The definition of Electronic commerce is the use of electronic transmission mediums to engage in the exchange, including buying and selling, of products and services requiring transportation, either physically or digitally, from location to location. Electronic commerce systems, including mobile e-commerce, are widely used since 1990. The number of world-wide Internet users tripled between 1993 and 1995 to 60 million, and by 2000 there were 250 million users. More than one hundred countries have Internet access. Electronic commerce, especial mobile e-commerce systems, allows their users to access a large set of traditional (for example, voice communications) and contemporary (for example, e-­shop) services without being tethered to one particular physical location. With the increasing use of electronic service systems for security sensitive application (for example, e-shop) that can be expected in the future, the provision of secure services becomes more important. The dynamic mobile environment is incompatible with static security services. Electronic service access across multiple service domains, and the traditional access mechanisms rely on cross-domain authentication using roaming agreements starting home location. Cross-domain authentication involves many complicated authentication activities when the roam path is long. This limits future electronic commerce applications. Normally, there are three participants in an electronic service. These are users, service providers, and services. Some services bind users and service providers as well as services such as flight services; other services do not bind any participants, for instance by using cash in shopping services, everyone can use cash to buy anything in shops. Hence, depending on which parts are bound, there are different kinds of electronic services. However, there is no scheme to provide a solution for all kinds of electronic services. Users have to change service systems if they want to apply different kind of electronic services on the Internet. From the consumer's point of view, users often prefer to have a total solution for all kinds of service problems, some degree of anonymity with no unnecessary cross authentications and a clear statement of account when shopping over the Internet. There are some suggested solutions for electronic service systems, but the solutions are neither total solution for all kinds of services nor have some degree of anonymity with a clear statement of account. In our work, we build a bridge between existing technologies and electronic service theory such as e-payment, security and so on. We aim to provide a foundation for the improvement of technology to aid electronic service application. As validation, several technologies for electronic service system design have been enhanced and improved in this project. To fix the problems mentioned above, we extend our idea to a ticket based access service system. The user in the above electronic service system has to pay when s/he obtains service. S/He can pay by traditional cash (physical cash), check, credit or electronic cash. The best way to pay money for goods or services on the Internet is using electronic cash. Consumers, when shopping over the Internet, often prefer to have a high level of anonymity with important things and a low level with general one. The ideal system needs to provide some degree of anonymity for consumers so that they cannot be traced by banks. There are a number of proposals for electronic cash systems. All of them are either too large to manage or lack flexibility in providing anonymity. Therefore, they are not suitable solutions for electronic payment in the future. We propose a secure, scalable anonymity and practical payment protocol for Internet purchases. The protocol uses electronic cash for payment transactions. In this new protocol, from the viewpoint of banks, consumers can improve anonymity if they are worried about disclosure of their identities. An agent, namely anonymity provider agent provides a higher anonymous certificate and improves the security of the consumers. The agent will certify re-encrypted data after verifying the validity of the content from consumers, but with no private information of the consumers required. With this new method, each consumer can get the required anonymity level. Electronic service systems involve various subsystems such as service systems, payment systems, and management systems. Users and service providers are widely distributed and use heterogeneous catalog systems. They are rapidly increasing in dynamic environments. The management of these service systems will be very complex. Whether systems are successful or not depends on the quality of their management. To simplify the management of e-commerce systems \cite{Sandhu97}, we discuss role based access control management. We define roles and permissions in the subsystems. For example, there are roles TELLER, AUDITOR, MANAGER and permissions teller (account operation), audit operation, managerial decision in a bank system. Permissions are assigned to roles such as permission teller is assigned to role TELLER. People (users) employed in the bank are granted roles to perform associated duties. However, there are conflicts between various roles as well as between various permissions. These conflicts may cause serious security problems with the bank system. For instance, if permissions teller and audit operation are assigned to a role, then a person with this role will have too much privilege to break the security of the bank system. Therefore, the organizing of relationships between users and roles, roles and permissions currently requires further development. Role based access control (RBAC) has been widely used in database management and operating systems. In 1993, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed prototype implementations, sponsored external research, and published formal RBAC models. Since then, many RBAC practical applications have been implemented, because RBAC has many advantages such as reducing administration cost and complexity. However, there are some problems which may arise in RBAC management. One is related to authorization granting process. For example, when a role is granted to a user, this role may conflict with other roles of the user or together with this role; the user may have or derive a high level of authority. Another is related to authorization revocation. For instance, when a role is revoked from a user, the user may still have the role. To solve these problems, we present an authorization granting algorithm, and weak revocation and strong revocation algorithms that are based on relational algebra. The algorithms check conflicts and therefore help allocate the roles and permissions without compromising the security in RBAC. We describe the applications of the new algorithms with an anonymity scalable payment scheme. In summary, this thesis has made the following major contributions in electronic service systems: 1. A ticket based global solution for electronic commerce systems; A ticket based solution is designed for different kinds of e-services. Tickets provide a flexible mechanism and users can check charges at anytime. 2. Untraceable electronic cash system; An untraceable e-cash system is developed, in which the bank involvement in the payment transaction between a user and a receiver is eliminated. Users remain anonymous, unless she/he spends a coin more than once. 3. A self-scalable anonymity electronic payment system; In this payment system, from the viewpoint of banks, consumers can improve anonymity if they are worried about disclosure of their identities. Each consumer can get the required anonymity level. 4. Using RBAC to manage electronic payment system; The basic structure of RBAC is reviewed. The challenge problems in the management of RBAC with electronic payment systems are analysed and how to use RBAC to manage electronic payment system is proposed. 5. The investigation of recovery algorithms for conflicting problems in user-role assignments and permission-role assignments. Formal authorization allocation algorithms for role-based access control have developed. The formal approaches are based on relational structure, and relational algebra and are used to check conflicting problems between roles and between permissions.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Leipzig, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

<p>One of the most frequent things we do as consumers is make purchase. We pay for a coffee or for food, we pay for necessities around the house, we even pay for one another, buying drinks or dinner for a friend every now and then. In today’s marketplace, the decision of whether to purchase is also coupled with the decision of how to make a purchase. Consumers have so many different methods to pay for their transactions. Can the way a consumer chooses to pay change the likelihood that s/he make a purchase? And then post-purchase, can the payment method used to pay for a purchase influence how connected individuals feel to that product, brand, or organization? Given that we sometimes pay for others (and vice versa), can the way we pay influence our interpersonal relationships?</p><p>In what follows, I argue that the way individuals pay, and specifically the pain associated with making a payment, can have a pervasive effect on their decision to make a purchase and how they feel post-transaction. Across three essays, I focus on how the pain of paying can influence the likelihood to purchase an item from a consideration set (Essay 1) and subsequently, how the pain of paying can influence post-transaction connection to a product, organization, or even to other people (Essay 2 and 3). Across field, laboratory, online, and archival methods, I find robust evidence that increasing the pain of paying may initially deter individuals from choosing. However, post-transaction, increasing the pain of payment may have an upside: individuals feel closer and more committed to a product that they purchased, organization that they donated to, and feel greater connection and rapport to who they spent their money on. However, I also demonstrate the boundary conditions of these findings. When individuals are spending money on something that is undesirable, such as paying for a competitor, increasing the pain of payment decreases interpersonal connection and rapport.</p> / Dissertation

With the evolution of technology and the Internet, the world is heading to a "cashless society". China has moved towards one solution -  mobile payment in the recent decade. In every corner of urban life, mobile payment has become a favorite way of conducting transactions for merchants and customers. This thesis aims to get a deep understanding of why mobile payment platform has become so widely used in China, and in particular to explore why merchants choose to adopt it. To investigate the issue, this study has formed a theoretical framework including the topics of mobile payment, platform and multi-sided market, network effects, lock-in effect, technology acceptance model, and other influential factors. Based on the framework, a qualitative study was conducted to examine merchants and mobile payment service providers in terms of adoption and diffusion. The findings show that several factors such as customer demands, cost, initial trust and benefits have significant influence on merchant’s adoption of mobile payment. The study implies the provider’s strategies of diffusion largely depend on the cooperation with merchants and having a massive customer base.

The importance of Smart Payment is becoming more and more significant with the non-cash society process and the development of FinTech. However, there is still a lack of adoption of Smart Payment service in Sweden compared with the emerging markets. This thesis presents a qualitative study on consumer’s adoption of Smart Payment in Sweden with an extended research model developed from diffusion of innovations (DOI) theory and technology acceptance model (TAM) and other findings from relating research areas. Six hypotheses were built to explain six factors of Smart Payment and the findings suggest that relative advantage, compatibility, ease of use and network externalities are the determining factors to affect the consumer’s adoption of Smart Payment in Sweden. This thesis also provides theoretical foundations for Smart Payment study and practical inspirations for the service suppliers.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explain and to create an understanding how incorporating an external actor to administer payment services has an effect on the value propositions offered to the consumer. Design/methodology/approach - The study adopts a qualitative approach, since the purpose is to explain and gain understanding about how incorporating an external actor to administer payment services has an effect on the value propositions offered to the consumer. The data has been collected through 13 interviews conducted with respondents from the consumer-, service provider- and payment intermediary segments. Findings - The results from the study illustrates that payment intermediaries do have an effect on the value propositions offered to consumers. However, since value is subjectively interpreted, the findings of this study indicate that incorporating a payment intermediary does not always result in a contribution of value. Furthermore, it is clear that it could influence consumer purchasing decision drastically in specific contexts. Research limitations - The study is conducted on Swedish e-commerce, which means generalizations between the countries cannot be made. Future research for other countries are needed for the findings to be applicable. Practical implications - Findings of this study indicate that incorporating a payment intermediary could influence consumer purchasing decision drastically, in a positive as well as in a negative manner, dependent on the context. Consumers prefer and expect to have a number of payment alternatives with the option to include or exclude an external actor if desired. Keywords - E-commerce, value proposition, value, payment intermediary, customer relationship management

Entre as alternativas para amenizar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, decorrentes das atividades humanas, está a criação de áreas protegidas de preservação ambiental, como a Reserva Legal. O problema de pesquisa analisa a sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica e social da exigência de averbação de Reserva Legal e sua influência nas propriedades rurais, tendo como objetivo geral analisar as mudanças em curso e se a percepção dos proprietários frente a essa exigência é positiva, negativa ou não interfere nas suas decisões baseadas na sustentabilidade. Os objetivos específicos são analisar em cada propriedade, a sustentabilidade ambiental, avaliando a situação das áreas de Reserva Legal e as Áreas de Preservação Permanente, as mudanças no desempenho econômico dos principais sistemas produtivos e a sustentabilidade social, considerando os indicadores sociais das propriedades. Também foi pesquisada a aplicabilidade e aceitação por parte dos proprietários do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais, além de identificar se o agricultor é favorável ou desfavorável à averbação de Reserva Legal e se a mesma foi realizada por livre e espontânea vontade ou para cumprir a lei. A metodologia do estudo foi qualitativa, consistindo em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de pesquisa de campo. As principais técnicas de coleta de dados foram observação e entrevista, visando traçar um perfil dos informantes, interpretando o significado das suas representações e percepções. A amostra é constituída de quinze propriedades rurais com área de Reserva Legal já averbada e implantada, em treze municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A grande maioria dos entrevistados foi favorável com percepção positiva em relação à Reserva Legal. Os principais critérios determinantes à tomada de decisão, baseada na sustentabilidade, em relação à Reserva Legal, foram a necessidade e o desejo de preservar a natureza, possibilidade de remuneração e a postura afirmativa em relação à obrigatoriedade da lei. Dos quinze entrevistados, treze afirmaram que a participação dos agricultores na formulação das leis ambientais foi pouco democrática. Para a maioria dos respondentes, a implantação da Reserva Legal não trouxe nenhuma modificação significativa na renda da família, não interferindo na economia da propriedade e no sistema produtivo, embora muitos manifestem preocupação com a viabilidade econômica das propriedades menores. De modo geral, a exigência de Reserva Legal mostrou-se sustentável na dimensão econômica. Quanto à dimensão ambiental, pode-se inferir que a Reserva Legal nessas propriedades é sustentável, pois a mata nativa já existente tornou-se mais protegida com a averbação, ou então o proprietário efetuou o plantio de árvores nativas onde não era mata. Em termos de sustentabilidade social, não houveram modificações relevantes nas relações familiares, comunitárias e sociais com a implantação da Reserva Legal, a qual não parece ter gerado problemas sociais na região em estudo e nem aos seus atores. Os entrevistados, de maneira geral, não são contrários à Reserva Legal, mas gostariam ter mais informações, e também mais participação. Enfatizam que cada situação deve ser analisada caso a caso, considerando que desta forma mais agricultores estariam dispostos a implantar a Reserva Legal, mediante o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais. / Among the alternatives to minimize negative environmental impacts caused by human activities, there is the creation of protected areas of environmental preservation, as kind of the Lawful Forest Reserve. The research‟s problem analyses the environmental, economic and social sustainability of the requirement of Lawful Forest Reserve endorsement on notary‟s office and its influence on the farms, with the general objective to analyze the current changes and if the farmers‟ perception of this requirement is positive, negative or doesn‟t have influence on their decisions based on sustainability. The specific objectives are to analyze in each farm, the environmental sustainability, evaluating the situation of Lawful Forest Reserve Areas and the Permanent Preservation Areas, the changes in the economic performance of the main productive systems and the social sustainability, concerning the farms‟ social indicators. Also was researched the applicability and acceptance of the farmers to the Payment for Environmental Services, beyond of identify if the farmer is favorable or disfavorable to the Lawful Forest Reserve endorsement on notary‟s office and if the same was performed by farmer‟s own free will or to comply with the law. The study‟s methodology was qualitative, consisting of documental and bibliographic research, beyond field research. The mainly data gathering techniques were the observation and interview, aiming to sketch a profile of the informers, interpreting the meaning of their representations and perception. The sample is formed by fifteen farms with Lawful Forest Reserve Areas already endorsed on notary‟s office and implemented, located in thirteen towns of Rio Grande do Sul state. The absolute majority of the interviewed people were favorable with positive perception regarding the Lawful Forest Reserve. The mainly criteria determinant to the decision making process, based on the sustainability, regarding Lawful Forest Reserve, were the need and the desire of nature preservation, compensation possibility, and the affirmative stance regarding the law‟s obligation. Thirteen of the fifteen interviewed people affirmed that the farmers‟ participation on the environmental laws formulation was few democratic. To the majority of the sample, the Lawful Forest Reserve implement did not bring any significant change on the family‟s income, did not interfering on the farm‟s economy and in the productive system, although many interviewed people express worry with the economic feasibility of the smaller farms. Generally, the requirement of Lawful Forest Reserve has showed to be sustainable in the economic dimension. About the environmental dimension, it can be inferred that Lawful Forest Reserve in these farms is sustainable, because the already existing native forest became more protected with the endorsement on notary‟s office, or then, the owner did the planting of native forest trees where wasn‟t forest. About social sustainability, there weren‟t relevant changes in the family, community and social relations with the Lawful Forest Reserve implement, which does not seem to have caused social problems in the studied region, neither to its actors. The interviewed people, generally, are not against of Lawful Forest Reserve, but would like to have more information about it, and also more participation. They emphasize that each situation must be analysed case by case, considering that of this way, more farmers would be willing to implement the Lawful Forest Reserve, through the Payment for Environmental Services.

Submitted by Suzanne Cordeau-Andrews (suzanne.cordeauandrews@sciencespo.fr) on 2016-03-18T02:19:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Suzanne_Cordeau_Andrews_MPGI_2016.pdf: 1231657 bytes, checksum: 03d2896e8d3b0c81f9aa338f011a17ad (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Suzanne, The ficha catalográfica is missing, it's the first step. Also the title of your thesis is different from the oficial document from your examinig board, it should be the same. If the examinig board change it, please let me know so I can talk with Professor Servio, about it. If not, it should be the same from the examining board. Best. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-03-21T13:47:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by Suzanne Cordeau-Andrews (suzanne.cordeauandrews@sciencespo.fr) on 2016-04-01T12:58:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_Suzanne_Cordeau_Andrews_MPGI_2016.pdf: 1231657 bytes, checksum: 03d2896e8d3b0c81f9aa338f011a17ad (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Suzanne, Ainda falta a ficha catalográfica, você de colocar no trabalho na pagina 3, por favor solicite a ficha catalográfica é o 1 step do e-mail que eu enviei ou se já tiver a ficha catalográfica coloque no trabalho. O ano no fim da pagina na 1, 2 e 4 paginas deve ser o ano de 2016 e não 2015. Cordialmente. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-04-01T14:04:44Z (GMT) / Submitted by Suzanne Cordeau-Andrews (suzanne.cordeauandrews@sciencespo.fr) on 2016-04-01T15:06:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_MPGI_Suzanne.pdf: 1231520 bytes, checksum: c24fd224b578c69af49175c32a8278d2 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br), reason: Dear Suzanne, The ficha catalográfica is still missing. Did you do the 1 step that a send in the email? The library will send to you the information, so you can put in the thesis (ficha catalográfica) In the 3 page that's the ficha catalográfica, you put the information that the library send to you, in that box. Without it I can't approve your post. Best. Ana Luiza Holme 37993492 on 2016-04-01T16:53:07Z (GMT) / Submitted by Suzanne Cordeau-Andrews (suzanne.cordeauandrews@sciencespo.fr) on 2016-04-01T17:17:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 1228887 bytes, checksum: b6f324b0d4b0247ca88ffe0ae78ff256 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-04-01T17:33:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 1228887 bytes, checksum: b6f324b0d4b0247ca88ffe0ae78ff256 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T17:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 1228887 bytes, checksum: b6f324b0d4b0247ca88ffe0ae78ff256 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / This research analyzes and compares the attractiveness of the Brazilian and Mexican credit card markets from a financial firm’s perspective. The market dynamics in Latin America’s two economic powerhouses are fleshed out with qualitative and quantitative data, using a strategic framework to structure the analysis. Since its adoption by both countries in 1956, credit card usage has experienced many years of double digit growth. However, penetration levels remain low compared with most developed countries. Brazil has a more developed credit card infrastructure, with more potential profit, and issuers might face fewer competitive challenges.  Alternatively, Mexico, is witnessing a more favorable economy, a friendlier business and regulatory environment, combined with fewer financial products that compete with the credit card. Therefore, this paper concludes that Brazil and Mexico both offer market opportunities for credit card companies that can navigate the different technological, demographic, macroeconomic, and regulatory shifts in each country. / A complexa indústria do cartão de crédito é composta por vários agentes que são impactados imensamente pelas mudanças: tecnológicas, demográficas, macroeconômicas e regulatórias. Ademais, é um dos poucos setores que não parou de crescer desde que foi criado e as projeções apontam para um contínuo desenvolvimento acelerado. Apesar desta indústria ter crescido rapidamente desde a sua entrada no México e no Brasil, em 1956, a sua taxa de penetração permanece baixa quando comparada aos países desenvolvidos. Esta dissertação analisa e compara os atrativos destes dois mercados latino- americanos do ponto de vista de uma empresa que atua no segmento. As dinâmicas destes dois mercados são apresentadas graças a uma pesquisa baseada em dados quantitativos e qualitativos e uma estrutura de analise estratégica. O principal objetivo desta tese é de mostrar oportunidades para uma empresa querendo expandir geograficamente sua operação de cartão de credito no mercado brasileiro ou mexicano. A conclusão desta dissertação é que ambos países possuem vantagens. O Brasil tem uma infraestrutura de cartão de crédito mais desenvolvida e o mercado parece ser mais lucrativo e com menos barreiras competitivas que no México. Por outro lado, o México tem indicadores econômicos mais promissores que os do Brasil. E o país também oferece um ambiente mais favorável para fazer negócios, o cenário regulatório é melhor e existem menos alternativas de crédito

A indústria de cartões de pagamento é definida pela literatura acadêmica como um mercado de dois lados. Um dos lados é o mercado de emissão, que realiza a comercialização de cartões para os portadores. O outro lado é o mercado de credenciamento, que efetua a afiliação de estabelecimentos comerciais para que estes aceitem pagamentos com cartões. O foco deste trabalho é o mercado de credenciamento no Brasil. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a concentração do mercado brasileiro de credenciamento no período entre 2010, quando houve o início da intervenção governamental na indústria de cartões, e 2016. Com a imposição do fim do monopólio no credenciamento das principais marcas mundiais, Visa e Mastercard, os órgãos reguladores buscavam estimular a entrada de novos concorrentes, a fim de obter uma melhor eficiência econômica e maior bem-estar social. Os resultados deste trabalho evidenciaram redução na concentração do mercado com a entrada de novos concorrentes, embora os índices permaneçam elevados. O trabalho buscou analisar, também, a variação das taxas cobradas dos estabelecimentos comerciais neste período. Neste aspecto, os resultados mostram que as taxas médias anunciadas pelas credenciadoras, cobradas normalmente de pequenos estabelecimentos, aumentaram para as transações de débito, ao contrário do que se esperava para um mercado com mais concorrentes, e se mantiveram estáveis para transações de crédito. As elevadas taxas de intercâmbio, a falta de interoperabilidade dos sistemas de captura das transações e a continuidade de contratos de exclusividade para aceitação de cartões entre emissores e credenciadores representaram dificuldades para que os objetivos dos órgãos reguladores fossem plenamente alcançados no período analisado. / The payment cards industry is a two-sided market, as defined by the academic literature. In one side there is the card issuing market that accomplishes the commercialization of cards for the cardholders. The other side is the acquiring market that makes the affiliation of merchants to accept payments with cards. The focus of this work is the acquiring market in Brazil. The objective of the study is to analyze the concentration of the Brazilian acquiring market in the period between 2010, when there was the beginning of the government intervention in the card industry, to 2016. With the mandate to end the acquiring monopoly of the main world brands, Visa and Mastercard, the regulatory agencies sought to stimulate the entrance of new competitors, in order to obtain a better economic efficiency and greater social welfare. The study results showed a reduction in market concentration with the entry of new competitors, although the concentration remains high. The work also aimed to analyze the variation of prices charged to merchants in this period. In this respect, the results show that the average rates announced by the acquirers, applied normally to small businesses, increased for debit transactions, contrary to what was expected for a market with more competitors and remained stable for credit transactions. The high interchange rates, the lack of interoperability of transaction capture systems and the continuation of exclusivity agreements for the acceptance of cards between issuers and acquirers represented difficul,ties for the objectives of the regulatory bodies to be fully achieved in the period under review.