Schreber, one of Freud’s most renewed clinic cases, mentioned in Memoirs his hypochondriac crises in a moment that preceded the triggering of his psychosis. His hypochondriac ideas were expressed by softened brain complaints, emaciation ideas, feeling of imminent death, etc. About Schreber, Freud suggests that there is an intimate relationship between hypochondria and psychosis when he says that hypochondria is for paranoia as well as anguish is for neurosis. Thus, this work’s aim is to investigate hypochondria into paranoia considering hypochondria as something related to psychosis. Therefore, a theoretical study has been made, grounded into the psychoanalysis. The methodological route is characterized by the hypochondria and psychosis concepts investigation from psychoanalytical texts, having as main references Sigmund Freud and Lacan’s works, as well as psychoanalysts works which investigate this theme nowadays. Fragments of “Schereber’s case” are used to illustrate this investigation. From this research, was found that there are approaches between hypochondria and psychosis since the classical psychiatry. Philippe Pinel, William Cullen, Jules Cotard, Bénedict Augustin Morel, and François Boissier de Sauvages even sketched this relationship between them. According to Freud, hypochondria manifests in very tough and distressing body sensations and may relate to hysteria, obsessive neurosis and paranoia. The approach between hypochondria and psychosis were described during Freud’s elaboration about narcissism. Schereber’s hypochondria demonstrates a narcissistic inflation because presents a repression of the libido of me, which delimits a very singular way of libidinal investment. It is concentrated into a bodily organ, expressing a psychotic corporal phenomenon. The results also show that hypochondria as an elementary and corporal phenomenon, characteristic of psychosis, that might precede the psychosis triggering. About this matter, researching the small evidences, expression suggested by Jacques-Alain Miller, provides an orientation to the differential diagnosis and treatment. Thus, hypochondria’s identification as an evidence might help in the differential diagnosis: in the case of neurosis it shows as an enigma possible to be interpreted, and in psychosis case It manifests a finding into the address dimension. / Schreber, um dos mais notáveis casos clínicos de Freud, mencionou nas Memórias sua crise de hipocondria em um momento que antecedeu o desencadeamento de sua psicose. Suas ideias hipocondríacas eram expressas a partir de queixas de amolecimento cerebral, ideias de emagrecimento, sentimento de morte eminente, etc. A propósito de Schreber, Freud sugere que há uma íntima relação entre hipocondria e psicose quando afirma que a hipocondria está para a paranoia assim como a angústia está para a neurose. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a hipocondria, considerando sua relação com a psicose. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo teórico, fundamentado na psicanálise. O percurso metodológico foi caracterizado pela investigação dos conceitos hipocondria e psicose a partir dos textos psicanalíticos, sendo as principais referências os trabalhos de Sigmund Freud e Jacques Lacan, assim como os trabalhos de psicanalistas que investigam sobre o tema na contemporaneidade. Fragmentos do “caso Schreber” são utilizados para ilustrar esta investigação. A partir desta pesquisa, verificou-se que existem aproximações entre hipocondria e psicose desde a psiquiatria clássica. Philippe Pinel, Willian Cullen, Jules Cotard, Bénedict Augustin Morel, Le Cat e François Boissier de Sauvages já esboçavam esta relação. Para Freud, a hipocondria se manifesta em sensações corpóreas muito penosas e aflitivas, e pode se relacionar com a histeria, a neurose obsessiva e a paranoia. As aproximações entre hipocondria e psicose foram descritas quando Freud elaborou seu trabalho sobre o narcisismo. A hipocondria de Schreber demonstra uma inflação narcísica por apresentar um represamento da libido do eu, o qual delimita uma forma muito peculiar de investimento libidinal. Esta se concentra no órgão, no corpo, expressando um fenômeno corporal psicótico. Os resultados evidenciam ainda a hipocondria como fenômeno elementar e corporal, característico da psicose, que pode anteceder o desencadeamento psicótico. A este respeito, a pesquisa dos pequenos indícios, expressão sugerida por Jacques-Alain Miller, fornece uma orientação para o diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento. Neste sentido, a identificação da hipocondria como um indício pode auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial: na neurose, apresenta-se como um enigma passível de interpretação, e na psicose, demonstra uma constatação na dimensão do endereçamento.

A presente dissertação aborda o tema da constituição da noção de espaço na psicanálise tomando como central um caso clínico de uma paciente atendida em um ambulatório de saúde mental na rede pública do município de Porto Alegre. Tendo em vista que tempo/espaço são categorias indissociáveis no campo das ciências humanas, a pesquisa aborda os momentos da constituição do sujeito em que a organização e estruturação dessas variáveis estão em causa. Privilegiando o conceito de espaço como efeito da posição do sujeito na linguagem, o texto desenvolve as relações entre percepção e representação presentes nas formações delirantes. A partir da experiência clínica, pretende discutir algumas importantes formulações teóricas no campo da psicanálise ao mesmo tempo em que compõe uma escrita de caso. Utiliza como elemento privilegiado nesse diálogo o livro de literatura “Noite do Oráculo”, do escritor americano Paul Auster, em função da estrutura presente na narrativa. As relações que o escritor estabelece entre leitor/escritor/personagem compõe um universo narrativo semelhante ao da transferência clínica na psicose. A partir desses elementos aborda o tema das diferenças entre ficção e delírio no que diz respeito às diferenças nas formações narrativas. / This dissertation addresses the issue of development of the concept of space in psychoanalysis taking as central the clinical case of a patient treated at a public mental health clinic in the city of Porto Alegre. Given that time/space are inseparable categories in the field of human sciences, the research addresses the moments of the development of the subject in which the organization and structuring of these variables are concerned. Emphasizing the concept of space as an effect of the position of the subject in language, the text develops the relationship between perception and representation present in delusional formations. From clinical experience, it intends to discuss some important theoretical formulations in the field of psychoanalysis while composing a case study. It uses the literary work of the American writer Paul Auster "Oracle Night" as a privileged element in this dialogue as a representation of the structure present in the narrative. The relationships established between reader/writer /character composes a narrative universe similar to the transfer in clinical psychosis. From these elements it addresses the issue of the differences between fiction and delusion with regard to the narrative configuration.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Clínica e Cultura, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-10-25T10:55:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HayannaCarvalhoSantosRibeirodaSilva.pdf: 1696957 bytes, checksum: 65127f3993542996463b3f413a7620b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-10-31T11:20:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HayannaCarvalhoSantosRibeirodaSilva.pdf: 1696957 bytes, checksum: 65127f3993542996463b3f413a7620b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T11:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_HayannaCarvalhoSantosRibeirodaSilva.pdf: 1696957 bytes, checksum: 65127f3993542996463b3f413a7620b7 (MD5) / O presente trabalho é um estudo do pensamento de Winnicott sobre o ambiente na clínica da psicose para contribuir com o cuidado feito pelo Grupo de Intervenção Precoce nas Primeiras Crises do Tipo Psicótico. Nossa tese é que o manejo das crises psicóticas inclui o cuidado ao ambiente do indivíduo em crise, que é sua família, pequena unidade social e o próprio serviço de manejo, com os terapeutas trabalhando no caso. Winnicott sugere que as características do cuidado vivido com o ambiente se transformam em atributos psíquicos do indivíduo, como a capacidade de se preocupar e cuidar de si e dos outros. Para o autor, a psicose é uma defesa reativa a um trauma no estágio de dependência absoluta, a uma intrusão ambiental que interrompe a continuidade do ser do indivíduo e o ameaça de aniquilamento. A falha precoce do cuidado “congela” o amadurecimento do indivíduo ao impedir ou dificultar as vivências que permitem o desenvolvimento de capacidades psíquicas como a integração e a capacidade de se preocupar. O indivíduo reage ao trauma constituindo defesas primitivas e a crise está relacionada à insuficiência dessas defesas, o que faz precipitar um colapso e a necessidade de regressão à dependência máxima. O manejo das psicoses é a organização do ambiente para acolher essa dependência, facilitando, através do cuidado, a continuidade das tendências inatas rumo ao reconhecimento de si e dos outros como pessoas totais. O acolhimento à dependência do paciente em crise defronta o terapeuta com modos primitivos de relação, dominados pela realidade subjetiva do paciente e sua destrutividade não preocupada, nos quais a plena consideração pela pessoa total do outro ainda não é uma característica. Por ser inerentemente exaustivo, o manejo tem por tarefa cuidar do ambiente, responsabilizar-se pelo cuidado, sobreviver à crise e experimentar o que era majoritariamente realidade subjetiva em uma área intermediária, transicional, caminho que possibilita a abertura à realidade compartilhada e ao ser com os outros no cuidado. / The present work is a study of Winnicott’s writings on environment in the clinic of psychosis, as to contribute to the Group of Early Intervention in the First Crises of the Psychotic Type. Our thesis is that management of psychotic crisis includes caring for the environment, which is composed of the patient’s family, small social unit and the management service itself, with the therapists working on the case. Winnicott suggests that characteristics of the care provided by the environment become inner psychic attributes of the individual, such as the capacity to concern and to care for oneself and for others. For the author, psychosis is a defensive organization against trauma in the stage of absolute dependence, that is, an environmental intrusion that interrupts the continuity of the individual’s being and threats him of annihilation. An early failure in care “freezes” the individual’s maturation insofar as it impedes or hinders experiences that would lead to the development of psychical capacities such as integration and the capacity to concern. The individual reacts to trauma constituting primitive defenses, and the crisis is related to the insufficiency of these defenses, which precipitates a collapse and the necessity of regression to the maximum dependency. Management of psychotic crisis is the organization of a holding environment for dependency, facilitating, this time, the continuity of innate tendencies towards the recognition of self and of others as whole, separated though related persons. Holding the dependency of the individual in psychotic crisis confronts the therapist with primitive modes of relation, dominated by the subjective reality of the patient and his unconcerned destructiveness, where full consideration for the total person of the other is not yet a characteristic. Because it is inherently exhaustive, management has the task of caring for the environment, assuming responsibilities, surviving the crisis, and experiencing what was mostly subjective reality in an intermediate, transitional area, through a path that renders possible a shared reality and a being with others in care.

A presente dissertação aborda o tema da constituição da noção de espaço na psicanálise tomando como central um caso clínico de uma paciente atendida em um ambulatório de saúde mental na rede pública do município de Porto Alegre. Tendo em vista que tempo/espaço são categorias indissociáveis no campo das ciências humanas, a pesquisa aborda os momentos da constituição do sujeito em que a organização e estruturação dessas variáveis estão em causa. Privilegiando o conceito de espaço como efeito da posição do sujeito na linguagem, o texto desenvolve as relações entre percepção e representação presentes nas formações delirantes. A partir da experiência clínica, pretende discutir algumas importantes formulações teóricas no campo da psicanálise ao mesmo tempo em que compõe uma escrita de caso. Utiliza como elemento privilegiado nesse diálogo o livro de literatura “Noite do Oráculo”, do escritor americano Paul Auster, em função da estrutura presente na narrativa. As relações que o escritor estabelece entre leitor/escritor/personagem compõe um universo narrativo semelhante ao da transferência clínica na psicose. A partir desses elementos aborda o tema das diferenças entre ficção e delírio no que diz respeito às diferenças nas formações narrativas. / This dissertation addresses the issue of development of the concept of space in psychoanalysis taking as central the clinical case of a patient treated at a public mental health clinic in the city of Porto Alegre. Given that time/space are inseparable categories in the field of human sciences, the research addresses the moments of the development of the subject in which the organization and structuring of these variables are concerned. Emphasizing the concept of space as an effect of the position of the subject in language, the text develops the relationship between perception and representation present in delusional formations. From clinical experience, it intends to discuss some important theoretical formulations in the field of psychoanalysis while composing a case study. It uses the literary work of the American writer Paul Auster "Oracle Night" as a privileged element in this dialogue as a representation of the structure present in the narrative. The relationships established between reader/writer /character composes a narrative universe similar to the transfer in clinical psychosis. From these elements it addresses the issue of the differences between fiction and delusion with regard to the narrative configuration.

A presente dissertação aborda o tema da constituição da noção de espaço na psicanálise tomando como central um caso clínico de uma paciente atendida em um ambulatório de saúde mental na rede pública do município de Porto Alegre. Tendo em vista que tempo/espaço são categorias indissociáveis no campo das ciências humanas, a pesquisa aborda os momentos da constituição do sujeito em que a organização e estruturação dessas variáveis estão em causa. Privilegiando o conceito de espaço como efeito da posição do sujeito na linguagem, o texto desenvolve as relações entre percepção e representação presentes nas formações delirantes. A partir da experiência clínica, pretende discutir algumas importantes formulações teóricas no campo da psicanálise ao mesmo tempo em que compõe uma escrita de caso. Utiliza como elemento privilegiado nesse diálogo o livro de literatura “Noite do Oráculo”, do escritor americano Paul Auster, em função da estrutura presente na narrativa. As relações que o escritor estabelece entre leitor/escritor/personagem compõe um universo narrativo semelhante ao da transferência clínica na psicose. A partir desses elementos aborda o tema das diferenças entre ficção e delírio no que diz respeito às diferenças nas formações narrativas. / This dissertation addresses the issue of development of the concept of space in psychoanalysis taking as central the clinical case of a patient treated at a public mental health clinic in the city of Porto Alegre. Given that time/space are inseparable categories in the field of human sciences, the research addresses the moments of the development of the subject in which the organization and structuring of these variables are concerned. Emphasizing the concept of space as an effect of the position of the subject in language, the text develops the relationship between perception and representation present in delusional formations. From clinical experience, it intends to discuss some important theoretical formulations in the field of psychoanalysis while composing a case study. It uses the literary work of the American writer Paul Auster "Oracle Night" as a privileged element in this dialogue as a representation of the structure present in the narrative. The relationships established between reader/writer /character composes a narrative universe similar to the transfer in clinical psychosis. From these elements it addresses the issue of the differences between fiction and delusion with regard to the narrative configuration.

This thesis examines the historical interaction of the psychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan, the surrealist, Salvador Dali, and the English poet, David Gascoyne. It traces the discursive, and sometimes personal, relationship between these figures which led to a psychoanalytic-based conception of paranoia that impacted on both surrealism and the surrealist-inspired poetry and theory of David Gascoyne. Furthermore it seeks to identify the potential ramifications of this conception of paranoia, and the artistic practice it engendered, for literary, Marxist and psychoanalytic theory.

This abstract summarises the thesis entitled Defensive Avoidance in Paranoid Delusions: Experimental and Computational Approaches, submitted by Michael Moutoussis to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, in 2011.The possible aetiological role of defensive avoidance in paranoia was investigated in this work. First the psychological significance of the Conditioned Avoidance Response (CAR) was reappraised. The CAR activates normal threat-processing mechanisms that may be pathologically over-activated in the anticipation of threats in paranoia. This may apply both to external threats and also to threats to the self-esteem.A temporal-difference computational model of the CAR suggested that a dopamine-independent process may signal that a particular state has led to a worse-than-expected outcome. On the contrary, learning about actions is likely to involve dopamine in signalling both worse-than-expected and better-than-expected outcomes. The psychological mode of action of dopamine blocking drugs may involve dampening (1) the vigour of the avoidance response and (2) the prediction-error signals that drive action learning.Excessive anticipation of negative events might lead to inappropriately perceived high costs of delaying decisions. Efforts to avoid such costs might explain the Jumping-to-Conclusions (JTC) bias found in paranoid patients. Two decision-theoretical models were used to analyse data from the ‘beads-in-a-jar’ task. One model employed an ideal-observer Bayesian approach; a control model made decisions by weighing evidence against a fixed threshold of certainty. We found no support for our ‘high cost’ hypothesis. According to both models the JTC bias was better explained by higher levels of ‘cognitive noise’ (relative to motivation) in paranoid patients. This ‘noise’ appears to limit the ability of paranoid patients to be influenced by cognitively distant possibilities.It was further hypothesised that excessive avoidance of negative aspects of the self may fuel paranoia. This was investigated empirically. Important self-attributes were elicited in paranoid patients and controls. Conscious and non-conscious avoidance were assessed while negative thoughts about the self were presented. Both ‘deserved’ and ‘undeserved’ persecutory beliefs were associated with high avoidance/control strategies in general, but not with increased of avoidance of negative thoughts about the self. On the basis of the present studies the former is therefore considerably more likely than the latter to play an aetiological role in paranoia.This work has introduced novel computational methods, especially useful in the study of ‘hidden’ psychological variables. It supported and deepened some key hypotheses about paranoia and provided consistent evidence against other important aetiological hypotheses. These contributions have substantial implications for research and for some aspects of clinical practice.

Background: Social cognitive deficits are considered to be central to the interpersonal problems experienced by individuals with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome, but existing research evidence regarding mentalising ability and emotion recognition ability is difficult to interpret and inconclusive. Higher levels of mental health problems are experienced in Asperger Syndrome than in the general population, including depression, general anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Clinical accounts have described symptoms of psychosis in individuals with autism spectrum disorders, including Asperger syndrome, and a number of research studies have reported elevated levels of delusional beliefs in this population. Investigations of social cognition in psychosis have highlighted a number of impairments in abilities such as mentalising and emotion recognition, as well as data-gathering and attribution biases that may be related to delusional beliefs. Similarly, a number of factors, including theory of mind difficulties, self-consciousness and anxiety, have been associated with delusional beliefs in individuals with Asperger syndrome, but there is a lack of agreement in the existing research. A preliminary model of delusional beliefs in Asperger syndrome has previously been proposed, which needs to be tested further and potentially refined. The current study aimed to further investigate social cognitive mechanisms in individuals with Asperger syndrome and to explore potential links with the development of paranoia. Method: Participants with a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome were recruited through a number of voluntary organisations and completed screening measures, the Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, to ensure their suitability for the study. Participants in the control group were recruited through the university and local community resources and were matched group-wise with the Asperger syndrome group for age, sex and IQ scores. The study compared the Asperger syndrome group (N=30) with the control group (N= 30) with regard to their performance on four experimental tasks and their responses on a number of self-report questionnaires that were delivered as an online survey. The experimental tasks included two theory of mind measures, one designed to assess mental state decoding ability (The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test) and one designed to assess mental state reasoning ability (the Hinting Task). The recognition of emotions was evaluated through the Facial Expression Recognition Task. The Beads Task was administered to assess data-gathering style and specifically to test for Jumping to Conclusions biases. The self-report questionnaires were employed to measure levels of depression, general anxiety, social anxiety, self-consciousness and paranoid thoughts. Results: The Asperger syndrome group performed less well than the control group on tasks measuring mental state decoding ability, mental state reasoning ability and the recognition of emotion in facial expressions. Additionally, those with Asperger syndrome tended to make decisions on the basis of less evidence and half of the group demonstrated a Jumping to Conclusions bias. Higher levels of depression, general anxiety, social anxiety and paranoid thoughts were reported in the AS group and levels of depression and general anxiety were found to be associated with levels of paranoid thoughts. Discussion: The results are considered in relation to previous research and revisions are proposed for the existing model of delusional beliefs in Asperger syndrome. A critical analysis of the current study is presented, implications for clinical practice are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.

Psicólogo / El estudio busca, a partir de la consideración de un caso clínico, y desde una perspectiva psicoanalítica básicamente freudiana, abordar la problemática de las oscilaciones del ánimo y del sentimiento de sí, en sus múltiples relaciones con el problema del narcisismo. Para ello, y sobre la base de una revisión general de la nosografía de Freud, se identifica y delimita un terreno psicopatológico propio del narcisismo, dentro del cual se toman algunas entidades psicopatológicas y ámbitos del operar psíquico que resultan de especial interés para ensayar una comprensión del material. En un intento por dilucidar algo de los mecanismos psíquicos inconcientes a la base de las formaciones psicopatológicas y del operar general del paciente, se lleva a cabo un estudio de algunas categorías íntimamente ligadas al campo del narcisismo, interrogando al material desde el modelo que ofrecen la paranoia y el par melancolíamanía, así como considerando el lugar central que ocupa en estos procesos el superyó. A partir de todo lo anterior, se busca llevar a cabo una reflexión en torno al trabajo clínico, con especial énfasis en el modo de concebir la configuración psicopatológica de los casos que se presentan en dicho quehacer

study documents the occurrence of the intellectual hero in anime, focussing on the anime series of Monster (2004), Paranoia Agent (Kon 2004) and Umineko no Naku Koro ni (Kon 2009). The characters, Doctor Kenzo Tenma, Detective Keiichi Ikari and Battler Ushiromiya represent the concept of the intellectual hero in anime. Each intellectual hero in anime exists as an embodiment of literature pertaining to the hero and the anime hero. The intellectual hero in anime is derived from key aspects of Thomas Carlyle's (1796-1881) writings concerning heroes and hero-worship. Antonia Levi and Susan Napier contribute further aspects pertaining to the depiction of the intellectual hero in anime, by discussing the concept of the anime hero. As such, the intellectual hero in anime exists as a concept encompassing elements of both the traditionally perceived styled hero and anime hero. Carlyle's theories reveal the intellectual hero in anime's preference for intelligence, genius and order versus disorder; while exhibiting aspects of an inborn morality. Levi and Napier document the fallibility, sincerity, the complex divided self, moral ambiguity and turmoil of the anime hero. This combined definition communicates an intelligent and exceptional character experiencing failure during his encounter with the antagonist -- an agent of disorder. This study thus appropriates these concepts on the hero and anime hero to construct a concise and viable definition. Moreover, this study strives to identify and promote the existence of the intellectual hero. The intellectual hero in anime acts as a possible bridge between the traditionally perceived hero and anime hero. By identifying this concept, the study opts to prove the validity of the intellectual hero in anime, by means of a qualitative content analysis. Furthermore, a semiotic analysis documents the visual depiction of the intellectual hero in anime. As such, the aim of the study is to document the occurrence of the intellectual hero in anime by means of a qualitative content analysis and semiotics. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Visual Arts / MA / Unrestricted