Sweden has a goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2045. To reach this goal electrification of different sectors are one of the most important pathways for becoming fossil free. The power grid in Sweden has historically been seen as stable and with unlimited transmission capacity. However, with increasing power demand of electricity in society the transmission capacity is becoming limited. In short term this can delay development of new district and housing projects. In long term capacity deficit could prevent the opportunity of electrification project replacing fossil fuel for the transport and industry sector. This could have a negative impact on both Sweden’s competitiveness and ability to become carbon neutral. As an industry player with the aim of providing leading solutions for sustainable development, AFRY has an interest in finding solutions enabling a transition to a fossil free energy use. With capacity deficits in the power grid becoming a growing problem for metropolitan areas, AFRY has requested tool that can evaluate technical solutions for solving local power deficits. The aim of this thesis is thus to develop an evaluation tool for comparing technical solutions for solving local power deficit. Based on a literature review identifying suitable technologies; reinforcing local power grids, implementing BESS or combined BESS PV systems to a local power grid are the technical solutions chosen for this study. With the compiled technical key characteristics and component costs fort the technologies the tool is developed in Excel. From testing the tool with different cases, combined BESS PV solution is seen to have the lowest investment cost if the local power deficit is low. If the deficit is high, reinforcing the grid with transformer and substation capacity is the solution whit the lowest investment cost. / Sverige har som mål att inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären till 2045. För att uppnå detta mål är elektrifiering av olika sektorer sett som ett av de viktigaste spåren mot en fossilfri framtid. Elnätet i Sverige har historiskt set varit stabilt och med en näst intill obegränsad överföringskapacitet. Men med ett ökande effektbehov av el i samhället börjar den befintliga överföringskapaciteten bli begränsad och i vissa fall otillräcklig. På kort sikt kan detta försena utvecklingen av nya stads- och bostadsprojekt. På lång sikt kan kapacitetsbrist förhindra möjligheten av elektrifieringsprojekt med syfte att ersätta fossila bränslen inom transport- och industrisektorn. Detta kan påverka Sveriges konkurrenskraft och mål att inte ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser negativt. Som en aktör med målet att tillhandahålla ledande lösningar för en hållbar framtid har AFRY ett intresse av att finna lösningar som möjliggör en omställning till fossilfri energi. Eftersom kapacitetsbrist i elnätet är ett växande problem i och runt storstadsregioner, har AFRY efterfrågat ett verktyg som kan utvärdera tekniska lösningar för att möta lokal effektbrist. Syftet med denna studie är där med att utveckla ett utvärderingsverktyg som jämföra tekniska lösningar för att möta lokal effektbrist. Genom en litteraturstudie har kunskap om olika tekniska lösningar sammanställts och förstärkning av lokala elnät, implementering av BESS eller kombinerade BESS PVsystem till det lokala elnätet inkluderats som lösningar i denna studie. Tillsammans med de tekniska parametrarna och investeringskostnader för teknikerna utvecklas ett analysverktyg i Excel. Från att ha testat olika fall i verktyget kan den kombinerade BESS PV-lösningen ses ha den lägsta investeringskostnaden om effektbristen är låg. Om effektbristen där emot är hög är utbyggnad av transformator och nätstations kapacitet i det lokala elnätet lösningen med lägst investeringskostnad.

More and more of our physical world today is being monitored and controlled by so-called cyber-physical systems (CPSs). These are compositions of networked autonomous cyber and physical agents such as sensors, actuators, computational elements, and humans in the loop. Today, CPSs are still relatively small-scale and very limited compared to CPSs to be witnessed in the future. Future CPSs are expected to be far more complex, large-scale, wide-spread, and mission-critical, and found in a variety of domains such as transportation, medicine, manufacturing, and energy, where they will bring many advantages such as the increased efficiency, sustainability, reliability, and security. To unleash their full potential, CPSs need to be equipped with, among other features, the support for automated planning and control, where computing agents collaboratively and continuously plan and control their actions in an intelligent and well-coordinated manner to secure and optimize a physical process, e.g., electricity flow in the power grid. In today’s CPSs, the control is typically automated, but the planning is solely performed by humans. Unfortunately, it is intractable and infeasible for humans to plan every action in a future CPS due to the complexity, scale, and volatility of a physical process. Due to these properties, the control and planning has to be continuous and automated in future CPSs. Humans may only analyse and tweak the system’s operation using the set of tools supporting prescriptive analytics that allows them (1) to make predictions, (2) to get the suggestions of the most prominent set of actions (decisions) to be taken, and (3) to analyse the implications as if such actions were taken. This thesis considers the planning and control in the context of a large-scale multi-agent CPS. Based on the smart-grid use-case, it presents a so-called PrescriptiveCPS – which is (the conceptual model of) a multi-agent, multi-role, and multi-level CPS automatically and continuously taking and realizing decisions in near real-time and providing (human) users prescriptive analytics tools to analyse and manage the performance of the underlying physical system (or process). Acknowledging the complexity of CPSs, this thesis provides contributions at the following three levels of scale: (1) the level of a (full) PrescriptiveCPS, (2) the level of a single PrescriptiveCPS agent, and (3) the level of a component of a CPS agent software system. At the CPS level, the contributions include the definition of PrescriptiveCPS, according to which it is the system of interacting physical and cyber (sub-)systems. Here, the cyber system consists of hierarchically organized inter-connected agents, collectively managing instances of so-called flexibility, decision, and prescription models, which are short-lived, focus on the future, and represent a capability, an (user’s) intention, and actions to change the behaviour (state) of a physical system, respectively. At the agent level, the contributions include the three-layer architecture of an agent software system, integrating the number of components specially designed or enhanced to support the functionality of PrescriptiveCPS. At the component level, the most of the thesis contribution is provided. The contributions include the description, design, and experimental evaluation of (1) a unified multi-dimensional schema for storing flexibility and prescription models (and related data), (2) techniques to incrementally aggregate flexibility model instances and disaggregate prescription model instances, (3) a database management system (DBMS) with built-in optimization problem solving capability allowing to formulate optimization problems using SQL-like queries and to solve them “inside a database”, (4) a real-time data management architecture for processing instances of flexibility and prescription models under (soft or hard) timing constraints, and (5) a graphical user interface (GUI) to visually analyse the flexibility and prescription model instances. Additionally, the thesis discusses and exemplifies (but provides no evaluations of) (1) domain-specific and in-DBMS generic forecasting techniques allowing to forecast instances of flexibility models based on historical data, and (2) powerful ways to analyse past, current, and future based on so-called hypothetical what-if scenarios and flexibility and prescription model instances stored in a database. Most of the contributions at this level are based on the smart-grid use-case. In summary, the thesis provides (1) the model of a CPS with planning capabilities, (2) the design and experimental evaluation of prescriptive analytics techniques allowing to effectively forecast, aggregate, disaggregate, visualize, and analyse complex models of the physical world, and (3) the use-case from the energy domain, showing how the introduced concepts are applicable in the real world. We believe that all this contribution makes a significant step towards developing planning-capable CPSs in the future. / Mehr und mehr wird heute unsere physische Welt überwacht und durch sogenannte Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS) geregelt. Dies sind Kombinationen von vernetzten autonomen cyber und physischen Agenten wie Sensoren, Aktoren, Rechenelementen und Menschen. Heute sind CPS noch relativ klein und im Vergleich zu CPS der Zukunft sehr begrenzt. Zukünftige CPS werden voraussichtlich weit komplexer, größer, weit verbreiteter und unternehmenskritischer sein sowie in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen wie Transport, Medizin, Fertigung und Energie – in denen sie viele Vorteile wie erhöhte Effizienz, Nachhaltigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit bringen – anzutreffen sein. Um ihr volles Potenzial entfalten zu können, müssen CPS unter anderem mit der Unterstützung automatisierter Planungs- und Steuerungsfunktionalität ausgestattet sein, so dass Agents ihre Aktionen gemeinsam und kontinuierlich auf intelligente und gut koordinierte Weise planen und kontrollieren können, um einen physischen Prozess wie den Stromfluss im Stromnetz sicherzustellen und zu optimieren. Zwar sind in den heutigen CPS Steuerung und Kontrolle typischerweise automatisiert, aber die Planung wird weiterhin allein von Menschen durchgeführt. Leider ist diese Aufgabe nur schwer zu bewältigen, und es ist für den Menschen schlicht unmöglich, jede Aktion in einem zukünftigen CPS auf Basis der Komplexität, des Umfangs und der Volatilität eines physikalischen Prozesses zu planen. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaften müssen Steuerung und Planung in CPS der Zukunft kontinuierlich und automatisiert ablaufen. Der Mensch soll sich dabei ganz auf die Analyse und Einflussnahme auf das System mit Hilfe einer Reihe von Werkzeugen konzentrieren können. Derartige Werkzeuge erlauben (1) Vorhersagen, (2) Vorschläge der wichtigsten auszuführenden Aktionen (Entscheidungen) und (3) die Analyse und potentiellen Auswirkungen der zu fällenden Entscheidungen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Planung und Kontrolle im Rahmen großer Multi-Agent-CPS. Basierend auf dem Smart-Grid als Anwendungsfall wird ein sogenanntes PrescriptiveCPS vorgestellt, welches einem Multi-Agent-, Multi-Role- und Multi-Level-CPS bzw. dessen konzeptionellem Modell entspricht. Diese PrescriptiveCPS treffen und realisieren automatisch und kontinuierlich Entscheidungen in naher Echtzeit und stellen Benutzern (Menschen) Prescriptive-Analytics-Werkzeuge und Verwaltung der Leistung der zugrundeliegenden physischen Systeme bzw. Prozesse zur Verfügung. In Anbetracht der Komplexität von CPS leistet diese Arbeit Beiträge auf folgenden Ebenen: (1) Gesamtsystem eines PrescriptiveCPS, (2) PrescriptiveCPS-Agenten und (3) Komponenten eines CPS-Agent-Software-Systems. Auf CPS-Ebene umfassen die Beiträge die Definition von PrescriptiveCPS als ein System von wechselwirkenden physischen und cyber (Sub-)Systemen. Das Cyber-System besteht hierbei aus hierarchisch organisierten verbundenen Agenten, die zusammen Instanzen sogenannter Flexibility-, Decision- und Prescription-Models verwalten, welche von kurzer Dauer sind, sich auf die Zukunft konzentrieren und Fähigkeiten, Absichten (des Benutzers) und Aktionen darstellen, die das Verhalten des physischen Systems verändern. Auf Agenten-Ebene umfassen die Beiträge die Drei-Ebenen-Architektur eines Agentensoftwaresystems sowie die Integration von Komponenten, die insbesondere zur besseren Unterstützung der Funktionalität von PrescriptiveCPS entwickelt wurden. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bilden die Beiträge auf der Komponenten-Ebene, diese umfassen Beschreibung, Design und experimentelle Evaluation (1) eines einheitlichen multidimensionalen Schemas für die Speicherung von Flexibility- and Prescription-Models (und verwandten Daten), (2) der Techniken zur inkrementellen Aggregation von Instanzen eines Flexibilitätsmodells und Disaggregation von Prescription-Models, (3) eines Datenbankmanagementsystem (DBMS) mit integrierter Optimierungskomponente, die es erlaubt, Optimierungsprobleme mit Hilfe von SQL-ähnlichen Anfragen zu formulieren und sie „in einer Datenbank zu lösen“, (4) einer Echtzeit-Datenmanagementarchitektur zur Verarbeitung von Instanzen der Flexibility- and Prescription-Models unter (weichen oder harten) Zeitvorgaben und (5) einer grafische Benutzeroberfläche (GUI) zur Visualisierung und Analyse von Instanzen der Flexibility- and Prescription-Models. Darüber hinaus diskutiert und veranschaulicht diese Arbeit beispielhaft ohne detaillierte Evaluation (1) anwendungsspezifische und im DBMS integrierte Vorhersageverfahren, die die Vorhersage von Instanzen der Flexibility- and Prescription-Models auf Basis historischer Daten ermöglichen, und (2) leistungsfähige Möglichkeiten zur Analyse von Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft auf Basis sogenannter hypothetischer „What-if“-Szenarien und der in der Datenbank hinterlegten Instanzen der Flexibility- and Prescription-Models. Die meisten der Beiträge auf dieser Ebene basieren auf dem Smart-Grid-Anwendungsfall. Zusammenfassend befasst sich diese Arbeit mit (1) dem Modell eines CPS mit Planungsfunktionen, (2) dem Design und der experimentellen Evaluierung von Prescriptive-Analytics-Techniken, die eine effektive Vorhersage, Aggregation, Disaggregation, Visualisierung und Analyse komplexer Modelle der physischen Welt ermöglichen und (3) dem Anwendungsfall der Energiedomäne, der zeigt, wie die vorgestellten Konzepte in der Praxis Anwendung finden. Wir glauben, dass diese Beiträge einen wesentlichen Schritt in der zukünftigen Entwicklung planender CPS darstellen. / Mere og mere af vores fysiske verden bliver overvåget og kontrolleret af såkaldte cyber-fysiske systemer (CPSer). Disse er sammensætninger af netværksbaserede autonome IT (cyber) og fysiske (physical) agenter, såsom sensorer, aktuatorer, beregningsenheder, og mennesker. I dag er CPSer stadig forholdsvis små og meget begrænsede i forhold til de CPSer vi kan forvente i fremtiden. Fremtidige CPSer forventes at være langt mere komplekse, storstilede, udbredte, og missionskritiske, og vil kunne findes i en række områder såsom transport, medicin, produktion og energi, hvor de vil give mange fordele, såsom øget effektivitet, bæredygtighed, pålidelighed og sikkerhed. For at frigøre CPSernes fulde potentiale, skal de bl.a. udstyres med støtte til automatiseret planlægning og kontrol, hvor beregningsagenter i samspil og løbende planlægger og styrer deres handlinger på en intelligent og velkoordineret måde for at sikre og optimere en fysisk proces, såsom elforsyningen i elnettet. I nuværende CPSer er styringen typisk automatiseret, mens planlægningen udelukkende er foretaget af mennesker. Det er umuligt for mennesker at planlægge hver handling i et fremtidigt CPS på grund af kompleksiteten, skalaen, og omskifteligheden af en fysisk proces. På grund af disse egenskaber, skal kontrol og planlægning være kontinuerlig og automatiseret i fremtidens CPSer. Mennesker kan kun analysere og justere systemets drift ved hjælp af det sæt af værktøjer, der understøtter præskriptive analyser (prescriptive analytics), der giver dem mulighed for (1) at lave forudsigelser, (2) at få forslagene fra de mest fremtrædende sæt handlinger (beslutninger), der skal tages, og (3) at analysere konsekvenserne, hvis sådanne handlinger blev udført. Denne afhandling omhandler planlægning og kontrol i forbindelse med store multi-agent CPSer. Baseret på en smart-grid use case, præsenterer afhandlingen det såkaldte PrescriptiveCPS hvilket er (den konceptuelle model af) et multi-agent, multi-rolle, og multi-level CPS, der automatisk og kontinuerligt tager beslutninger i nær-realtid og leverer (menneskelige) brugere præskriptiveanalyseværktøjer til at analysere og håndtere det underliggende fysiske system (eller proces). I erkendelse af kompleksiteten af CPSer, giver denne afhandling bidrag til følgende tre niveauer: (1) niveauet for et (fuldt) PrescriptiveCPS, (2) niveauet for en enkelt PrescriptiveCPS agent, og (3) niveauet for en komponent af et CPS agent software system. På CPS-niveau, omfatter bidragene definitionen af PrescriptiveCPS, i henhold til hvilken det er det system med interagerende fysiske- og IT- (under-) systemer. Her består IT-systemet af hierarkisk organiserede forbundne agenter der sammen styrer instanser af såkaldte fleksibilitet (flexibility), beslutning (decision) og præskriptive (prescription) modeller, som henholdsvis er kortvarige, fokuserer på fremtiden, og repræsenterer en kapacitet, en (brugers) intention, og måder til at ændre adfærd (tilstand) af et fysisk system. På agentniveau omfatter bidragene en tre-lags arkitektur af et agent software system, der integrerer antallet af komponenter, der er specielt konstrueret eller udbygges til at understøtte funktionaliteten af PrescriptiveCPS. Komponentniveauet er hvor afhandlingen har sit hovedbidrag. Bidragene omfatter beskrivelse, design og eksperimentel evaluering af (1) et samlet multi- dimensionelt skema til at opbevare fleksibilitet og præskriptive modeller (og data), (2) teknikker til trinvis aggregering af fleksibilitet modelinstanser og disaggregering af præskriptive modelinstanser (3) et database management system (DBMS) med indbygget optimeringsproblemløsning (optimization problem solving) der gør det muligt at formulere optimeringsproblemer ved hjælp af SQL-lignende forespørgsler og at løse dem "inde i en database", (4) en realtids data management arkitektur til at behandle instanser af fleksibilitet og præskriptive modeller under (bløde eller hårde) tidsbegrænsninger, og (5) en grafisk brugergrænseflade (GUI) til visuelt at analysere fleksibilitet og præskriptive modelinstanser. Derudover diskuterer og eksemplificerer afhandlingen (men giver ingen evalueringer af) (1) domæne-specifikke og in-DBMS generiske prognosemetoder der gør det muligt at forudsige instanser af fleksibilitet modeller baseret på historiske data, og (2) kraftfulde måder at analysere tidligere-, nutids- og fremtidsbaserede såkaldte hypotetiske hvad-hvis scenarier og fleksibilitet og præskriptive modelinstanser gemt i en database. De fleste af bidragene på dette niveau er baseret på et smart-grid brugsscenarie. Sammenfattende giver afhandlingen (1) modellen for et CPS med planlægningsmulighed, (2) design og eksperimentel evaluering af præskriptive analyse teknikker der gør det muligt effektivt at forudsige, aggregere, disaggregere, visualisere og analysere komplekse modeller af den fysiske verden, og (3) brugsscenariet fra energiområdet, der viser, hvordan de indførte begreber kan anvendes i den virkelige verden. Vi mener, at dette bidrag udgør et betydeligt skridt i retning af at udvikle CPSer til planlægningsbrug i fremtiden.

Nearly one fifth of the global population lacks access to electricity and electricity access is essential for economic growth and human well-being. SHSs and micro-grids both have the possibility of increasing the electricity access in developing countries. The decision to choose either SHSs or micro-grids for rural electrification is a complex task that must consider both the technological factors that separate these two systems and the non-technological factors. Separate times of peak load between households (inter-class diversity) has shown to be one major advantage for the use of micro-grids. Studies have shown that the diversity factor present in micro-grids can scale down the necessary capacity of PV modules and energy storage of up to 80%, in comparison to stand-alone systems (e.g. SHSs). These reductions are nevertheless based on assumed diversity factors, not using real load profiles and the necessary capacities are calculated using intuitive methods (known to be inexact). From interviews in a rural community of Nicaragua, the author generated load profiles and determined the diversity factor of the community. The load profiles were generated with a specially designed software to formulate realistic load profiles for off-grid consumers in rural areas. These load profiles were later used in the software HOMER where the diversity’s influence on required capacity and NPC were determined by comparing SHSs to a PV based micro-grid. The study showed that the required capacity and NPC of the inverter and charge controller are clearly decreased as an influence of inter-class diversity. The required PV and battery capacity are also decreased when a micro-grid is utilized, but these reductions are most likely a result from the limited nominal power per component considered in HOMER. / Nästan en femtedel av världens befolkning saknar tillgång till elektricitet. Nicaragua är ett av de länder där en stor del av befolkningen saknar eltillgång och det gäller speciellt hushållen på landsbygden. Utbyggnader av elnätet till dessa områden är ofta låg-prioriterade på grund av höga kostnader för att tillgodose ett många gånger lågt energi och effektbehov. En alternativ lösning för att ge dessa hushåll tillgång till elektricitet är att använda off-grid system, system frikopplade från det nationella elnätet. Två vanligt förekommande off-grid system är solar home systems (SHSs) och micro-grids. Det faktum att flera hushåll ofta använder sin toppeffekt vid olika tillfällen (sammanlagring av effekt) har visat sig vara till stor fördel för micro-grids. Tidigare studier har visat att sammanlagringsfaktorn i ett micro-grid kan reducera nödvändig kapacitet av solceller och energilager upp till 80%, i jämförelse med enskilda system (t.ex. SHSs). Dessa studier bygger dock på antagna sammanlagringsfaktorer, overkliga lastprofiler och nödvändig kapacitet beräknas med intuitiva metoder. Med data från intervjuer i ett landsbygdssamhälle i Nicaragua skapas lastprofiler och en sammanlagringsfaktor beräknas för samhället. Lastprofilerna skapas i en programvara utvecklad för att formulera realistiska lastprofiler för off-grid konsumenter i landsbygdsområden. Lastprofilerna används senare i programvaran HOMER där sammanlagringens påverkan på nödvändig kapacitet och kostnad undersöks genom en jämförelse mellan SHSs och ett solcellsdrivet micro-grid. Studien visar att nödvändig kapacitet och nuvärdeskostnad för växelriktare och laddningsregulator tydligt minskar till följd av sammanlagring. Nödvändig kapacitet på solceller och batterier minskar också när ett micro-grid används. Dock beror detta med stor sannolikhet inte på sammanlagring utan är ett resultat från de begränsade märkeffekter på komponenter som användes i HOMER.

Résumé indisponible / The objective of this thesis focuses on the study and the development of bioinformatics platforms and tools on the grid. The second objective is to develop applications in molecular epidemiology and metagenomics based on these tools and platforms. Based on the studies of existing bioinformatics platforms and tools, we propose our solution: a platform and a portal for molecular epidemiology and high throughput metagenomics on the grid. The main idea of ​​our platform is to simplify the submission of jobs to the grid via the pilots jobs (jobs generic that can control and launch many real tasks) and the PULL model (tasks are retrieved and executed automatically). There are other platforms that have similar approaches but our platform focuses on the simplicity and the saving time for the submission of jobs. Bioinformatics tools chosen to deploy the platform are popular tools that can be used in many bioinformatics analyses. We apply a workflow engine in the platform so that users can make the analysis easier. Our platform can be seen as a generalized system that can be applied to both the epidemiological surveillance and metagenomics of which two use cases are deployed and tested on the grid. The first use case is used to monitor bird flu. The approach of this application is to federate data sequences of influenza viruses and provide a portal with tools on the grid to analyze these data. The second use case is used to apply the power of the grid in the analysis of high throughput sequencing of amplicon sequences. In this case, we prove the efficiency of the grid by using our platform to gridifier an existing application, which has much less performance than the gridified version.

Ethical issues have taken an ever greater place in the social debate over recent years, and it has become increasingly important for today's organizations to follow the public's view of ethical justice. This affects HR-manager to a greater extent than many other managers, as the HR-manager is exposed to ethical problems and situations that involve the entire organization's personal. The leadership theory that primarily handles the ethical aspect of leadership is the ethical leadership. Ethical leadership does this without discussing what is considered ethical or unethical. On the other hand the focus is on how leaders should use different parts of their leadership to create conditions for being able to act in a way that is seen as ethically correct by the outside world. The study is based on whether HR-managers are a higher degree of task- or relationship-oriented in their leadership. It studies in accordance with the purpose of the study and problem definition if HR-managers in Skaraborg are a higher degree of task- or relationship-oriented in their leadership and how it relates to their ethical leadership.   To be able to fulfill the purpose of the study and answer the problem definition of the study, the study is based on interviews conducted with eight different HR-managers, all of whom are active in government controlled businesses in Skaraborg. The study's theoretical frame is based on previous research on the role of HR Manager, Managerial Grid, task- and relationship-oriented leadership and ethical leadership. The study's authors have chosen to use a qualitative method and it is designed according to a case study. The eight different HR-managers each represent a separate case and the interviews together with the facts collected from, among other things, the websites of the organizations are the basis for the study's empirical data. The study's empirical data is presented in relation to the theoretical frame in the analysis. In the analysis, the study's authors have found that there are two groups among current HR-managers, one that is a higher degree of task-oriented and one that is a higher degree of relational-oriented. The study's authors also present that there is a relationship between to which group the HR-managers belong and their ethical leadership. The final conclusion is that HR-managers who are a higher degree of relational-oriented correspond more closely with the theoretical reference framework of the study regarding ethical leadership. / Etiska frågor har tagit en allt större plats i samhällsdiskussionen under de senaste åren och det har blivit allt viktigare för dagens organisationer att följa det allmänheten anser är etiskt rätt. Detta drabbar HR-chefer i en högre utsträckning än många andra chefer, då HR-chefen utsätts för etiska problem och situationer som involverar hela organisationens personal. Den ledarskapsteori som främst involverar den etiska aspekten av ledarskapet är det etiska ledarskapet. Det etiska ledarskapet gör detta utan att gå in på diskussionen angående vad som anses vara etiskt eller oetiskt. Å andra sidan fokuserar det på hur ledare ska använda sig av olika delar av ledarskapet för att skapa förutsättningar för att ledaren sedan ska kunna agera på ett sätt som ses som etiskt korrekt av omvärlden. Studien utgår ifrån om HR-chefer i högre grad är uppgift- eller relationsorienterade i sitt ledarskap. Den studerar i enlighet med studiens syfte och problemformulering om HR-chefer i Skaraborg i högre grad är uppgift- eller relationsorienterade i sitt ledarskap och hur det relateras till deras etiska ledarskap.   För att kunna uppfylla studiens syfte och svara på studiens problemformulering utgår studien i första hand från intervjuer som genomfördes med åtta olika HR-chefer, som alla är verksamma inom offentliga verksamheter i Skaraborg. Studiens teoretiska referensram är uppbyggd utifrån tidigare forskning angående rollen som HR-chef, Managerial grid, uppgift- och relationsorienterat ledarskap samt etiskt ledarskap. Studiens författare har valt att genomföra en kvalitativ studie och den är utformad i enlighet med en fallstudie. De åtta olika HR-cheferna representerar var sitt fall och intervjuerna med dessa tillsammans med fakta som är insamlad från bland annat organisationernas hemsidor är grunden för studiens empiri. Studiens empiri ställs i relation till den teoretiska referensramen i studiens analys. Under analysen har studiens författare funnit att det finns två grupper bland de aktuella HR-cheferna, en som i en högre grad är uppgiftsorienterade och en som i en högre grad är relationsorienterade. Studiens författare ser även att det finns en relation mellan vilken grupp HR-cheferna tillhör och deras etiska ledarskap. Den slutgiltiga slutsatsen som presenteras är att HR-chefer som i högre grad är relationsorienterade i högre grad överensstämmer med studiens teoretiska referensram angående det etiska ledarskapet.

Com a grande quantidade de informações existentes nas aplicações computacionais hoje em dia, cada vez mais tornam-se necessários mecanismos que facilitem e aumentem o desempenho da recuperação dessas informações. Nesse contexto vem surgindo os bancos de dados chamados de NOSQL, que são bancos de dados tipicamente não relacionais que, em prol da disponibilidade e do desempenho em ambientes com enormes quantidades de dados, abrem mão de requisitos antes vistos como fundamentais. Neste trabalho iremos lidar com esse cenário ao implementar o módulo de consultas distribuídas do JBoss Infinispan, um sistema de cache distribuído que funciona também como um banco de dados NOSQL em memória. Além de apresentar a implementação desse módulo, iremos falar do surgimento do movimento NOSQL, de como se caracterizam esses bancos e de onde o Infinispan se insere nesse movimento. / With the big amount of data available to computer applications nowadays, there is an increasing need for mechanisms that facilitate the retrieval of such data and improve data access performance. In this context we see the emergence of so-called NOSQL databases, which are databases that are typically non-relational and that give up fulfilling some requirements previously seen as fundamental in order to achieve better availability and performance in big data environments. In this work we deal with the scenario above and implement a module that supports distributed queries in JBoss Infinispan, a distributed cache system that works also as an in-memory NOSQL database. Besides presenting the implementation of that module, we discuss the emergence of the NOSQL movement, the characterization of NOSQL databases, and where Infinispan fits in this context.

The aim of this report is to evaluate how a future commercially owned fleet of self-driving electric vehicles (EV:s) would be able to provide power in order to avoid power exceedances in the power grid. Exceedances occur when network agreements between grid operating companies are exceeded. Exceedances are problematic, since they infer penalty fees for the paying company and make dimensioning the grid capacity more difficult for the supplying company. Capacity deficiency regarding the infrastructure of the grid is expected to increase, likely resulting in higher penalty fees. Integrating transport and power systems by using self-driving EV:s as Mobility as a Service combined with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is a potential solution for this problem. By modeling the EV-fleet as the New York City taxi fleet, a usage pattern deemed to resemble Mobility as a Service is created. An economic value for the V2G service is estimated by comparing the availability of the EV-fleet with local exceedances from Uppsala as well as regional occurring exceedances. The highest income during the first quarter of 2019 is 96 000 SEK for the whole fleet, or 1100 SEK per EV and hour-long exceedance. The time of exceedance and the power magnitude have to interplay with the availability of the EV-fleet in order to enable the system. The EV battery capacity highly impacts the system, but is concluded to not be a limiting factor due to market logic. Lastly, key features such as market formation as well as geographical and technical aspects are presented and discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Huederson Aparecido Botura da Silva.pdf: 9209159 bytes, checksum: 19951a63245110738c893753fdd3874c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-07 / In an eletric power transmission system, the insulators are directly associated with the security level of the web, which your fail influence on companies statistics. The polymeric insulators are become more utilized year after year, having numerous advantages to its competitors (glass and/ or porcelain), however, its useful life can not be determined yet. This paper discuss the use of the free frequency of 915 MHz for monitoring and supervision af this polymeric insulators, and can thus provide data about the web, as well, indicate its useful live. Was performed a data transmission with variations of the intensity of eletric fields resulting from the line fitting of the 500kv rated voltage insulator. The variation of the electric field was obtained using different anti-corona rings. Its values were obtained using software as Gmsh and GetDP which use the method of finites elements. Was possible to observe that the central frequency of the carrier didi not change when a sign passed throw the electric field, besides being possible to perform the communication between the sensors having, at the most critical configuration, a packet loss equal to 1,6%. Also was possible observerd that for all tests performed occurred a small degradation of the sign during the data transmission. / Em um sistema de transmiss?o de energia el?trica, os isoladores est?o diretamente associados ao n?vel de seguran?a da rede, na qual sua falha influ?ncia em indicadores das concession?rias. Os isoladores polim?ricos est?o adquirindo com o passar dos anos maior utiliza??o, sendo que possui in?meras vantagens perante seus concorrentes (vidro e/ou porcelana), entretanto sua vida ?til ainda n?o pode ser determinada. Este trabalho aborda a utiliza??o da frequ?ncia livre de 915 MHz para monitoramento e supervis?o destes isoladores polim?ricos, sendo poss?vel assim fornecer dados sobre a rede bem como indicando a sua vida ?til. Foi realizado uma transmiss?o de dados mediante varia??es da intensidade do campo el?trico decorrentes do terminal fase do isolador da classe de tens?o de 500 kv. A varia??o da intensidade do campo el?trico foi obtido utilizando an?is anti-corona diferentes, sendo seus valores obtidos atrav?s de simula??es utilizando os softwares Gmsh e GetDP que utiliza o m?todo dos elementos finitos. Foi poss?vel observar que a frequ?ncia central da portadora n?o teve varia??o quando o sinal passava pelo campo el?trico, al?m de ser poss?vel realizar a comunica??o entre os n?s sensores tendo, na configura??o mais cr?tica, uma perda de pacotes igual a 1,6%. Tamb?m foi poss?vel observar que para todos os ensaios realizados ocorreu pequena degrada??o do sinal durante a transmiss?o de dados.

Le sujet s'inscrit dans la stratégie d'augmentation de la pénétration des énergies renouvelables dans les réseaux électriques, en particulier ceux qui sont faiblement interconnectés, tels que les réseaux électriques insulaires. Une limite de pénétration des énergies intermittentes de 30% en puissance instantanée dans ces réseaux a été fixée par la loi française. Pour permettre de dépasser cette limite, une solution est de coupler les sources de production décentralisée et intermittente avec du stockage.Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au volant d’inertie, système de stockage permettant de convertir l’énergie électrique sous forme cinétique et vice versa. Celui-ci a en effet un nombre de cycles charge/décharge important en comparaison avec une batterie électrochimique et peut être utilisé pour lisser la production photovoltaïque. La fluctuation de l’énergie photovoltaïque est en effet faiblement prédictible au cours du temps et elle ne peut pas être contrôlée, notamment sa chute de production. La production photovoltaïque peut chuter jusqu’à 80 % de la puissance maximale en 30 secondes, et déstabiliser ainsi le réseau électrique. Le réseau électrique insulaire, tel que celui de la Corse, n’est pas interconnecté au réseau électrique continental. Les réseaux non – interconnectés sont plus fragiles et moins stables. Ainsi, le développement massif des centrales photovoltaïques peut faire fluctuer la fréquence et la tension du réseau. Le volant d’inertie a l’avantage de posséder un faible temps de réponse (quelques centaines de millisecondes). Cependant, il a une capacité énergétique moindre. Nous allons donc exploiter les avantages du volant d’inertie en le gérant en temps réel avec un calculateur approprié. Un volant d’inertie d’une puissance de 15 kVA et d’une capacité énergétique de 112 Wh a été caractérisé et testé à l’INES Chambéry en utilisant un simulateur réseau temps réel (RTLab®), un calculateur temps réel dSPACE® et une centrale PV. Le système de stockage est composé d’une machine électrique asynchrone et d’un volant d’inertie cylindrique en acier. Le logiciel Matlab/Simulink® est utilisé pour implémenter les lois de commande nécessaires à son pilotage. Dans cette thèse, le banc de test est présenté ainsi que les résultats sur les services système (lissage de puissance, régulation de la fréquence et de la tension). Trois méthodes de lissage de puissance sont présentées et évaluées (lissage avec une fonction de transfert, lissage avec limiteur de pente et lissage n’utilisant pas aucune fonction de lissage). La troisième méthode n’utilisant ni une fonction de transfert, ni une fonction limitant la pente des variations, nécessite moins de paramètres et s’avère plus optimale et plus robuste. Un volant d’inertie avec une autre technologie de machine électrique (la machine à réluctance variable) a été également caractérisé. C’est une Alimentation Sans Interruption (ASI), sur laquelle des paramètres tels que l’autodécharge et les rendements du système (en charge, en décharge et au repos) ont pu être mesurés. / The subject is part of the strategy to increase the penetration of renewable energy in power systems, particularly those that are poorly interconnected, such as island grids. A limit of penetration of intermittent energy by 30% in instantaneous power in these electrical grids was set by a French law. To help overcome this limitation, a solution is to couple the sources of decentralized and intermittent generation with energy storage systems. In this thesis, we are interested in flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) that converts electrical energy in kinetic energy form and vice versa. FESS have a number of cycles charge / discharge large compared with electrochemical batteries and can be used to smooth the photovoltaic power generation. The fluctuation of photovoltaic instantaneous power is indeed weakly predictable over time and it cannot be controlled, including its production fall. PV production can decrease up to 80% of its maximum power in 30 seconds, and so destabilize the grid. The island grids, such as that of Corsica, are not interconnected to the mainland power grid. The non - interconnected grids are more fragile and less stable. Thus, the massive development of photovoltaic power plants can cause fluctuations in the frequency and voltage. The flywheel has the advantage of having a low response time (a few hundred milliseconds). However, it has a lower energy capacity. The benefits of FESS are used by managing it in real time with an appropriate computer. A flywheel with a power of 15 kVA and an energy capacity of 112 Wh was characterized and tested at INES Chambery using a real time grid simulator (RTLab®), a real-time computer (dSPACE®) and a PV power plant. The storage system is composed by an asynchronous electrical machine and a cylindrical steel flywheel. The Matlab Simulink / software is used to implement the control laws necessary for its control. In this thesis, the test bench is presented and the results of ancillary services (power smoothing, frequency and voltage regulation). Three power smoothing methods are discussed and evaluated (smoothing with a transfer function, with a slope limiter function and a method not using any smoothing function). The third method uses neither a transfer function, nor a function that limits the slope variations, requires fewer parameters, and is more optimal and more robust. A flywheel with another electrical machine technology (the switched reluctance machine) has also been characterized. This is an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) on which parameters such as self-discharge and efficiencies (charging mode, discharging mode and standby mode) were measured.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a perspectiva econômica e modelo de negócio da tecnologia de telecomunicação nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Essa integração entre a tecnologia de telecomunicação e a rede de distribuição constitui um sistema conhecido como rede inteligente ou smart grid. Neste estudo são analisados os modelos de rede inteligentes mais significativos do mundo, os quais ainda se encontram em fase inicial. Na análise da implantação da rede inteligente em diversos países, observa-se a existência de diferentes motivações. Por exemplo, no caso norte-americano, trata-se dos esforços do setor de energia em garantir a confiabilidade no abastecimento. Na Europa, há um grande comprometimento com a redução de carbono e gases causadores do efeito estufa. No Brasil, busca-se uma estratégia para melhorar aspectos técnicos da distribuição, diminuir as perdas técnicas, eliminar ou reduzir o roubo de energia e ajustar a oferta de energia com o crescimento urbano e industrial, aprimorando a regulamentação sobre o setor. Além da ausência de padrões de telecomunicação, que se constitui em restrição para todos os projetos de smart grid, o Brasil apresenta grandes entraves para a implantação da rede inteligente, como as tarifas elevadas para os consumidores, as dificuldades para um despacho ótimo das unidades geradoras, o elevado volume de perdas no sistema elétrico, o baixo consumo de eletricidade em termos per capita, o elevado número de medidores a serem substituídos e as diferentes características das concessionárias. Com o objetivo de eliminar ou reduzir esses entraves, propõe-se neste estudo um modelo de negócio que determina, como mais significativos, os investimentos em tecnologia da comunicação e em medidores bidirecionais. O modelo proposto avalia uma série de benefícios, dentre os quais destacam-se a redução das perdas comerciais e a redução das ligações informais. Adicionalmente, o modelo pode colaborar na modernização da rede de distribuição e para o crescimento do Produto Interno Bruto com menores investimentos em geração e transmissão e, portanto, com responsabilidade ambiental. / This thesis aims at evaluating the economic perspective and business model of the telecommunications technology in the electric power distribution system. The integration between the telecommunications systems and the distribution electric grid constitutes a new system known as intelligrid or \"smart grid\". The analysis of the most important smart grid models in the world, which are still in initial stage, shows that different countries have different motivations for the smart grid deployment. For example, the deployment motivations in USA are mostly related to efforts of the power sector to ensure reliability of the energy supply. In Europe there is a big commitment to reduce carbon and greenhouse gases. In Brazil a strategy is being sought to improve the electric power distribution grid, reduce technical losses, eliminate or reduce the theft of electricity, and match energy supply to urban and industrial growth, improving regulation of the power sector. In addition to the lack of telecommunications standards, which is a constraint for all smart grid projects, in Brazil there are high barriers to the smart grid deployment, such as high tariffs to consumers, difficulties for an optimal dispatch of generating units, a high volume of losses in the electrical system, a low per capita electricity consumption, a large number of meters to be replaced, and the different profiles of the electric power distribution companies. Aiming at eliminating or reducing such barriers, a business model framework is proposed, which determines investments in communications technology and in two-way meters as the most significant ones. The proposed model evaluates a number of benefits, among which the most important are the reduction of commercial losses and the reduction of informal connections to the mains. Additionally, the model can assist in upgrading the power distribution system and the growth of GDP with lower investments in generation and transmission, and, therefore, with environmental responsibility.