The aim of this work is the analysis of outsourcing in the management and processing of accounting focus on cost reduction and optimization of results and evaluation accounting method leading to more efficient business. The issue of outsourcing bookkeeping and possibly payroll is evaluated in two different companies. First is analyzed the current situation of companies and subsequently made design changes to accounting, which is compared with the current situation. For a small growing business is handled the transition point to a different kind of accounting.

Os administradores da atualidade convivem, por um lado, com o aumento permanente das demanda dos cidadãos por serviços públicos e, por outro lado, com a carência de recursos e a resistência da população à elevação da base tributária. Tal dilema exige que, cada vez mais, os sistemas de controle interno sejam fortalecidos, com o objetivo de disponibilizar informações confiáveis que possibilitem o controle das operações e a melhora do processo de tomada de decisões. Assim, o presente estudo procurou investigar se o sistema de controle interno utilizado pelo Sistema de Pagamento de Pessoal da Marinha do Brasil atende às leis, regulamentos e demais normas vigentes na esfera federal e ao que prevê o referencial teórico e os estudos acadêmicos sobre o assunto. Por meio de um estudo de caso se perseguiu expor os conceitos de controle interno, apresentar processamento da folha de pessoal e analisar o controle interno adotado pelo sistema atual, bem como o processo de atualização do software responsável e seus controles. As fontes utilizadas foram bibliográfica, documental, observação direta e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram, também, identificados pontos a explorar e a gerenciar dentro de categorias de requisitos de software, de modo a mitigar os riscos e maximizar as oportunidades do negócio. Os resultados indicam que o processo de modernização, ainda não concluído, está convergindo para uma maior adequação do processamento da folha de pagamento de pessoal às melhores práticas existentes, de modo que seus controles atendam às normas vigentes e ao que prevê a área acadêmica sobre o assunto. A conclusão do presente estudo apontou que o referido sistema de controle interno atende às leis, regulamentos e demais normas vigentes na esfera federal e, parcialmente, ao que prevê o referencial teórico e os estudos acadêmicos sobre o assunto. / Nowadays administrators have on one hand, the increasing demand for public services and, on the other hand, few resources and public resistance to increasing tax base. This dilemma requires more and more powerful internal control systems in order to provide reliable information to improve operational control and decision making. Thus, this study has investigated if the internal control system used by People Payment System of the Brazilian Navy complies with laws, regulations and other federal rules, and is in agreement with theoretical arguments and academic studies on the subject. Through a case study the concepts of internal control, the activities of People Payment System and its internal control framework were exposed, as well as the respective process of upgraded software in use. The sources used were literature, documentation, direct observation and semi structured interviews. We have also identified points to explore and manage in agreement within requirements of software in order to mitigate risks and maximize business opportunities. These results suggest that the payment software upgrade, not yet concluded, will help to comply with laws and other federal rules and will lead to best practices of internal control. Study conclusion has indicated that the internal control system used by People Payment System of the Brazilian Navy complies with laws, regulations and other federal rules and partially agrees with theoretical arguments and academic studies on the subject.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa detém sua atenção nos sentidos sociais e culturais dos meios de pagamento. Para tal, investiga dois domínios: o universo publicitário construído pelas empresas de tecnologias de pagamento (Visa e MasterCard) e outro prático, vivido por jovens universitários. Correlacionar e comparar as estratégias discursivas de apresentação dos cartões de crédito e os usos práticos desta ferramenta financeira tornou-se o ponto central do estudo. Primeiro, são examinados os sentidos dos meios de pagamento (em especial o cartão de crédito) atribuídos pelos especialistas - profissionais de marketing, planejadores de comunicação, redatores e diretores de arte, responsáveis pela promoção das ferramentas financeiras. Em seguida, concentra-se nos usos práticos dos jovens universitários, nos sentidos conferidos por estes aos cartões de crédito que usam. Comparar este dois domínios possibilita verificar a dificuldade de se falar sobre o dinheiro, o cartão de débito ou o cartão de crédito. Os meios de pagamento devem ser entendidos no plural, suas definições e funções são distintas e variam conforme aqueles que os utilizam. / The research draws your attention towards the social and cultural meaning of means of payment. In order to do so, two different domains are studied: the domain of the advertising - produced by the payment technology companies - and the practical domain, which is lived by young college students. Comparing and matching the discursive strategies used for presenting credit cards with the ordinary uses of these financial tools has become the main study issue. The first part of the study regards the meanings of the means of payment (especially credit cards) made by professionals such as: marketing professionals, communication planners, composers, and art directs being them responsible for the release of these financial tools. The second studied issue focuses on the ordinary uses of the means of payment made by college students, especially the significance given to these financial tools by their users. When comparing these two worlds, the difficulties to talk about the money, the cash and credit card arise. The methods of payment must be referred to in plural, their definitions and roles are distinct and they vary according to those who use them.

Entre as alternativas para amenizar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, decorrentes das atividades humanas, está a criação de áreas protegidas de preservação ambiental, como a Reserva Legal. O problema de pesquisa analisa a sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica e social da exigência de averbação de Reserva Legal e sua influência nas propriedades rurais, tendo como objetivo geral analisar as mudanças em curso e se a percepção dos proprietários frente a essa exigência é positiva, negativa ou não interfere nas suas decisões baseadas na sustentabilidade. Os objetivos específicos são analisar em cada propriedade, a sustentabilidade ambiental, avaliando a situação das áreas de Reserva Legal e as Áreas de Preservação Permanente, as mudanças no desempenho econômico dos principais sistemas produtivos e a sustentabilidade social, considerando os indicadores sociais das propriedades. Também foi pesquisada a aplicabilidade e aceitação por parte dos proprietários do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais, além de identificar se o agricultor é favorável ou desfavorável à averbação de Reserva Legal e se a mesma foi realizada por livre e espontânea vontade ou para cumprir a lei. A metodologia do estudo foi qualitativa, consistindo em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de pesquisa de campo. As principais técnicas de coleta de dados foram observação e entrevista, visando traçar um perfil dos informantes, interpretando o significado das suas representações e percepções. A amostra é constituída de quinze propriedades rurais com área de Reserva Legal já averbada e implantada, em treze municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A grande maioria dos entrevistados foi favorável com percepção positiva em relação à Reserva Legal. Os principais critérios determinantes à tomada de decisão, baseada na sustentabilidade, em relação à Reserva Legal, foram a necessidade e o desejo de preservar a natureza, possibilidade de remuneração e a postura afirmativa em relação à obrigatoriedade da lei. Dos quinze entrevistados, treze afirmaram que a participação dos agricultores na formulação das leis ambientais foi pouco democrática. Para a maioria dos respondentes, a implantação da Reserva Legal não trouxe nenhuma modificação significativa na renda da família, não interferindo na economia da propriedade e no sistema produtivo, embora muitos manifestem preocupação com a viabilidade econômica das propriedades menores. De modo geral, a exigência de Reserva Legal mostrou-se sustentável na dimensão econômica. Quanto à dimensão ambiental, pode-se inferir que a Reserva Legal nessas propriedades é sustentável, pois a mata nativa já existente tornou-se mais protegida com a averbação, ou então o proprietário efetuou o plantio de árvores nativas onde não era mata. Em termos de sustentabilidade social, não houveram modificações relevantes nas relações familiares, comunitárias e sociais com a implantação da Reserva Legal, a qual não parece ter gerado problemas sociais na região em estudo e nem aos seus atores. Os entrevistados, de maneira geral, não são contrários à Reserva Legal, mas gostariam ter mais informações, e também mais participação. Enfatizam que cada situação deve ser analisada caso a caso, considerando que desta forma mais agricultores estariam dispostos a implantar a Reserva Legal, mediante o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais. / Among the alternatives to minimize negative environmental impacts caused by human activities, there is the creation of protected areas of environmental preservation, as kind of the Lawful Forest Reserve. The research‟s problem analyses the environmental, economic and social sustainability of the requirement of Lawful Forest Reserve endorsement on notary‟s office and its influence on the farms, with the general objective to analyze the current changes and if the farmers‟ perception of this requirement is positive, negative or doesn‟t have influence on their decisions based on sustainability. The specific objectives are to analyze in each farm, the environmental sustainability, evaluating the situation of Lawful Forest Reserve Areas and the Permanent Preservation Areas, the changes in the economic performance of the main productive systems and the social sustainability, concerning the farms‟ social indicators. Also was researched the applicability and acceptance of the farmers to the Payment for Environmental Services, beyond of identify if the farmer is favorable or disfavorable to the Lawful Forest Reserve endorsement on notary‟s office and if the same was performed by farmer‟s own free will or to comply with the law. The study‟s methodology was qualitative, consisting of documental and bibliographic research, beyond field research. The mainly data gathering techniques were the observation and interview, aiming to sketch a profile of the informers, interpreting the meaning of their representations and perception. The sample is formed by fifteen farms with Lawful Forest Reserve Areas already endorsed on notary‟s office and implemented, located in thirteen towns of Rio Grande do Sul state. The absolute majority of the interviewed people were favorable with positive perception regarding the Lawful Forest Reserve. The mainly criteria determinant to the decision making process, based on the sustainability, regarding Lawful Forest Reserve, were the need and the desire of nature preservation, compensation possibility, and the affirmative stance regarding the law‟s obligation. Thirteen of the fifteen interviewed people affirmed that the farmers‟ participation on the environmental laws formulation was few democratic. To the majority of the sample, the Lawful Forest Reserve implement did not bring any significant change on the family‟s income, did not interfering on the farm‟s economy and in the productive system, although many interviewed people express worry with the economic feasibility of the smaller farms. Generally, the requirement of Lawful Forest Reserve has showed to be sustainable in the economic dimension. About the environmental dimension, it can be inferred that Lawful Forest Reserve in these farms is sustainable, because the already existing native forest became more protected with the endorsement on notary‟s office, or then, the owner did the planting of native forest trees where wasn‟t forest. About social sustainability, there weren‟t relevant changes in the family, community and social relations with the Lawful Forest Reserve implement, which does not seem to have caused social problems in the studied region, neither to its actors. The interviewed people, generally, are not against of Lawful Forest Reserve, but would like to have more information about it, and also more participation. They emphasize that each situation must be analysed case by case, considering that of this way, more farmers would be willing to implement the Lawful Forest Reserve, through the Payment for Environmental Services.

abstract: This dissertation uncovers the negative aspects of aesthetics by examining when and how enhanced product and payment aesthetics can backfire and lead to unfavorable consumer responses. The first essay examines the downstream effects of nondurable product aesthetics on usage behavior and consumption enjoyment. Across a series of field and lab experiments, I document an inhibiting effect of aesthetics on consumption. I find that highly aesthetic products elicit greater inferences of effort in their creation, and that people have an intrinsic appreciation for such effort. Because the consumption process indirectly destroys the effort originally invested to make the product beautiful, people reduce consumption of such products because usage would involve destroying something they naturally appreciate. Further, I show that in cases where individuals do consume a beautiful product, they exhibit lower consumption enjoyment. These negative post-consumption outcomes are driven in parallel by concerns over having actually destroyed the effort that made the product beautiful as well as the decrements in beauty that become visible when aesthetic products are made less attractive through consumption. The second essay investigates how the aesthetics and design of a payment (e.g., beautiful gift card packaging) can influence the purchase experience. Three field and lab experiments reveal the negative impact of beautified payments on spending and purchase satisfaction, particularly in situations where usage involves compromising its aesthetic appeal. Specifically, when consumers must damage a payment’s appearance before using it (e.g., ripping gift card packaging), they are less likely to use that payment, and experience lower purchase satisfaction when they do, an effect driven by the pain of payment. In doing so, I identify aesthetics as a novel antecedent to the pain of payment that carries important consequences for spending behavior, purchase satisfaction, and the overall customer experience. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2018

Cryptocurrencies has become a very hot topic recently, with Bitcoin being the most popular. The increase in interest has led to an incentive to create payment systems for the currency that makes it easier to use for day-to-day shopping. A lot of companies are inves- tigating possible solutions for credit cards that are used for cryptocurrencies. This thesis aims to present and perform a security analysis on an already created concept of a credit card payment system for Bitcoin. The security analysis is done in a systematical approach where the modules were analyzed with predetermined restrictions and assumptions. The restricitons and assumptions are then removed one-by-one to find potential threats in the system. The outcome of the analysis is then evaluated in an attempt to find possible im- plementation methods that would mitigate or prevent the discovered threats. The possible implementations are also evaluated in terms of how they would affect the system.

The thesis begins by describing the current problems in the fragmented world of music copyrights indicating musicians are not being paid accurately due to lack of transparency in the calculation of royalties and this lead to legal battle. Later we investigate how blockchain technology can alleviate much of the difficulties associated with this complexity. We further explore the legislative and institutional support for the technology necessary for a successful implementation, in form of legislations and governmental projects. We find out that numerous authorities have started voting favourable legislations and recognizing the technology as a valid public ledger. Eventually, we confirm our findings by analysing existing laws.

Os administradores da atualidade convivem, por um lado, com o aumento permanente das demanda dos cidadãos por serviços públicos e, por outro lado, com a carência de recursos e a resistência da população à elevação da base tributária. Tal dilema exige que, cada vez mais, os sistemas de controle interno sejam fortalecidos, com o objetivo de disponibilizar informações confiáveis que possibilitem o controle das operações e a melhora do processo de tomada de decisões. Assim, o presente estudo procurou investigar se o sistema de controle interno utilizado pelo Sistema de Pagamento de Pessoal da Marinha do Brasil atende às leis, regulamentos e demais normas vigentes na esfera federal e ao que prevê o referencial teórico e os estudos acadêmicos sobre o assunto. Por meio de um estudo de caso se perseguiu expor os conceitos de controle interno, apresentar processamento da folha de pessoal e analisar o controle interno adotado pelo sistema atual, bem como o processo de atualização do software responsável e seus controles. As fontes utilizadas foram bibliográfica, documental, observação direta e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Foram, também, identificados pontos a explorar e a gerenciar dentro de categorias de requisitos de software, de modo a mitigar os riscos e maximizar as oportunidades do negócio. Os resultados indicam que o processo de modernização, ainda não concluído, está convergindo para uma maior adequação do processamento da folha de pagamento de pessoal às melhores práticas existentes, de modo que seus controles atendam às normas vigentes e ao que prevê a área acadêmica sobre o assunto. A conclusão do presente estudo apontou que o referido sistema de controle interno atende às leis, regulamentos e demais normas vigentes na esfera federal e, parcialmente, ao que prevê o referencial teórico e os estudos acadêmicos sobre o assunto. / Nowadays administrators have on one hand, the increasing demand for public services and, on the other hand, few resources and public resistance to increasing tax base. This dilemma requires more and more powerful internal control systems in order to provide reliable information to improve operational control and decision making. Thus, this study has investigated if the internal control system used by People Payment System of the Brazilian Navy complies with laws, regulations and other federal rules, and is in agreement with theoretical arguments and academic studies on the subject. Through a case study the concepts of internal control, the activities of People Payment System and its internal control framework were exposed, as well as the respective process of upgraded software in use. The sources used were literature, documentation, direct observation and semi structured interviews. We have also identified points to explore and manage in agreement within requirements of software in order to mitigate risks and maximize business opportunities. These results suggest that the payment software upgrade, not yet concluded, will help to comply with laws and other federal rules and will lead to best practices of internal control. Study conclusion has indicated that the internal control system used by People Payment System of the Brazilian Navy complies with laws, regulations and other federal rules and partially agrees with theoretical arguments and academic studies on the subject.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A pesquisa detém sua atenção nos sentidos sociais e culturais dos meios de pagamento. Para tal, investiga dois domínios: o universo publicitário construído pelas empresas de tecnologias de pagamento (Visa e MasterCard) e outro prático, vivido por jovens universitários. Correlacionar e comparar as estratégias discursivas de apresentação dos cartões de crédito e os usos práticos desta ferramenta financeira tornou-se o ponto central do estudo. Primeiro, são examinados os sentidos dos meios de pagamento (em especial o cartão de crédito) atribuídos pelos especialistas - profissionais de marketing, planejadores de comunicação, redatores e diretores de arte, responsáveis pela promoção das ferramentas financeiras. Em seguida, concentra-se nos usos práticos dos jovens universitários, nos sentidos conferidos por estes aos cartões de crédito que usam. Comparar este dois domínios possibilita verificar a dificuldade de se falar sobre o dinheiro, o cartão de débito ou o cartão de crédito. Os meios de pagamento devem ser entendidos no plural, suas definições e funções são distintas e variam conforme aqueles que os utilizam. / The research draws your attention towards the social and cultural meaning of means of payment. In order to do so, two different domains are studied: the domain of the advertising - produced by the payment technology companies - and the practical domain, which is lived by young college students. Comparing and matching the discursive strategies used for presenting credit cards with the ordinary uses of these financial tools has become the main study issue. The first part of the study regards the meanings of the means of payment (especially credit cards) made by professionals such as: marketing professionals, communication planners, composers, and art directs being them responsible for the release of these financial tools. The second studied issue focuses on the ordinary uses of the means of payment made by college students, especially the significance given to these financial tools by their users. When comparing these two worlds, the difficulties to talk about the money, the cash and credit card arise. The methods of payment must be referred to in plural, their definitions and roles are distinct and they vary according to those who use them.

A indústria de cartões de pagamento é definida pela literatura acadêmica como um mercado de dois lados. Um dos lados é o mercado de emissão, que realiza a comercialização de cartões para os portadores. O outro lado é o mercado de credenciamento, que efetua a afiliação de estabelecimentos comerciais para que estes aceitem pagamentos com cartões. O foco deste trabalho é o mercado de credenciamento no Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a concentração do mercado brasileiro de credenciamento no período entre 2010, quando houve o início da intervenção governamental na indústria de cartões, e 2016. Com a imposição do fim do monopólio no credenciamento das principais marcas mundiais, Visa e Mastercard, os órgãos reguladores buscavam estimular a entrada de novos concorrentes, a fim de obter uma melhor eficiência econômica e maior bem-estar social. Os resultados deste trabalho evidenciaram redução na concentração do mercado com a entrada de novos concorrentes, embora os índices permaneçam elevados. O trabalho buscou analisar, também, a variação das taxas cobradas dos estabelecimentos comerciais neste período. Neste aspecto, os resultados mostram que as taxas médias anunciadas pelas credenciadoras, cobradas normalmente de pequenos estabelecimentos, aumentaram para as transações de débito, ao contrário do que se esperava para um mercado com mais concorrentes, e se mantiveram estáveis para transações de crédito. As elevadas taxas de intercâmbio, a falta de interoperabilidade dos sistemas de captura das transações e a continuidade de contratos de exclusividade para aceitação de cartões entre emissores e credenciadores representaram dificuldades para que os objetivos dos órgãos reguladores fossem plenamente alcançados no período analisado. / The payment cards industry is a two-sided market, as defined by the academic literature. In one side there is the card issuing market that accomplishes the commercialization of cards for the cardholders. The other side is the acquiring market that makes the affiliation of merchants to accept payments with cards. The focus of this work is the acquiring market in Brazil. The objective of the study is to analyze the concentration of the Brazilian acquiring market in the period between 2010, when there was the beginning of the government intervention in the card industry, to 2016. With the mandate to end the acquiring monopoly of the main world brands, Visa and Mastercard, the regulatory agencies sought to stimulate the entrance of new competitors, in order to obtain a better economic efficiency and greater social welfare. The study results showed a reduction in market concentration with the entry of new competitors, although the concentration remains high. The work also aimed to analyze the variation of prices charged to merchants in this period. In this respect, the results show that the average rates announced by the acquirers, applied normally to small businesses, increased for debit transactions, contrary to what was expected for a market with more competitors and remained stable for credit transactions. The high interchange rates, the lack of interoperability of transaction capture systems and the continuation of exclusivity agreements for the acceptance of cards between issuers and acquirers represented difficul,ties for the objectives of the regulatory bodies to be fully achieved in the period under review.