Neste trabalho é apresentada a síntese e a caracterização de cinco novas iminas derivadas de compostos do tipo 2-(2`-hidroxifenil)benzazóis, fluorescentes devido a um mecanismo de transferência protônica intramolecular no estado excitado (ESIPT). Estas iminas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho (IV) e por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (1H-RMN) e apresentaram deslocamentos de Stokes compatíveis com compostos que sofrem o mecanismo de ESIPT. Os produtos apresentaram sensível variação do máximo de emissão de fluorescência devido à reação de protonação em meio ácido, o que permite seu uso como sensores ópticos de pH. Ensaios demonstraram que as iminas sintetizadas são sensíveis à presença de Ni2+ devido à reação de complexação com o metal, causando uma alteração do máximo de emissão de fluorescência. / The present work presents the synthesis and characterization of five new imines derived from 2-(2`-hydroxyphenyl)benzazole derivatives, fluorescent due to an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism. These imines were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR) and by hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and presented Stokes shifts compatible with ESIPT compounds. These products presented a considerable shift of the maximum fluorescence emission due to the protonation reaction in acid medium, which allows their use as pH optical sensors. Tests showed that the synthesized imines are sensitive to Ni2+ due to the complexation reaction with the metal, causing a shift of the maximum fluorescence emission.

Sverige är för tillfället operativa med Helikopter 16 - Black Hawk i Afghanistan. Uppgiften som löses i Afghanistan är främre och taktisk sjuktransport (MEDEVAC). Detta arbete handlar om hur befintliga VMS-system i helikoptrar kan kompletteras i syfte att möta ett föreliggande prickskyttehot vid lösande av främre MEDEVAC i ett insatsområde som miljömässigt liknar Afghanistan. I arbetet analyseras möjliga tekniker utifrån aspekter från ett konstruerat scenario där helikopterbesättningarnas uppgift, insatsmiljö samt hotbild beskrivs. Resultatet visar på att MEDEVAC-helikoptrar kan utrustas med sensor-gimbaler där olika sensorer kan kombineras, vilket möjliggör spaning i 360°. Detta bidrar till den militära nyttan då helikopterpersonalens lösande av uppgift effektiviseras, chansen till överlevnad ökar samtidigt som personal och patienter kan känna sig tryggare. / Currently, Sweden has operative Black Hawk helicopters in Afghanistan. The tasks they are solving in Afghanistan are forward and tactical Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC). This work is about how existing Electronic Warfare Systems in helicopters can be supplemented in order to face a present sniper-threat during forward MEDEVAC in a conflict area which environmentally reminds of Afghanistan. In this work, a few possible techniques will be analyzed. This analyze will be based on aspects from a constructed scenario where the task to be solved, the conflict area, and the known threat is described. The result shows that MEDEVAC-helicopters can be equipped with operator-controlled sensor-gimbals where different electro-optical sensors can be combined. Gimbals allow reconnaissance in 360°. This contributes to the military utility since the main task can be solved by the helicopter personnel more effectively. Also, the probability of survival will probably increase and the personnel and wounded soldiers might feel more secure than before.

Neste trabalho é apresentada a síntese e a caracterização de cinco novas iminas derivadas de compostos do tipo 2-(2`-hidroxifenil)benzazóis, fluorescentes devido a um mecanismo de transferência protônica intramolecular no estado excitado (ESIPT). Estas iminas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho (IV) e por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (1H-RMN) e apresentaram deslocamentos de Stokes compatíveis com compostos que sofrem o mecanismo de ESIPT. Os produtos apresentaram sensível variação do máximo de emissão de fluorescência devido à reação de protonação em meio ácido, o que permite seu uso como sensores ópticos de pH. Ensaios demonstraram que as iminas sintetizadas são sensíveis à presença de Ni2+ devido à reação de complexação com o metal, causando uma alteração do máximo de emissão de fluorescência. / The present work presents the synthesis and characterization of five new imines derived from 2-(2`-hydroxyphenyl)benzazole derivatives, fluorescent due to an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism. These imines were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR) and by hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and presented Stokes shifts compatible with ESIPT compounds. These products presented a considerable shift of the maximum fluorescence emission due to the protonation reaction in acid medium, which allows their use as pH optical sensors. Tests showed that the synthesized imines are sensitive to Ni2+ due to the complexation reaction with the metal, causing a shift of the maximum fluorescence emission.

One of the major problems and difficulties in the production process is to monitor / predict the presence, intensity and abundance of these pathogens under field conditions in a timely manner to avoid significant damage to production. In this sense, the objective of this research was to characterize the changes in the spectral pattern correlated with the incidence of foliar diseases in wheat. The experimental design was a factorial (5x3) randomized blocks with five doses of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg N ha-1) applied at tillering and three management programs with fungicides in the shoot, the untreated control. Scores NDVI readings were performed with the optical sensor GreenSeeker Handheld Crop Sensor in six predetermined locations within each plot of 11 m2 (2,2mx5m). It is possible to detect the presence of Puccinia triticina Erikss from the readings with NDVI GreenSeeker sensor. Scores NDVI can demonstrate that there is a strong correlation between AUDPC and reduced productivity. The GreenSeeker sensor proved efficient in detecting spectral changes from signs and symptoms of Puccinia triticina Erikss. / Uma das grandes dificuldades dentro do processo produtivo é monitorar/prever a presença de patógenos em nível de campo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi caracterizar as alterações no padrão espectral correlacionando com a incidência de doenças foliares em trigo. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial (5x3) de blocos ao acaso com cinco doses de Nitrogênio (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg de N ha-1) aplicados no afilhamento e três programas de manejo com fungicidas na parte aérea, além da testemunha sem aplicação. As avaliações e leituras de NDVI foram realizadas com o sensor óptico GreenSeeker Handheld Crop Sensor, em seis pontos pré-determinados dentro de cada parcela de 11 m2 (2,2mx5m). As leituras do NDVI demonstraram alta correlação entre a AACPD e a redução da produtividade. O sensor GreenSeeker se mostrou eficiente na detecção de alterações espectrais provenientes de sinais e sintomas de Puccinia triticina Erikss.

SWIFTS (pour Stationary-Wave Integrated Fourier-Transform Spectrometer) est un concept de spectromètre s'appuyant sur l'optique intégrée pour proposer un système de mesure compact et de très haute résolution. Il combine une technique d'interférométrie développée par Gabriel Lippmann avec des technologies de microélectroniques actuelles. La technologie SWIFTS sera ici utilisée en tant qu'interrogateur de fibre de Bragg. En effet, combiner ce spectromètre avec des fibres de Bragg très sensibles, telle qu'une cavité Fabry-Perot à réseaux de Bragg (GFPC) d'une longueur de 20 mm, permettra de mesurer des variations de température et de déformation très précises. Les applications des fibres de Bragg sont nombreuses, particulièrement dans la surveillance de structure de génie civil ou dans la sureté nucléaire avec des précisions de l'ordre du microstrain. Cependant, les capteurs par fibres de Bragg n'ont jamais atteint la sensibilité nécessaire aux observations en science de la terre. Une précision de quelques dizaines de nanostrain serait pourtant d'un intérêt majeur dans l'étude des processus volcaniques et sismologiques. Je présente dans cette thèse la première utilisation d'un tel spectromètre de Fourier associé à des capteurs de Bragg pour mesurer des déformations dans différentes gammes allant du millistrain au nanostrain. Dans un premier temps, des déformations sur une petite structure en béton armé amenée jusqu'à l'état limite de fissuration permettront de qualifier différents capteurs à fibres de Bragg dans leur milieu d'usage. Dans un deuxième temps, des mesures de déformations liées au phénomène de la marrée terrestre sont proposées. Ces mesures, effectuées au Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit (LSBB) de Rustrel, donnent des précisions de l'ordre de 30 nanostrains sur une courte base et ouvrent la voie à d'autres mesures de phénomènes géophysiques pour cet instrument. / SWIFTS, or Stationary-Wave Integrated Fourier-Transform Spectrometer, is an extremely integrated very high resolution spectrometer. This spectroscopy technology represents a major advance in the field and will be used here as a Fiber Bragg Gratings interrogator. Combining such a spectrometer with very sensitive Bragg sensors, like grating Fabry-Perot cavity (GFPC) as long as 20 mm, will allow to measure high precision temperature or strain variation. Applications of Bragg sensors are numerous, especially in structure monitoring and nuclear power plants safety. Despite promising capabilities, Bragg sensors never reached the desired sensibility for earth-science observation purposes. Present applications are restricted to civil-engineering strain-gauge sensors with microstrain sensitivity. However, the ability to detect and record signals of the order of a few tens of nanostrain is of great interest to monitor and model the volcanic and seismological processes. I demonstrate in this thesis the first use of a Fourier-Transform spectrometer combined with Fiber Bragg Sensors in a field configuration to achieve extremely high precision measurement on earth's crustal deformation. Precisions of thirty nanostrains on a very short base were achieved in the Low-Noise Underground Laboratory (LSBB) at Rustrel. Crustal monitoring opens the way for numerous applications especially in geophysics. A second study presented in this thesis aims at benchmarking several strain sensors based on optical fiber Bragg grating. For this purpose, two reinforced concrete beams have been tested in three points bending up to ultimate limit state.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de sistemas computacionais de apoio à aquisição, visualização e tratamento de dados provenientes de monitoração de estruturas de Engenharia Civil. Por meio dos sistemas construídos, torna-se possível adquirir, visualizar e filtrar informações com facilidade, ao mesmo tempo em que se permite avaliar a influência da temperatura, da retração e da fluência nos elementos estruturais monitorados. Buscando desenvolver as ferramentas computacionais em uma perspectiva alinhada com necessidades reais do setor, foram monitoradas duas pontes rodoviárias e uma estação metroviária, sendo utilizada instrumentação avançada baseada em sensores e equipamentos ópticos e elétricos, permitindo a medição de grandezas como deformação, temperatura, deslocamento e rotações. A experiência adquirida em campo encontra-se descrita, apresentando-se a estrutura e componentes dos modernos sistemas de monitoração e os principais resultados decorrentes da sua aplicação nas obras monitoradas. Nesse contexto, os sistemas computacionais construídos demonstraram ser úteis ferramentas, auxiliando nas diversas fases da monitoração estrutural, desde a aquisição até a interpretação dos resultados. / This work presents the development of computational systems to support acquisition, visualization, and treatment of data from health monitoring systems of civil structures. With these systems, it is possible to acquire, to visualize, and to filter monitored data. It is also possible to evaluate the influence of temperature, shrinkage and creep in structural elements. The goal is the development of tools to fulfill real needs. For that, two bridges and a subway station were monitored using advanced instrumentation based on optical and electrical sensors. The acquired experience in field is described, presenting the structure and the various components of modern structural health monitoring systems, as well as the main results of application in the monitored structures. In that context, the built computational systems demonstrated to be very useful, aiding in the several phases of the structural monitoring from the acquisition to the interpretation of the results.

[pt] A análise da técnica de demodulação usada para interrogar sensores a rede de Bragg em fibras ópticas baseadas em filtros fixos foi realizada teoricamente e experimentalmente. Diferentes configurações de sistemas foram analisadas modificando a posição espectral dos filtros, assim como os níveis de potência óptica obtidos nos fotodetectores. Foram realizadas medidas com o tempo de integração que variavam de 0.01 a 1s e estimado o limite de baixa freqüência. Comparação entre os resultados experimentais e simulados mostram boa concordância, e extrapolações indicam que seria possível chegar a uma faixa de medida da ordem de 7 nanômetros, com incertezas equivalentes menores que 2 picometros, na medida da posição de pico do sensor. Foi feita uma análise da possibilidade de utilização desta técnica para medida simultânea de pressão e temperatura com uma única rede sensora. Na realização experimental foi usado um transdutor de pressão que transferia uma força transversal à fibra, proporcional à pressão atuante, gerando birrefringência na região da rede de Bragg. Foi possível obter valores de pressão com a faixa dinâmica de 400 psi com incerteza máxima de 4 psi e simultaneamente temperaturas com variação de 28 a 50 graus Celsius com incerteza máxima de 0.1 graus Celsius. Adicionalmente, foram estudados os efeitos gerados em uma multiplexação temporal (TDM) de sensores a rede de Bragg quando os sensores se encontram superpostos na mesma posição espectral. Nesta análise é confrontada a técnica de demodulação utilizando dois filtros fixos com a técnica baseada na posição espectral. Os resultados indicam que a técnica baseada em filtros fixos apresenta vantagem, permitindo um número significativamente maior de sensores. E também, foi analisado o distúrbio provocado no espectro da rede sensora quando a fonte de luz usada para interrogar a rede tem uma modulação espectral que varia com a temperatura. Finalmente, foi apresentado um sistema de multiplexação (TDM/WDM), completamente polarizado, capaz de interrogar dezenas de sensores a rede de Bragg escrito em fibras de alta birrefringência. O sistema de multiplexação consistiu em uma chave óptica integrada, baseada em um interferômetro de Mach-Zehnder com configuração X-Y, e em um espectrômetro com um CCD linear como elemento de detecção. / [en] The analysis of a demodulation system for fiber Bragg grating sensors based on two fixed spectral filters has been carried out both theoretically and experimentally. Different system configurations were analyzed by modifying the spectral position of the filters as well as the optical power-level of the signal reaching the two photo-detectors. Measurements with integration times that varied from 0.01 to 1 second have been compared with the low frequency limit predicted for long-term operation. Comparisons between simulated and experimental results show good agreement, and extrapolations indicate that it should be possible to achieve a dynamic range of the order of 7 nanometers, with uncertainties equivalent to less than 2 picometers, in measurements of the sensor peak position. Applications based on this system were carried out. An analysis of simultaneous measurement of temperature and pressure with only one FBG sensor using transducer of pressure to transfer a lateral force to the fiber, proportional to the applied pressure, generating birefringence at grating Bragg region has been realized. The proposed system allowed to measure pressure range of 400 psi with uncertain of 4 psi and simultaneously temperature range of 22 Celsius Degree with uncertain of 0.1 Celsius Degree. In addiction, generated effects in the temporal multiplexing (TDM) of fiber Bragg grating sensors when the sensor spectra are fully overlapped have been analyzed. In this study, it is compared the demodulation technique based on two fixed filters with the conventional technique based on the peak position. The results show that the technique based on fixed filters presents advantage to conventional, allowing a greatest sensor number. It was also analyzed the generated disturbance in the Bragg grating sensor spectrum when the source used to interrogate the sensor has a residual modulation which changes with the temperature. And finally, a polarized multiplexing system (TDM/WDM) able to interrogate a large number of Bragg grating sensors written in high-birefringent polarization-maintaining fibers has been realized. It is based on integrated-optic switch Mach- Zehnder interferometer in X-Y configuration and a CCD line array spectrometer.

<p> </p> <p>Combating climate change requires society to shift to using clean, renewable sources of energy as quickly as possible. Photovoltaics (PVs) are a promising source of renewable energy due to the broad availability of solar radiation over the Earth’s surface and the low cost of PV modules. While silicon solar cells dominate the current PV market, some drawbacks motivate the search for other solar materials. Silicon’s indirect band gap necessitates using<br> thick (>100 μm) absorber layers which limits applications to rigid substrates, and manufacturing silicon wafers suitable for solar cell applications requires slow batch processes,<br> hindering the rapid deployment of PV technology.</p> <p><br> One opportunity for realizing rapid manufacturing of PV modules is solution processing, wherein a solar cell is deposited with the use of liquid solutions containing the necessary constituent elements. A solution processing approach could be done in a roll-to-roll format in which a flexible substrate is coated at high speed to create a thin, flexible PV device. Such an approach is expected to dramatically increase the throughput capability of a photovoltaic manufacturing line. To realize the benefits of solution processing, suitable liquid-phase chemistries must be developed to enable the deposition of the desired absorber material while minimizing the incorporation of undesirable contaminants. One such approach is the<br> amine-thiol solvent system which is notable for its ability to solubilize not only metal salts, but also metal sulfides, metal selenides, and pure metals. This makes the amine-thiol system a promising candidate for the deposition of metal chalcogenide absorber layer materials.</p> <p><br> In this work, the chemistry of the amine-thiol system is studied in detail and reaction mechanisms governing the interaction of amine-thiol solutions with precursors relevant to the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 material system are investigated. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Mass Spectrometry, and X-Ray Absorption measurements are performed to study this system. Structures for the metal thiolate species that form in these reactions are proposed, along with the products of the pyrolysis reaction that converts the thiolate species to the desired metal sulfides. The utility of this understanding is discussed.</p> <p><br> The amine-thiol system is further applied to the synthesis of AgIn(S,Se)2, a material with some similarities to the more common metal chalcogenide CuInSe2 but studied far less<br> thoroughly. The material and optoelectronic properties of AgIn(S,Se)2 are characterized. X-Ray Diffraction, Hall Effect Measurements, Kelvin Probe Force Miscropscopy, and Quantitative Photoluminescence are all performed on AgIn(S,Se)2 thin films. AgIn(S,Se)2 films are found to exhibit high carrier mobility, benign grain boundaries, and strong photoluminescence emission, suggesting that AgIn(S,Se)2 may function as an effective absorber layer<br> material for thin-film solar cells. Challenges facing its successful adoption as a solar cell material as discussed.<br> </p> <p>In this work, a novel method is developed to calibrate photoluminescence spectrometers for absolute photon counts, enabling one to calculate the absolute number of photons leaving a photoluminescence sample. This enables an estimation of the Quasi-Fermi Level Splitting of an absorber layer (and hence open-circuit voltage of a solar cell) while only measuring a bare absorber layer film. The experimental method and required numerical analysis of the<br> data are described herein.</p>

No description available.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors using multiwavelength light coupling are investigated to probe changes in refractive index that occur as a result of chemical or biochemical processes. Traditional SPR sensors have used angle modulation to facilitate detection at the sensor surface; however, the multiwavelength approach is novel and brings new functionality to SPR sensors. The multiwavelength sensors are constructed on both fiber optic and bulk waveguides such as prisms. A thin metal film is deposited on the waveguide surface to support the surface plasmon (SP) mode. The evanescent field produced by light propagating through the waveguide can be coupled into the surface plasmon mode thus attenuating the transmitted light. This coupling is dependent upon phase matching between the light wavevector and the surface plasmon wavevector. The wavevectors are directly related to the wavelength of light, thickness of analyte on the sensor surface and the refractive index of the analyte. As these parameters change, the light output from the sensor will be affected. Other thin films can be subsequently deposited on the metal to functionalize the sensor surface for a particular analyte of interest. A theoretical background and details of the sensor construction is given. The developed sensors are tested in a variety of application systems. Experimental results for refractive index sensing in bulk liquid applications is shown. Observed sensitivity approaches that of conventional SPR techniques. Alkyl-thiol monolayer systems are studied to investigate kinetics of formation and the thickness resolution of the sensor. A biochemical system is investigated to compare the sensors with other immunoassay techniques. Ionic self-assembled monolayer (ISAM) systems are investigated to probe structure and determine their usefulness as an immobilization layer for biochemical species. A mathematical model based on Fresnel reflection equations is developed to predict sensor response. This model can be used to selectively vary sensor parameters to optimize the response for a specific analyte system or to calculate system parameters based on experimental results. Results from the various experiments are compared with the model. Experimental results and interpretations are discussed along with future work and potential improvements. Classical SPR sensors are also discussed along with comparisons with the multiwavelength sensors. Future improvements to SPR sensors design are considered, as is the application of the technology to high-throughput drug screening for pharmaceuticals. / Ph. D.