ally to its high volume, brings serious problems at the moment of giving a final disposal to it. Some solutions had been attempted; on account of the more restrictive laws each day of the ambient agencies, but still in palliative way. The present work considers evaluating eletrodics materials and experimental conditions adjusted to be used in reactors, propitiating the electrochemical treatment of this residue. As anodes Ânodos Dimensionalmente Estáveis (ADE) commercial had been used, with nominal composition of Ti/Ru0,34Ti0,66O2. As cathodes the ADE, 316 steel and graphite had been evaluated. Amongst the cathodic materials studied the steel it presented performance better, as much with regard to efficiency of the process how much in the reduction of the cathodic incrustation. In the studies in batelada, was verified that the dilution of the solution and the current density influence significantly in the efficiency of the oxidation process. The increase of the dilution increases greatly the efficiency of the process. Already the speed of reduction of the DQO increases with the current density, however, the increase is not linear indicating that the process is controlled for diffusion. The efficiency of the electrochemical process in the reduction of the DQO of the sample was associated the three factors:a) the direct oxidation of the organic residue on the electrode; b) removal of the powdered material for the eletrogenerated gases (eletroflotation); c) indirect oxidation through reactive intermediate species. In the case of the reactor, it could be noticed that, the control of the outflow and the current density, as well as of the height of the flotant column influence in the efficiency of the treatment of the effluent, one beyond minimizing the incrustation on the cathodes. In the optimized conditions: outflow 800mLh-1, current density of 50mAcm-2 and flotant column of 10cm got it considerable reduction of the DQO and the TOG, proving the possibility of the application of the electrochemical technology in the treatment of the produced water of oil. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A produção de petróleo no Brasil vem aumentando a cada ano. Em conseqüência, um volume crescente de água de produção é gerado como parte do próprio processo de formação das jazidas, muitas vezes em proporções maiores que o próprio óleo. A água produzida possui uma grande diversidade de contaminantes, o que aliado ao seu alto volume, traz sérios problemas no momento de lhe dar uma disposição final. Várias soluções foram tentadas, por conta das leis cada dia mais restritivo dos órgãos ambientais, mas ainda de maneira paliativa. O presente trabalho propõe avaliar materiais eletródicos e condições experimentais adequadas para serem utilizadas em reatores, propiciando o tratamento eletroquímico desse resíduo. Como ânodo foram utilizados ânodos dimensionalmente estáveis (ADE) comerciais, com composição Ti/Ru0, 34Ti0,66O 2. Como cátodos foram avaliados os ADE, aço 316 e grafite. Dentre os materiais catódicos estudados o aço apresentou melhor desempenho, tanto com relação à eficiência do processo, quanto na redução da incrustação catódica. Nos estudos em batelada, verificou-se que a diluição da solução e a densidade de corrente influenciam significativamente na eficiência do processo de oxidação. O aumento da diluição aumenta acentuadamente a eficiência do processo. Já a velocidade de redução da DQO aumenta com a densidade de corrente, no entanto o aumento não é linear indicando que o processo é controlado por difusão. A eficiência do processo eletroquímico na redução da DQO da amostra foi associada a três fatores: a) ((oxidação direta do resíduo orgânico sobre o eletrodo; b) remoção do material particulado pelos gases eletrogerados (eletroflotação); c) oxidação indireta através de espécies intermediárias reativas. No caso do reator, pôde ser notado que, o controle da vazão e da densidade de corrente, bem como da altura da coluna flotante influenciam na eficiência do tratamento do efluente, além de minimizar a incrustação sobre os cátodos. Nas condições otimizadas: vazão de 800 cm3. h-1, densidade de 50mAcm-2 e coluna flotante de 10 cm obteve-se a redução considerável da DQO e do TOG, comprovando a possibilidade da aplicação da tecnologia eletroquímica no tratamento da água produzida de petróleo.

Nigeria and the United Kingdom are leading oil producers within their region. Both countries are linked by their exploration and production maturity within their regions and the fact that they produce similar oil grades. Their institutional similarities and their economic status as developed and developing economies provide the platform upon which this study basis its comparative investigation. On account of the oil price phenomenon and oil supply concerns by way of reserves, this study investigates the effect of the Hotelling theory, the Hubbert theory and Engineering decline curve theory on actual production rates within Nigeria and the United Kingdom. It develops individual models for both countries, applying each theory to each country to analyse the individual effect and the effect in comparison to one another. The level of adherence of each country to these production theories is measured, following which a combination of all three theories is applied to both country cases to quantify the level of significance and relationship to actual production behaviour. The results leave us with the understanding that the Hubbert theory does indeed capture the behaviour of production in both countries even where it was not expected in the case of Nigeria. The reserve constraint remains a key factor in future production plans for both countries. The results of the empirical analysis provide evidence of strong support in the United Kingdom for the Hotelling theory and weak support in the case of Nigeria. Oil price also remains a key factor in production modelling, though less so in the case of Nigeria. The engineering modelling approach on the other hand failed to explain Nigeria’s production profile, while it captured that of the UK; indicating that production in Nigeria is yet to decline. This result is corroborated by the projected peak production date seen in the Hubbert forecast model for Nigeria, and the weaker support Nigeria shows for the Hubbert theory. The study concludes by developing a combined model using all three theories to quantitatively analyse which of them best explains the country oil production profile. The results lead us to conclude that despite the fact that there is weak support for a production theory; an empirical analysis of the data does show that the relationship may not be insignificant. The augmentation along with the combination of the production models sheds more light on actual behaviour as it provides a more in-depth understanding on actual oil production behaviour.

Face aux difficultés d’identification des arbres de la famille des Lauracées et dans un but d’établissement d’une production durable et certifiée d’huiles essentielles, l’entreprise KLR a voulu mettre en place un nouvel outil d’identification multi-critères qui consiste à croiser plusieurs types de caractères afin d’obtenir une détermination taxonomique fiable.Trois méthodes d’identification ont été utilisées : la chimie (analyse de l’odeur de l’écorce), le code barre génétique et l’anatomie du bois. Une analyse par positionnement multidimensionnel non-métrique a permis de faire un tri des critères anatomiques du bois pertinents dans l’identification des Lauracées étudiées, au final 14 critères ont été retenus. D’après les données anatomiques dont nous disposons, nous proposons une clé de détermination au genre. En génétique, la technique de code barres de la région chloroplastique intergénique trnH-psbA a été appliquée aux individus récoltés. En comparant les séquences de tous les individus, 40% des individus peuvent être identifiés au genre car ils présentent des haplotypes uniques. Des haplotypes au sein des genres ont été déterminés et permettent d’identifier l’espèce pour 40 à 100 % des individus selon le genre. L’analyse SPME de l’odeur des écorces a permis de définir pour chaque espèce une carte d’identité chimique à partir des molécules majoritaires. Des chémotypes ont été définis au sein des espèces Licaria cannella, Ocotea indirectinervia et Sextonia rubra. Ces trois domaines d’observation ont permis de constituer une base de type Xper2 pour l’identification.Un criblage des essences intéressantes de par leur rendement en huile essentielle a été effectué. En ce qui concerne la partie extraction de l’huile essentielle, trois espèces montrent un rendement en huile essentielle de l’écorce supérieur à 0,3% et 5 espèces montrent un rendement en huile essentielle du bois supérieur à 0,3%. Les évaluations olfactives menées par un expert ont permis de séparer les huiles distillées en 5 différentes notes. Nous avons jugé intéressant de savoir si l’outil d’identification multicritère pouvait prédire les compositions et rendements en huile essentielle de l’espèce identifiée avant l’abattage de l’arbre. Des études complémentaires ont donc été menées. Pour plus de la moitié des arbres, la signature de l’écorce, la composition de l’huile essentielle de l’écorce et la composition de l’huile essentielle du bois sont similaires. La tentative d’établir un lien entre les caractéristiques des cellules à huile et le rendement s’est avérée infructueuse. / In order to develop a sustainable production of certified essential oils extracts, the compangy KLR has struggled with the identification of the trees from the family of Lauraceae. This is the main reason that led to the project of creating an identification tool for this family.This tool would be based on three approaches: chemistry (chemical signature of the dark), wood anatomy and genetic barcoding. By means of a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, we selected a list of 14 relevant wood anatomical features that can identify the trees to the genera. For the genetics, the barcoding of trnH-psbA an intergenic region of the DNA has been used. When comparing all the sequences from all the individuals, 40% of the individuals can be identified to the genera because of their specific haplotype. Haplotypes within the genera have also been established. Chemical identity cards have been set with the SPME analysis technique and chemotypes have been defined inside the species Licaria cannella, Ocotea indirectinervia and Sextonia rubra. These three identification approaches allowed us to construct an identification tool on Xper².During the study, we aimed to screen what species would be interesting for its essential oil yield. Three species showed an essential oil bark yield above 0.3%. five species showed an essential oil wood yield above 0.3%. An expert held an olfactory evaluation on the oils and divided the essential oils in five olfactory groups. We found it relevant to improve the identification tool by trying to predict the compositions of the oils before the three was cut down. In the case of the half of trees studied by SPME analyses, the composition of the wood and the bark essential oils were similar. On the other hand, no link was found between the oil cells dimensions and the essential oil yield.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-06T12:02:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Rodrigo Rossi Rodrigues.pdf: 2827044 bytes, checksum: 1e0bfbc21aa38412c1823ea16ac2e2ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T12:02:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Rodrigo Rossi Rodrigues.pdf: 2827044 bytes, checksum: 1e0bfbc21aa38412c1823ea16ac2e2ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27 / The goal of this study is to show how the resource?s rationalization can improve the operational results of one maritime transport company. The tanker maket follows a world tendency on the hiring price of charter. It makes the process of costs reducing through the optimization of fuel and diesel or/and through the performance?s control of time, velocity and operational disponibility a mandatory factor. The control of the consume of fuel and diesel is a way to reduce the discounts on the ships earns. The losses can be caused by technical problems on the MCP's (Main Combustion Engine), MCA's (Auxiliary Combustion Engine) and auxiliary machinery of the ships, or by the necessity of revaluation on the contractual price of loading and unloading products on shipping terminals and also by the climate changes in the Brazilian coastline, which causes some different conditions of velocity and time trips. / Atrav?s deste trabalho pretende-se apresentar como a racionaliza??o de recursos pode contribuir para melhorar o resultado operacional de uma empresa de servi?o de transporte mar?timo. O mercado de afretamento de navios petroleiros segue uma tend?ncia mundial na contrata??o do pre?o do frete, tornando importante o processo de redu??o de custos atrav?s da otimiza??o de ?leo combust?vel e ?leo diesel, e controle das performances operacionais: tempo, velocidade e disponibilidade operacional. Uma das formas de reduzir os descontos na receita dos navios ? o controle do consumo de ?leo combust?vel e ?leo diesel. Sejam eles provocados por problemas t?cnicos nos MCP?s (Motor de Combust?o Principal), MCA?s (Motor Auxiliar de Combust?o) e M?quinas Auxiliares dos navios, ou at? mesmo pela necessidade de reavalia??o de taxas contratuais de bombeio de carga e descarga de produtos nos terminais, e velocidade/tempo de viagem em alguns trechos do litoral brasileiro, devido ?s mudan?as clim?ticas e geogr?ficas.

Oil is the black blood that runs through the veins of the modern global energy system. While being the dominant source of energy, oil has also brought wealth and power to the western world. Future supply for oil is unsure or even expected to decrease due to limitations imposed by peak oil. Energy is fundamental to all parts of society. The enormous growth and development of society in the last two-hundred years has been driven by rapid increase in the extraction of fossil fuels. In the foresee-able future, the majority of energy will still come from fossil fuels. Consequently, reliable methods for forecasting their production, especially crude oil, are crucial. Forecasting crude oil production can be done in many different ways, but in order to provide realistic outlooks, one must be mindful of the physical laws that affect extraction of hydrocarbons from a reser-voir. Decline curve analysis is a long established tool for developing future outlooks for oil production from an individual well or an entire oilfield. Depletion has a fundamental role in the extraction of finite resources and is one of the driving mechanisms for oil flows within a reservoir. Depletion rate also can be connected to decline curves. Consequently, depletion analysis is a useful tool for analysis and forecasting crude oil production. Based on comprehensive databases with reserve and production data for hundreds of oil fields, it has been possible to identify typical behaviours and properties. Using a combination of depletion and decline rate analysis gives a better tool for describing future oil production on a field-by-field level. Reliable and reasonable forecasts are essential for planning and nec-essary in order to understand likely future world oil production.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmandaGO.pdf: 1269225 bytes, checksum: bb3d37e917eb9a6a37d5196f82512218 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-27 / The objective of reservoir engineering is to manage fields of oil production in order to maximize the production of hydrocarbons according to economic and physical restrictions. The deciding of a production strategy is a complex activity involving several variables in the process. Thus, a smart system, which assists in the optimization of the options for developing of the field, is very useful in day-to-day of reservoir engineers. This paper proposes the development of an intelligent system to aid decision making, regarding the optimization of strategies of production in oil fields. The intelligence of this system will be implemented through the use of the technique of reinforcement learning, which is presented as a powerful tool in problems of multi-stage decision. The proposed system will allow the specialist to obtain, in time, a great alternative (or near-optimal) for the development of an oil field known / O objetivo da engenharia de reservat?rios ? o de gerenciar campos de produ??o de petr?leo de forma a maximizar a produ??o dos hidrocarbonetos obedecendo a restri??es f?sicas e econ?micas existentes. A defini??o de estrat?gias de produ??o ? uma atividade complexa por envolver diversas vari?veis do processo. Deste modo, um sistema inteligente, que auxilie na otimiza??o das alternativas de desenvolvimento do campo, torna-se bastante ?til no dia-a-dia dos engenheiros de reservat?rios. Este trabalho prop?e o estudo preliminar de um sistema inteligente de aux?lio ? tomadas de decis?es, no que diz respeito ? otimiza??o de estrat?gias de produ??o em campos de petr?leo. A intelig?ncia desse sistema ser? implementada por meio do uso da t?cnica de aprendizado por refor?o, a qual se apresenta como uma poderosa ferramenta em problemas de decis?o multi-est?gios. O sistema estudado visa permitir que o especialista obtenha, em tempo h?bil, a alternativa ?tima (ou quase-?tima) para o desenvolvimento de um campo de petr?leo conhecido

Oil is the world’s largest primary energy source. It dominates the transportation sector which underpins the world economy. Yet, oil is a nonrenewable resource, destined not to last forever. In the mid-2000s global conventional oil production stagnated, leading to rising oil prices and fears of permanent oil scarcity. These fears, together with the high prices, receded with the unforeseen emergence of a new supply source: tight oil. This licentiate thesis investigates unconventional tight oil production and its impacts on world oil supply in terms of resource availability and oil market dynamics, and in turn briefly discusses some possible wider economic, political and environmental implications of these impacts. The thesis is based on three papers. The first investigates the usefulness of bottom-up modelling by a retrospective study of past oil projections. The second looks at how unconventional tight oil production can be modelled on the well level using decline curve analysis. The third derives typical production parameters for conventional offshore oil fields, a growing segment of conventional production and a useful comparison to tight oil. The results show that tight oil production has increased resource availability significantly, as well as introduced a fast responding marginal supply source operating on market principles rather than political ones. The emergence of tight oil production has altered OPEC’s strategic options and led to a period of lower and less volatile oil prices. However, this condition of world oil supply can only last as long as the unconventional resource base allows, and, at the same time, total fossil fuel consumption will have to fall to limit climate change. It is concluded that this breathing space with lower oil prices could be used as an opportunity to develop and implement policy for an efficient managed decline of global oil use in order to achieve the dual goals of increased human economic welfare and limited climate change, and in the process preempt any future oil supply shortage. Unconventional tight oil production can both help and hinder in this endeavor. Accurate models and analyses of oil production dynamics and impacts are therefore crucial when maneuvering towards this preferred future.

[pt] Um dos maiores desafios da produção de petróleo offshore é garantir um escoamento regular do reservatório até a unidade de processamento da produção. Entre os fenômenos que podem dificultar esta tarefa está o estabelecimento de um escoamento em golfadas no riser de produção, caracterizado por oscilações periódicas e de grande amplitude nas vazões do sistema, que diminuem a eficiência da planta de separação, sujeitam equipamentos a esforços cíclicos e causam graves descontroles de processo. Por esta razão, foram desenvolvidas nas últimas décadas diversas soluções que visam a evitar a formação das golfadas, ou ao menos, atenuar suas consequências. Entre as soluções mais promissoras estão os controladores que evitam a formação das golfadas através da manipulação ativa da válvula choke e os controladores que amortecem as golfadas nos vasos separadores da planta de processo. Neste trabalho, estas estratégias de controle são revisitadas sob a óptica do controle inteligente, possibilitando a obtenção de resultados fora do alcance dos controladores lineares. Além de um modelo computacional que descreve um sistema de produção do poço ao vaso separador, também foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho dois controladores inteligentes. O primeiro deles é um controlador anti-golfada de arquitetura híbrida Fuzzy-PID, que é capaz de suprimir as golfadas mesmo em sistemas desprovidos de medições submarinas e com válvula choke lenta. O segundo é um controlador amortecedor de golfadas fuzzy, otimizado por um algoritmo genético, com alta capacidade de atenuação das golfadas e capaz de manter o nível dentro de uma faixa considerada segura. Ambos os controladores são testados em diversos cenários e têm seus resultados comparados aos obtidos por controladores lineares. / [en] One of the major challenges of offshore oil production is to ensure a regular flow from the reservoir to the production processing unit. Among the phenomena that may hamper this task is the establishment of slug flow in the production riser, characterized by periodic oscillations of large amplitude in the system flow rates, which reduce the efficiency of the separation plant, subject equipment to cyclical fatigue and cause serious process instabilities. For this reason, several solutions that aim at avoiding the formation of slugs or, at least, mitigating their consequences have been developed in the last decades. Among the most promising solutions are controllers that prevent the formation of slugs by actively manipulating the choke valve and controllers that dampen the slugs in the vessels of the separation plant. In this work, these control strategies are revisited from perspective of intelligent control, allowing the obtainment of results beyond the reach of linear controllers. In addition to a computational model that comprises a production system from the well to the separation vessel, two intelligent controllers were developed in this work. One of them is a hybrid Fuzzy-PID anti-slug controller that is capable of suppressing slugs even in systems without submarine measurements available and with slow choke valve. The other one is a fuzzy slug damping controller, optimized by a genetic algorithm, with high slug attenuation capacity and able to maintain the level within a specified range. Both controllers are tested in several scenarios and have their results compared to those obtained by linear controllers.

Submitted by thiago martins silveira (t.silveira2003@ig.com.br) on 2015-12-11T19:37:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação THIAGO envio vitor 11.12.pdf: 1008243 bytes, checksum: 0a7a2e57fa290ee5228d81e283f0d348 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-12-21T18:14:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação THIAGO envio vitor 11.12.pdf: 1008243 bytes, checksum: 0a7a2e57fa290ee5228d81e283f0d348 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-12-21T18:14:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação THIAGO envio vitor 11.12.pdf: 1008243 bytes, checksum: 0a7a2e57fa290ee5228d81e283f0d348 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-21T18:15:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação THIAGO envio vitor 11.12.pdf: 1008243 bytes, checksum: 0a7a2e57fa290ee5228d81e283f0d348 (MD5) Previous issue date: 205-05-28 / O objetivo deste trabalho é propor a utilização do arcabouço teórico das opções reais e a posterior aplicação do modelo binomial na avaliação de projetos relacionados à exploração e produção de petróleo, tendo em vista a flexibilidade gerencial, os riscos e as incertezas técnicas e de mercado que norteiam o setor petrolífero upstream. Ademais, a aplicação do modelo proposto capta o papel crucial da volatilidade do preço do petróleo na avaliação da decisão de investimento e revela a existência dos custos irrecuperáveis extremos decorrentes do ativo real, neste caso, a unidade marítima de petróleo. Assim, com o intuito de prolongar o ciclo de produção de unidade marítima de petróleo com características preestabelecidas, propõe-se a avaliação econômica de duas alternativas tecnológicas para a extensão de vida útil da plataforma marítima objeto de estudo, sendo estas alternativas tratadas como opções de expansão. As alternativas propostas são duas: o afretamento da UMS (Unidade de Manutenção e Segurança) acoplada à plataforma e a docagem da plataforma a partir da desmobilização, isto é, o descomissionamento, e envio da plataforma ao estaleiro. Na aplicação da primeira opção, a UMS se configura em uma embarcação equipada com toda a estrutura necessária para a realização de serviço de manutenção e revitalização, sem que ocorra interrupção da produção de petróleo. Por outro lado, a opção de descomissionamento é desprovida de receita até o retorno da plataforma do estaleiro. No que tange à metodologia do presente trabalho, o modelo binomial com probabilidades de risco neutro é aplicado considerando a receita proveniente da produção de petróleo de uma plataforma marítima com sistema de produção flutuante com 14 poços, sendo 10 produtores e 4 injetores e sustentada por 8 linhas de ancoragem. Também é definida a volatilidade do projeto como sendo a volatilidade do preço do petróleo. Por fim, as opções de expansão podem ser exercidas a qualquer momento antes da data de expiração das opções, data esta coincidente para ambas as opções e referente ao término de contrato de afretamento da UMS, que corresponde ao período de cinco anos. Neste período de cinco anos, as duas alternativas são exercidas a partir do primeiro ano, com receitas e custos distintos em virtude das especificidades decorrentes das alternativas tecnológicas propostas. A partir da aplicação do modelo binomial com probabilidades de risco neutro sob o enfoque das opções reais, as duas alternativas tecnológicas são tratadas como opções americanas na avaliação econômica da revitalização e manutenção da plataforma marítima. Também realiza-se a análise tradicional do VPL para as duas alternativas. As duas análises apontam para a escolha da UMS como alternativa ótima de expansão da vida útil da plataforma. Ademais, a análise sob o enfoque das opções reais capta um valor adicional em ambas as alternativas tecnológicas, fruto das características inerentes à indústria petrolífera. Quanto à estrutura do trabalho em questão se divide em cinco capítulos: introdução, referencial teórico, metodologia, apresentação dos resultados e as considerações finais. / This paper purposes the use of theoretical framework of real options and posterior employment of binomial model in project evaluation concerning the exploration and production of oil, in view of manager flexibility, risks, techniques and market uncertainties that guide the upstream oil sector. Furthermore, the apliccation of the proposed model captures the crucial role of the volatility of oil price in the evaluation of investment decision and brings out the presence of high sunk costs resulting from real asset, in this case, offshore oil platform. Thus, in order to prolong the maritime unit of production cycle oil with predetermined characteristics, it is proposed economic evaluation of two alternative technologies for the lifetime extension of offshore studied, and these alternatives treated as options to expansion. The alternatives proposals are: the chartering of MSU (Maintenance and Safety Unit) coupled to platform and the send of offshore platform in the dock after its decommissioning and its send to shipyard. In the implementation of the first option, MSU configures a equipped vessel with all the necessary structure to perform maintenance and revitalization without interruption of oil production. On the other hand, the option of decommissioning is devoid of revenue until the regress of the offshore platform from the shipyard. Concerning the methodology of this study, the binomial model with risk-neutral probabilities is applied regarding the revenue arising from the oil production of offshore platform with floating production system that accept 14 oil wells, including 10 production well and 4 injection well and supported by 8 anchor line. The volatility of project is also defined as the volatility of oil price. Lastly, the options to expand may be exercised anytime before its expiration date that coincides for both options and concerning the end of contract of MSU that correspond to the period of five years. In this period, both alternatives are exercised from the first year, with differents revenue and costs by virtue of specificities resulting from the technological alternatives proposals. From the application of binomial model with risk-neutral probabilities from the standpoint of real options, these two alternatives are treated as american options in the evaluation of revitalization and maintenance of offshore platform. Also takes place the traditional analysis of NPV for both alternatives. These two analysis point at choice of MSU as the best alternative for prolonging the useful life of offshore platform. Moreover, the analysis from the standpoint of real options capture additional value in both technological alternatives, the result of characteristics inherent in the oil industry. As for the structure of the work in question is divided into five chapters: introduction, theoretical framework, methodology, presentation of results and final considerations.

Neste trabalho, algumas caracterizações químicas foram realizadas em arenitos asfálticos da região de Piracicaba-SP, Formação Piramboia da Bacia do Paraná, para verificar seu potencial de produção de óleo. Para isso, as amostras obtidas da região foram submetidas a avaliação por termogravimetria, teor de umidade, teor de cinzas, teor de material orgânico por extração, pirólise, análise elementar e fracionamento em coluna. Por TGA observou-se que a 500 C praticamente todo material orgânico presente sofreu pirólise. A extração colaborou para se obter a classificação das amostras quanto ao teor de material orgânico, apresentando entre 4 e 13%, sendo que pelos teores encontrados a amostra AM06 é considerada de alto potencial produtivo, as amostras AM05, AM08 e AM09 são de médio, as amostras AM01, AM02, AM03 e AM07 possuem baixo, mas ainda atrativo, e a AM04 não possui atratividade. Pela avaliação elementar, a relação H/C e O/C dos extratos evidenciaram que algumas amostras estão no processo final da diagênese e outras no início da catagênese, indicando que elas estão no processo inicial de maturação. A avaliação cromatográfica dos extratos revelou que houve perdas de óleo por intemperismo restando majoritariamente compostos de alto peso molecular. O fracionamento permitiu verificar que as amostras AM01, AM06 e AM09 possuem maior quantidade de hidrocarbonetos livres e as amostras AM06 e AM07 e AM09 apresentaram maior teor de óleo. O procedimento de pirólise evidenciou que as amostras AM01, AM05, AM06 e AM09 apresentam maior potencial de geração de óleo, sendo que a faixa encontrada de óleo pirolítico ficou entre 2 e 8%, e através de avaliação por CGAR e CGAR-EM observou-se que ela promove a liberação de quantidades consideráveis de substâncias mais leves do que quando comparados aos extratos obtidos diretamente nas amostras originais. Além de produzir uma série homóloga de hidrocarbonetos parafínicos e olefínicos. A comparação dos produtos de pirólise dos arenitos com os produtos de pirólise de um resíduo de vácuo por CGAR-EM permitiu observar que existe similaridade entre suas composições, onde o processo de pirólise do resíduo de vácuo gera uma série homóloga de hidrocarbonetos entre C10 a C32, similar aos produtos de pirólise da amostra AM09, porém com menor variedade de tipos de hidrocarbonetos. A pré-avaliação da co-pirólise dos arenitos com resíduos plásticos indicou que é possível aumentar a geração de líquidos, porém é necessário mais estudo para afirmações inequívocas. Com base nos resultados das avaliações realizadas podemos concluir que a região apresenta na sua maioria potencial interessante para produção de óleo utilizando pirólise / In this work, some chemical characterizations were held on tar sands in the region of Piracicaba-SP, the South American Piramboia Formation from Paraná basin, to check its oil production potential. For this purpose, samples obtained in the region have undergone through evaluation by thermogravimetry, moisture content, ash content, content of organic material using extraction, pyrolysis process, elemental analysis and fractionation on open chromatography column. By TGA was noted that 500 C almost all-organic material present suffered pyrolysis. Extraction procedure collaborated to achieve the classification of samples regarding the content of organic material, from 4 to 13%, and by levels found at the sample AM06 is considered of high productive potential, the samples AM05, AM08 and AM09 have medium potential, the samples AM01, AM02, AM03 and AM07 have low potential, but still attractive, and the AM04 does not have any potential. By evaluating the atomic relationship between H/C and O/C of the extracts was possible to build up the Van Krevelen diagram and see that some samples are in the final process of diagenesis and other early catagenesis, indicating that they are in the early maturation process. Chromatographic evaluation of the extracts revealed that there were losses of oil by weathering process because it remains mostly high molecular weight compounds on the rocks. The fractionation has shown that samples AM01, AM06 and AM09 have higher free hydrocarbon amount and samples AM06, AM07 and AM09 presented a higher level of oil content. The pyrolysis procedure showed that the samples AM01, AM05, AM06 and AM09 presented greater oil generation potential, pyrolytic oil released from 2 to 8%, and through their evaluation by HRGC and HRGC-MS it was observed that it promotes the release of significant quantities of substances that are lighter than related to the extracts obtained directly in the original samples. In addition, it also promotes a production of homologous series of paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons. Comparison of pyrolysis products of sandstones with pyrolysis products of vacuum residue by HRGC-MS allowed to observe that there is similarity between their compositions, which pyrolysis process of vacuum residue generates a homologous series of hydrocarbons between C10 the C32, similar to AM09s pyrolysis products, however with minor variety of types of hydrocarbons. The pre-evaluation of co-pyrolysis of sandstones with plastic waste has indicated that it is possible to increase the liquid generation, but more study is needed for clear statements. Based on the results of the evaluations it can be concluded that the region has an interesting potential for producing oil using pyrolysis process