Essa dissertação tem como objetivo discutir a sintaticização e a semanticização da partícula de negação rem, a partir de uma Abordagem Multissistêmica, que vem sendo desenvolvida por Ataliba Teixeira de Castilho --mormente em CASTILHO (2010) --uma de suas últimas versões sobre o assunto. O tema proposto será pesquisado utilizando-se exemplos do Corpus do Português1, de Davies e Ferreira, que traz uma boa representatividade da língua portuguesa -45 milhões de palavras, com textos de tipologia variada do português europeu e também brasileiro, abrangendo o período do século XIII ao XX. Essa pesquisa pretende ser uma contribuição ao estudo da negação no Português, haja vista a falta de estudos mais detalhados sobre esse tema em específico. Mostraremos também a vitalidade dessa estrutura desde o latim até o português, dando conta de seu percurso sintático. / The aim of this dissertation is to discuss the syntacticization and semantization of the Latin particle rem from the Multissistemic Approach (\"Abordagem Multissistêmica\"), which has been developed by Ataliba Teixeira de Castilho. In CASTILHO (2010), we can find one of his latest updates about this theory. The proposed discussion will use examples from Davies and Ferreira\'s Corpus do Português[1], which represents very properly the Portuguese Language with 45,000,000 words, including texts of several typologies of European and Brazilian Portuguese from century 13th to century 20th . The present research might contribute to further studies on Portuguese negation, once there is a lack of detailed studies concerning this specific subject. We also intend to show the vitality of this structure from Latin to Portuguese, handling its syntactic development.

Para a poeta portuguesa Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, o espaço existencial do homem tornou-se um centro gerador da escritura, um fundamento para a criação poética. A espacialidade criada pela linguagem serve como um ponto catalisador, base pela qual a poeta explicita um fecundo mergulho no mundo, em que seres e coisas são captados por um vislumbre lírico de êxtase e paixão. Com efeito, o real, em sua aparição epifânica, ganha uma aura de encantamento, pela qual a voz lírica se conjuga no mundo, formando um verdadeiro tecido inconsútil. Assim, dessa intensa relação com os espaços, nasce uma aguda consciência dos limites humanos e de nossa condição histórica. Diante de um mundo em ruínas, a poeta irá empreender um canto de resistência, denunciando, principalmente nas cidades reificadas, a crescente desumanização do homem. Tanto a espacialidade é fundamental na obra de Sophia, que podemos dizer que sua escrita é uma topoiesis ou topoética. Dessa forma, para a escritora portuguesa, o ser do homem traduz-se, liricamente, pelo estar no mundo. / For the Portuguese poet Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, the existential space of the man became a center generating the deed, a foundation forpoetic creation. The spaciousness created by language serves as a catalyst, the basis upon which the poet explains a fertile diving in the world, where beings and things are picked up by a lyrical glimpse of ecstasy and passion. Indeed, the real, in his epiphanic appearance, gains an aura of enchantment, in which the lyric voice in the world fits together, forming a truly seamless fabric. Thus, this intense relationship with the spaces, there arises a keen awareness of human limitations and of our historical condition. In a world in ruins, the poet will undertake a song of resistance,denouncing, especially in cities reified, the increasing dehumanization of man. Bothspatiality is fundamental to the work of Sophia, we can say that your writing is a\"topoiesis\" or \"topoética.\" Thus, for the Portuguese writer, man\'s being reflected, lyrically, by being in the world.

Orientador: Eduardo Penhavel / Banca: Michel Gustavo Fontes / Banca: Anna Flora Brunelli / Resumo: O presente trabalho é parte de um projeto maior, intitulado "Projeto de História do Português Paulista" (ALMEIDA, 2006), também conhecido como Projeto Caipira, que estuda diferentes aspectos da história do português utilizado no estado de São Paulo, dentre eles a evolução de processos de construção textual, como a organização tópica. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do trabalho é analisar o processo de organização tópica de cartas de redatores de jornais paulistas do século XIX. Os dois níveis de constituição desse processo são analisados: a organização intertópica, que consiste na combinação entre Segmentos Tópicos (SegTs) mínimos; e a organização intratópica, que é a estruturação interna de SegTs mínimos. O quadro teórico-metodológico é constituído por uma integração entre a Perspectiva Textual-Interativa (JUBRAN; KOCH, 2006) e a Teoria dos Atos de Fala (AUSTIN, 1962; SEARLE, 1969). As cartas de redatores analisadas são extraídas de Barbosa e Lopes (2002), que, como parte do material usado pelo Projeto Caipira, reúnem cartas de redatores e cartas de leitores publicadas em diferentes jornais do estado de São Paulo durante o século XIX. O resultado do trabalho mostra que as cartas estudadas se caracterizam, no nível da organização intertópica, pela propriedade da unicidade intertópica, isto é, cada carta, via de regra, desenvolve um único tópico discursivo. No nível da organização intratópica, as cartas de redatores apresentam uma regra geral, que consiste na construção de uma... / Abstract: This thesis is part of a broader research project named "Projeto de História do Português Paulista" (Almeida, 2006), also known as "Projeto Caipira", which has studied different aspects of the history of Portuguese spoken in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. One of these aspects is the evolution of a set of text construction processes, including the process of topic organization. In this way, the purpose of this thesis is to analyze the topic organization process in editor's letters published in newspapers of the State of São Paulo during de 19th century. Both levels of such process are analyzed: intertopic organization, which is the combination of minimal Topic Segments (SegTs); intratopic organization, which is the internal organization of minimal SegTs. The theoretical framework consists in an articulation between Textual-Interactive Grammar (Jubran and Koch, 2006) and Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969). The editor's letters analyzed are selected from Barbosa and Lopes (2002). These authors, as part of Projeto Caipira, have provided a set of editor's letters and reader's letters published in different newspapers of São Paulo during the 19th century. The results show that the letters under consideration are characterized, at the intertopic level, by intertopic unicity, that is, each letter normally has a single topic. At the intratopic level, the letters follow a general rule, which predicts the construction of a unit called Topic Elaboration (through which the editor directs a message to readers/subscribers); according to the rule, this unit may be preceded by a unit called Topic Contextualization (which presents the topic of the letter) and/or it my be followed by a unit named Topic Expansion (where the editor discusses the message elaborated before). The data also show that, as a mechanism to distinguish intratopic units, the letters use ... / Mestre

As Christianity spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, many believers attributed miraculous tales to the Virgin Mary and saints. In Camino de Santiago folklore, the Virgin Mary and Saint James intercede on behalf of pilgrims who cannot resolve a crisis without divine assistance. The Codex Calixtinus, a twelfth-century manuscript, contains such a story that occurs in Toulouse called "The Hanged Pilgrim." In this miracle, an innkeeper frames a pilgrim for theft and the local magistrate sentences the accused to hang as a consequence. However, the Virgin Mary and Saint James spare the pilgrim's life because of his devotion and the magistrate orders the pilgrim's release. Over centuries, pilgrims alter the original story as they retell it on the Camino trail. I argue that not only does this miracle of intercession change geographic location from France to the Iberian Peninsula, but that it also transforms from the Virgin Mary and Saint James saving an innocent pilgrim to female victims interceding on behalf of their betrayer and rapist. This analysis traces the displacement of "The Hanged Pilgrim" from a miracle in folklore and poetry to secular metaphoric reconciliation in a Spanish Golden Age play.

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This qualitative study gave insight on the benefits that a university literature course for future Spanish teachers could contribute to preservice teachers as part of their preparation program. Nine university students participated in this study as they were the ones enrolled in this first-time offered university literature course for Spanish teachers. Data were collected from pre- and post-questionnaires, journals, and course observations. The findings suggested that the preservice teachers grew in pedagogical content knowledge, literary content, resources and strategies, and felt an overall sense of preparedness to use literary sources in their future classrooms

La temprana obra de Alberto Fuguet (Chile, 1964-) presenta las múltiples facetas de los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes chilenos. Entre las muchas realidades expuestas, el fracaso social es, quizás, uno de los más representados, ya que se exterioriza repetidamente en las experiencias de los personajes y las páginas de las obras están impregnadas con una sensación de pérdida y vacío. Esta tesis se centra en la colección de cuentos Sobredosis (1990) de Alberto Fuguet, con especial énfasis en el cuento "Pelando a Rocío." Este análisis literario estudia como el texto despliega el fracaso social experimentado por la generación chilena de finales del siglo XX. Se propone una interpretación que resalta esta frustración generacional a través de la fragmentación de los personajes que se presentan a lo largo del cuento. El primer capítulo se enfoca en los protagonistas, principalmente los jóvenes, y en el comportamiento y las actitudes que demuestran a lo largo de sus interacciones sociales y personales, las cuales son superficiales e indiferentes. El segundo capítulo exhibe la fragmentación mediante la división física y simbólica que existe en la ciudad de Santiago, siendo la urbe el protagonista del segundo capítulo por medio de su limitante estructura. La fragmentación de los protagonistas del texto, tanto los individuos como la ciudad, apunta directamente al fracaso experimentado por la generación representada en este texto. Esta tesis menciona el contexto socio-histórico chileno, con especial énfasis en la historia del país durante la década del setenta, en base a la importancia de este contexto en la formación y en el desarrollo de los personajes. Este estudio presenta el problema social y generacional que resultó en la producción de individuos apáticos, representados en los protagonistas del texto.

While it has been recognized that L2 word learning is facilitated for cognates (De Groot & Keijzer 2000), approaches to cognate acquisition have focused on the similarity of L1- L2 forms, overlooking regular patterns in differences between items. For example, English phone [dʒ] regularly corresponds to the Spanish phone [x]: agent [eɪdʒɛnt]- agente [axente], voyage [vɔɪədʒ]- viaje [bjaxe]. The current studies test whether L1 English, L2 Spanish learners acquire and utilize regular cognate sound correspondences. Experiment 1 compared accuracy for cognate forms that include or do not include regular correspondences. Subjects learned the English names of 20 monsters. Afterward, they saw each monster's image and heard its name in English, then recalled and produced the monster's (cognate) name in Spanish. Results revealed higher accuracy for items containing regular cognate correspondences. Subjects with higher proficiency showed greater differences in accuracy between regular and irregular items. In Experiment 2, subjects heard a novel word in either English or Spanish and invented a plausible cognate in the other language. Their modifications to the word forms were analyzed. Analyses revealed that subjects’ modifications were not random, but rather demonstrated convergence on dominant modification strategies. Higher proficiency correlated with greater convergence on dominant strategies. Together, these results demonstrate that L1 English, L2 Spanish learners have knowledge of regular cognate correspondences and can utilize correspondences to learn or invent new cognate forms. Furthermore, because this knowledge is acquired gradually by the L2 learner, cognate processing is not consistent across proficiency levels or between individual learners.

El proposito de esta tesis es de examinar la intertextualidad que aparece en la novela Tunisima, de Elena Poniatowska y analizar hasta que punto ella ha usado diferentes voces. Elena Poniatowska durante diez anos recopilo material para su obra. En ella relata la vida de la fotografa y revolucionaria, Tina Modotti, durante los anos 1929 a 1942. La novela Tinisima tiene treinta y siete secciones a lo que la he divido en tres partes. Cada una de esas partes tiene que ver con la vida de los companeros de Modotti que toman mas importancia en el desarrollo de la obra. En la primera parte Julio Antonio Mella es presentado, ahi vemos una intertextualidad historica no solo de Mexico sino de otros paises. La segunda parte introduce a Edward Weston y por ella desf ilan un gran numero de personas de la sociedad mexicana de esa epoca. Poniatowska hace esto usando como palimpsesto el The Daybooks of Edward Weston. En la ultima parte hace una intertextualidad tanto oral como historica porque ahi refine varias entrevistas de gente que conocio a Tina, especialmente la de Vittorio Vidali. Cada parte tambien trata de los problemas politicos que habian en diferentes paises tanto americanos como europeos. Poniatowska ha tornado en cuenta cuidadosamente todos los detalles de la vida de Tina Modotti y los ha traspasado a su novela con una reunion de voces que no han salido exclusivamente de su pluma pero si ha usado su imaginacion para unir todas esas voces.

Derrière son esthétique naïve, la littérature portugaise pour enfants feint son intention de persuader le sujet lisant d’accepter les valeurs qu’elle véhicule. Le système axiologique des publications récentes nous montre qu’il est possible d’évoquer, à travers une approche simple et ludique, les thématiques triviales, mais également les sujets socialement plus complexes. Notre étude examine comment les livres « socio-réalistes » récents adaptent leur projet idéologique aux particularités d’une littérature succincte. Comprendre la poétique persuasive de la forme exige l’analyse de plusieurs éléments de transmission de valeurs, dès les premiers arguments du paratexte jusqu’à l’étude de l’organisation et des caractéristiques du récit. La poétique persuasive du fond se fait à travers une approche socio-philosophique. L’exercice consiste, d’abord, à repérer les différents principes culturels imprimés par le texte, pour développer ensuite une réflexion sur leur contribution à la formation des représentations mentales du lecteur. Ainsi, pour chaque valeur, explicitement ou implicitement repérée dans le texte, nous analysons son importance en amont de la rhétorique sociale du pathos, ethos et logos. La tripartition aristotélicienne nous sert également à expliquer l’influence de l’extratextuel dans la légitimation de la valeur du et dans le récit pour enfants. / With its naïve aesthetics, children’s literature in Portugal seeks to hide its intentions of persuading the reader to accept the values it imparts. The axiological system of the most recent published works proves it possible to evoke both trivial and more socially complex themes by means of an approach that is simple and playful. In this study, we start by analyzing how present-day “socio-realistic” books adapt their ideological agenda to the specificities of children’s short fiction. In order to understand the poetics of form, it is necessary to analyse a number of aspects regarding the transmission of values, from the first plot points in paratext to the study of story organisation and characteristics. The poetics of persuasion is carried out with a socio-philosophical approach. This exercise involves initially locating the various cultural principles instilled in the text and subsequently examining their role in the formation of the reader’s mental representations. Thus, for each and every value explicitly or implicitly identified in the text, we analyse its importance in relation to the social rhetoric of pathos, ethos and logos. Likewise, Aristotle’s tripartite division assists us in explaining the influence of the extra-textual elements in the legitimization of values in and of children’s stories.