Mathematics has got roots in Finland in the last quarter of the 19th century and came to flourish in the first quarter of the next century. In the first quarter of the 20th century, mathematicians were involved in teaching mathematics at schools and writing school textbooks. This involvement decreased and came to an end by the launching of the ‘New Math’ project. Mathematics education for elite was of positive affect to higher education, and this has changed by the spread of education, the decrease of mathematics teaching hours at schools and the changes in school mathematical curricula. The impact of curriculum changes is evident in Finnish students’ performance in the IEA comparative studies, PISA and IMO.

Orientadora: Profª. Drª.Rosa Maria Dalla Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Parana, Setor de Artes, Comunicação e Design, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação. Defesa: Curitiba, 31/03/2016 / Inclui referências : f. 123-130 / Área de concentração: Comunicação e sociedade / Linha de pesquisa: Comunicação e formações socioculturais / Resumo: A ideia central para realização deste trabalho é a análise da produção de um jornal comunitário na ocupação Nova Primavera, em Curitiba. A ocupação, em questão, faz parte do Movimento Popular por Moradia (MPM) e há três anos está localizada em um terreno público abandonado no bairro Cidade Industrial, em Curitiba - Paraná. Questiona-se de que forma que a prática comunicacional, no âmbito comunitário, pode ser um vetor no fortalecimento da cidadania. Dessa forma, a comunicação comunitária poderia incitar a formação crítica do indivíduo, já que se apresenta como um canal que proporciona a discussão e participação da população. Esse comprometimento proporciona ao indivíduo interação direta com o seu meio, levantando possíveis problemas e propondo soluções, o transformando em um cidadão ativo. Antes de iniciar a etapa empírica, o trabalho teórico contou com explanações e problematizações teóricas sobre os principais conceitos acerca do tema, que são: movimentos sociais, comunicação comunitária, cidadania, educação popular e mídia-educação. O embasamento teórico, foi necessário para apresentar os meios de comunicação como instrumento e ferramenta no processo de fortalecimento da cidadania. Dentro desse contexto, a comunicação passa a servir aos interesses da comunidade, resultando em um processo horizontal, que aborda e busca soluções para os interesses locais, transformando o membro da comunidade em agente ativo e disseminador de informação. Para a realização da pesquisa aplicada, foram ministradas dinâmicas em grupos no âmbito da mídia-educação e educação popular, que abordaram assuntos como identidade, cidadania e leitura crítica da mídia. Foram ministradas, também, encontros destinadas à produção do jornal, trazendo os conceitos de comunicação comunitária à tona. Esse processo resultou na elaboração do jornal impresso Pisa Ligeiro, que foi composto com matérias que apresentou a história de luta dos moradores da ocupação e informes sobre o Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida Entidades. Palavras-chaves: Comunicação Comunitária. Mídia-educação. Movimentos Sociais. / Abstract: The central idea for this work is the analysis of the production of a community newspaper occupation New Spring in Curitiba. The occupation in question is part of the Popular Movement for Housing (MPM) and three years ago is located on public land abandoned in the Industrial City neighborhood, in Curitiba - Paraná. Questions that form the communicational practice at the community level, can be a vector in strengthening citizenship. Thus, community communication could incite the critical formation of the individual, as it is presented as a channel that provides discussion and participation. This commitment is the individual able to directly interact with their environment, raising potential problems and proposing solutions, transforming it into an active citizen. Before starting the empirical stage, the theoretical work was theoretical explanations and problematizations of the key concepts on the subject, which are: social movements, community communication, citizenship, popular education and media education. The theoretical basis, it was necessary to present the media as a tool and tool in the strengthening of citizenship. In this context, the communication begins to serve the interests of the community, resulting in a horizontal process that addresses and seeks solutions to local interests, transforming the community member in active agent and disseminator of information. For the realization of applied research, they were given dynamics in groups within the media education and popular education, which addressed issues such as identity, citizenship and critical media. They were held also meetings intended for newspaper production, bringing the concepts of community communication up. This process resulted in the preparation of the printed newspaper Pisa Light, which was made with materials that presented the history of struggle of the residents of the occupation and reports on the program My Home My Life Entities Key-Words: Community Communication. Media education. Social Movements.

This is a small-scale study that looks at how important upper secondary students andteachers in a mid-size Swedish community consider intercultural communicativecompetences to be and how frequently they work with developing these competences.Previous research on the work with intercultural communicative competence suggestteachers are largely unaware of theories in this area, but these studies were conducted atleast ten years ago. Current models for working with intercultural communicativecompetences are discussed and questionnaires for students and teachers were developedto investigate attitudes towards and experiences of working with interculturalcompetences. The results of the questionnaires indicate that there is still little awarenessof current models and that practical communicative exercises are rare. As this study issmall scale and can only provide possible indications of the extent to witch interculturalcommunicative competence is dealt with in the classroom, the paper concludes thatfurther and more extensive studies are needed.Keywords

Šulcová, Darina. Knowledge Economy as the Factor of Firm Economic Performance. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2018. The main aim of this diploma thesis is to find out if there is any relation between the Knowledge Economy and Economic Performance. Member states of the European Union are compared within each other in accessing the Knowledge Economy not only according to composite indicators, but also according to sub-indicators of the Knowledge Economy. This thesis focuses on the situation of the Czech Republic and how it accesses sub-indicators of the Knowledge Economy. Member states are then compared also according to their national, high-tech industry and firm Economic Performance. The analysis of the relation between the composite indicators or sub-indicators of the Knowledge Economy and national, high-tech industry or firm economic performance is the key part of this thesis. In the end, there is a summary of main findings and some recommendations are made for the Czech Republic to improve its Knowledge Economy situation.

Mathematics has got roots in Finland in the last quarter of the 19th century and came to flourish in the first quarter of the next century. In the first quarter of the 20th century, mathematicians were involved in teaching mathematics at schools and writing school textbooks. This involvement decreased and came to an end by the launching of the ‘New Math’ project. Mathematics education for elite was of positive affect to higher education, and this has changed by the spread of education, the decrease of mathematics teaching hours at schools and the changes in school mathematical curricula. The impact of curriculum changes is evident in Finnish students’ performance in the IEA comparative studies, PISA and IMO.

Följande arbete presenterar en hermeneutisk studie mellan det svenska och det finska skolsystemet. Till studiens hjälp har vi använt oss av ramfaktorteorin av Urban Dahllöf. Vi har fokuserat på vilka yttre faktorer som påverkar lärarrollen i de båda länderna samt vad som gör att Finland rapporterar högre elevresultat än Sverige. De viktigaste resultaten vi kommit fram till är följande: resurser är en viktig del för att utbildningssystemet skall kunna organiseras, dock innebär inte mer resurser ett högre resultat utan nyckel finns i hur resurserna fördelas. Ideologisk styrning av utbildningssystemet kan påverka skolan negativt och en politisk samsyn som grundar sig på beprövad forskning är en viktig faktor till framgång. Lärare och pedagoger är skolans främsta resurser och professionen behöver få ett ökat förtroendekapital samt inflytande för att skolan skall nå önskade resultat.

Ce travail est une étude du processus de production de connaissances réalisée avec le Programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) tel que l'effectue la Direction de l'Éducation de l'OCDE. On trouve, au centre de ce travail, les mécanismes et stratégies de l'objectivation de l'enquête PISA et de la légitimation de l'OCDE dans le rôle de coordinateur et producteur de connaissances mais aussi, les pratiques et stratégies de traitement, analyse, interprétation et communication des données de la Direction de l'Éducation. Acteur autonome, la Direction de l'Éducation de l'OCDE qui dirige, interprète et diffuse les résultats PISA de manière spécifique n'a guerre fait l'objet de recherches scientifiques. Cependant, de par sa portée globale, le taux élevé de produits PISA et leur usage répandu dans les sciences, la politique et les médias, l'OCDE est un acteur important qui influence l'interprétation et l'usage des données et des résultats PISA. Par l'examen de l'action et de l'argumentation de la Direction de l'Éducation avec PISA, ce travail veut contribuer à expliquer l'influence globale de l'OCDE sur les politiques en éducation internationales. Ce travail se fonde sur une approche ethnographique. Il se base sur les connaissances et expériences que la chercheuse a obtenu par une participation observante dans la Direction de l'Éducation de l'OCDE ainsi que sur les connaissances obtenues avec des entretiens d'experts du personnel de la Direction de l'Éducation. En outre, avec l'analyse de documents des publications PISA, les spécificités du processus de production de connaissances de l'OCDE sont étudiées. Les résultats de ce travail montrent une production de connaissances croissante, à partir des données PISA, au Secrétariat de l'OCDE entre 2001 et 2014, qui s'accompagne d'un nombre croissant de publications et de matériaux, des nouvelles formes d'analyse de données ainsi qu'une communication des résultats en direction d'un public croissant, afin d'augmenter l'influence politique, pratique et sociale de l'enquête et de ses résultats. L'exigence de la Direction de l'Éducation d'augmenter son attractivité auprès des politiques, des pratiques éducatives et de la société au sens large, est en partie en contradiction avec l'exigence d'une rigueur scientifique des résultats et conclusions de l'enquête PISA. En resumé, les résultats de ce travail plaident pour une politisation croissante de la production des connaissances avec PISA dans la Direction de l'Éducation depuis la première publication des résultats en 2001. / This study examines the process of knowledge production through the OECD Directorate for Education's Programme of International Student Assessment. The focus is on the mechanisms and strategies of objectivisation of the study and legitimatisation of the OECD as co-ordinator and knowledge producer with PISA, as well as the practices and strategies of data treatment, analysis, interpretation and communication in the OECD Directorate for Education. The OECD Directorate for Education, as an independent actor with a specific thematic orientation, interpretation and diffusion of PISA results has hardly been the focus of scholarly research. Yet, due to its global outreach, its high output rate of PISA products and the widespread use of its products in science, politics and media, the OECD is an important actor in shaping the interpretation and use of PISA data and results. By studying the acting and reasoning of the OECD Directorate for Education with PISA, this study intends to make a contribution to the understanding of the global influence of the OECD in international education policies. This study uses an ethnographic approach. It draws on knowledge and experiences which the researcher has gained through “observing participation” (Soulé, 2007) in the OECD Directorate for Education as well as on knowledge obtained from expert interviews with OECD staff members. Features of the knowledge production of the OECD were also studied by doing document analysis of PISA publications. The findings of this study show an increasing knowledge production with PISA data in the OECD Secretariat between 2001 and 2014, visible in the growing number of publications and materials, but also in new forms of data analysis as well as in public oriented data communication with the aim of raising the relevance of the study and its results in politics, educational practice and society. The pretension of the OECD Directorate for Education to achieve the highest possible attention from society, media and politics is partly in contradiction with the claim for scientific rigour of the results and inferences. Overall, the findings of this thesis suggest a growing politicisation of the knowledge production with PISA in the OECD's Directorate for Education since the publication of first PISA results in 2001. / Die Forschungsarbeit untersucht den Prozess der Erkenntnisproduktion mit dem Programme of International Student Assessment (PISA), der sich innerhalb des OECD-Bildungsdirektorat vollzieht. Im Zentrum stehen Mechanismen und Strategien zur Objektivierung der Studie und zur Legitimierung der OECD als Koordinator von und Wissensproduzent mit PISA, sowie Praktiken und Strategien der Datenaufbereitung, -analyse, -interpretation und -kommunikation im OECD-Bildungsdirektorat. Das OECD-Bildungsdirektorat als eigenständig handelnder Akteur mit einer spezifischen inhaltlichen Ausrichtung, Interpretation und Verbreitung von PISA-Ergebnissen stand bisher kaum im Fokus der Forschung. Dabei ist die OECD aufgrund ihrer globalen Reichweite, ihrer hohen Output Rate an PISA Produkten und der weit verbreiteten Nutzung ihrer Produkte in Wissenschaft, Politik und Medien ein bedeutender Akteur, der die Öffentlichkeit hinsichtlich der Deutung und Nutzung von PISA-Daten und Erkenntnissen prägt. Durch die Untersuchung des Handelns und Räsonierens des OECD-Bildungsdirektorat mit PISA möchte diese Arbeit einen Beitrag dazu leisten, den weltweiten Einfluss der OECD auf die internationale Bildungspolitik zu erklären. Der Arbeit liegt ein ethnographischer Ansatz zu Grunde. Sie stützt sich auf Kenntnisse und Erfahrungen, die von der Forscherin im Rahmen einer beobachtenden Teilnahme im OECD-Bildungsdirektorat erworben wurden sowie auf Wissen, das mittels Experteninterviews mit Angestellten des OECD-Bildungsdirektorats gewonnen wurde. Zudem wurden mittels Dokumentenanalyse anhand von PISA-Publikationen Besonderheiten in der Erkenntnisproduktion der OECD untersucht. Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen eine wachsende Erkenntnisproduktion mit PISA-Daten im OECD Sekretariat im Zeitraum von 2001 bis 2014, sichtbar in einer zunehmenden Anzahl an Publikationen und Materialien, neuer Arten von Datenanalyse sowie einer zunehmend öffentlichkeitswirksamen Datenkommunikation um den politischen, bildungspraktischen und gesellschaftlichen Einfluss der Studie und ihrer Ergebnisse auszubauen. Der Anspruch des OECD-Bildungsdirektorats mit PISA möglichst hohe gesellschaftliche, mediale und politische Aufmerksamkeit auf sich zu ziehen steht zum Teil im Widerspruch mit dem Anspruch an die wissenschaftliche Güte der Ergebnisse und ihren Schlussfolgerungen. Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse für eine zunehmende Politisierung der Erkenntnisproduktion mit PISA im OECD-Bildungsdirektorat seit Veröffentlichung der ersten Ergebnisse im Jahr 2001.

The dissertation deals with the development of reading comprehension through reading strategies at elementary school. The theoretical part introduces the basic RWCT methods and other activation methods to use in Czech language and literature lessons. Another topic is the result of the Czech pupils in the international researches PISA and PIRLS. The research part deals with teachers' attitude to the reading strategies, their development and their attitude to using them in the school practice. The practical part is a set of worksheets for pupils that include reading strategies and therefore support the development of reading comprehension.

The number of Web traffic flows dominates Internet traffic today and most Web interactions are short-lived HTTP connections handled by TCP. Most core Internet routers use Drop Tail queuing which produces bursts of packet drops that contribute to unfair service. This thesis introduces two new active queue management (AQM) algorithms, PISA (PI with Short-lived flows Adjustment) and PIMC (PI with Minimum Cwnd). These AQMs are built on top of the PI (Proportional Integrator). To evaluate the performance of PISA and PIMC, a new simple model of HTTP traffic was developed for the NS-2 simulation. TCP sources inform PISA and PIMC routers of their congestion window by embedding a source hint in the packet header. Using the congestion window, PISA drops packets from short-lived Web flows less than packets from long-lived flows. Using a congestion window, PIMC does not drop a packet when congestion window is below a fixed threshold. This study provides a series of NS-2 experiments to investigate the behavior of PISA and PIMC. The results show fewer drops for both PISA and PIMC that avoids timeouts and increases the rate at which Web objects are sent. PISA and PIMC improve the performance of HTTP flows significantly over PI. PISA performs slightly better than PIMC.

The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of school and student related factors on scientific literacy skills of Turkish students in the Programme for International Student Assessment &amp / #8211 / PISA 2006. 4942, 15 year-old Turkish students from 10 primary schools, 88 general high schools and 66 vocational high schools participated in this assessment. Among the student factors considered were gender, student background, motivational factors, science self belief, value belief regarding science, science-related careers, science teaching and learning, scientific literacy and the environment. Some of the school factors discussed were proportions of girls at school, school size, school academic selectivity, teacher-student ratio, school activities for learning environmental topics and learning of science, quality of educational resources, teacher shortage (negative scale), general high school &amp / #8211 / vocational high school and average class size. The responses of Turkish students and principals from the database of the PISA assessment were used in Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The result of the study showed that the impact of school and student related factors on scientific literacy skills of the Turkish students varied from school to school. It was observed that the PISA index of economic social and cultural status, general value of science and science self-efficacy impacted on every aspects of the scientific literacy. In addition, it is evident that the general high school students were more successful than the vocational high school students after adjusting for selected student and school characteristics.