A proteção induzida por uma vacina comercial anti-leptospirose importada, bivalente produzida com estirpes de referência dos sorovares Icterohaemorrhagiae e Canicola, foi comparada a promovida por uma bacterina experimental, bivalente produzida com as estirpes autóctones M64/06 e LO-4, respectivamente dos sorovares Copenhageni e Canicola, isoladas no Brasil e tipificadas com anticorpos monoclonais produzidos pelo Royal Tropical Institut, Laboratório de Referência da Organização Mundial de Saúde. O ensaio foi conduzido pelo teste de potência com desafio em hamsters. A vacina experimental, bivalente foi inativada com fenol a 37%, ajustada para concentração de 108 leptospiras por mL, por sorovar e produzida nas versões com e sem adjuvante hidróxido de alumínio a 0,15%. Os hamsters foram imunizados com 0,25 mL de vacina, via subcutânea em duas aplicações com 15 dias de intervalo. Os desafios foram efetuados com as estirpes LO4 (Canicola) ou L1-130 (Copenhageni) isoladas no Brasil, respectivamente nas diluições de 10-3 e 10-1 no volume de 0,5 mL via intraperitoneal por animal, 15 dias após a última dose da vacina. A estirpe de desafio do sorovar Copenhageni foi caracterizada, por anticorpos monoclonais, como idêntica a M64/06 e foi escolhida devido a apresentar melhor regularidade em termos de patogenicidade para os hamsters. Decorridos 20 dias do desafio os hamsters sobreviventes foram eutanasiados em câmara de CO2, necropsiados e nos seus rins foi efetuada a pesquisa do estado de portador de leptospiras por cultivo em meio de Fletcher. Nos desafios efetuados com a estirpe autóctone, L1-130 do sorovar Copenhageni foi obtida a proteção contra a doença clínica em oito de dez animais, para as duas vacinas experimentais, no entanto, entre os sobreviventes, houve portadores renais de leptospiras, em maior número para a vacina sem adjuvante (n=5), quando comparado a vacina acrescida de Al(OH)3, (n=3); para a vacina comercial a proteção foi total, tanto contra a doença como quanto a infecção não havendo qualquer morte por leptospirose e todos os cultivos renais dos sobreviventes foram negativos para leptospiras. Nos desafios efetuados com a estirpe autóctone, LO4 do sorovar Canicola, a proteção conferida pelas três vacinas ensaiadas foi total, não havendo mortes por leptospirose e todos os sobreviventes apresentaram resultados negativos para leptospiras nos cultivos de tecido renal. Os números de DL50 empregadas nos inóculos de desafio foram superiores a 10.000, para os dois sorovares ensaiados, pois na titulação dos inóculos morreram mais do que 50% dos animais até a última diluição testada. Foi, portanto, demonstrado a existência de proteção cruzada entre os sorovares Copenhageni e Icterohaemorrhagiae e que a bacterina importada foi capaz de induzir proteção contra a doença e contra a infecção para estirpes de leptospiras autóctones dos sorovares Canicola e Copenhageni isoladas no Brasil. Nos desafios efetuados com o sorovar Canicola a vacina experimental induziu proteção contra a doença e contra a infecção, mas nos que empregaram o sorovar Copenhageni houve proteção apenas contra a doença, constatando-se menor número de portadores renais de leptospiras entre os animais imunizados com a bacterina experimental acrescida do adjuvante de hidróxido de alumínio. / The protection induced by an imported commercial bivalent anti-leptospirosis vaccine produced with the reference strain of the serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola was compared to one promoted by an experimental, bivalent bacterial vaccine produced with the indigenous strains M64/06 and LO-4, respectively of the serovars Copenhageni and Canicola isolated in Brazil and typified with monoclonal antibodies produced by the Royal Tropical Institut, Reference Laboratory of the World Health Organization. The assay was conducted by using the potency test with challenge in hamsters. The experimental bivalent vaccine was inactivated with 37% phenol and adjusted at a concentration of 108 leptospires/mL, for each serovar and produced in the versions with and without adjuvant (0.15% aluminium hydroxide). The hamsters were immunized by 0.25 mL of vaccine, by subcutaneous route in two applications with 15 days of interval. Fifteen days after receiving the last dose of the vaccine, the challenges were performed by employing the strains LO4 (Canicola) or L1-130 (Copenhageni), which were isolated in Brazil, respectively at the dilution of 10-3 and 10-1, in the volume of 0.5 mL/each animal by the intraperitoneal route. The challenge strain serovar Copenhageni has been characterized as identical to M64/06 strain by means of monoclonal antibodies and it was chosen due to its better regularity in terms of pathogenicity determined in hamsters. After 20 days of the challenge, the surviving hamsters were sacrificed in CO2 chamber, submitted to necropsy and the kidneys were examined to test the carrier state of leptospires by cultivation in Fletcher\'s medium. In the challenges effectuated with the indigenous strain, L1-130 of the serovar Copenhageni the protection was obtained against the clinical disease in eight of ten animals, for two experimental vaccines, however, among the survivors, there were renal carriers of leptospires, in higher number for the vaccine without containing the adjuvant (n=5), when compared to the one added with Al (OH) (n=3). For the commercial vaccine, the protection was total both against the disease and as for infection, when no death was found in consequence of leptospirosis and all the renal cultures of the survivors were negative for leptospires. In the challenges performed with the indigenous strain LO4 of the serovar Canicola, the protection conferred by the three vaccines tested was total, without observing any deaths due to leptospirosis and all the survivors presented negative culturing results for leptospires in the renal tissue. The challenge doses of the inocula were superior to 10,000 LD50, for the two serovars tested, since in the titration of the inocula have died more than 50 % of the animals up to the last tested dilution. So, the crossed protection existing between the serovars Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae was demonstrated and that the imported bacterial vaccine was able to induce protection against the disease and against the infection for the native strains of leptospires serovars Canicola and Copenhageni isolated in Brazil. In the challenges effectuated with the serovar Canicola, the experimental vaccine induced protection against the disease and against the infection, but in vaccine employing the serovar Copenhageni, protection was found only against the disease, when less number of renal carriers of leptospires was observed among the animals immunized with the experimental vaccine added with the aluminium hydroxide adjuvant.

The incidence of cancer worldwide has increased over the years, and gastrointestinal cancers (G.I.) are amongst the most common forms of cancer. Nevertheless, there is still no curative treatments for this group of tumors. Nucleoside analogues are widely used in cancer treatment. The prevailing compounds are Gemcitabine (used for pancreatic cancer and other carcinomas), 5-Fluorouracil (used in breast, colon, and other cancers), Cytarabine and Clofarabine (used in leukemias). Gemcitabine, the current standard of care for various forms of solid tumors, has a limited efficacy against pancreatic cancer. The objective of this project was the development of effective drugs against pancreatic cancer. We focused on a novel class of nucleoside analogues designed to bypass the most common cellular road blocks and resistance mechanisms. After an extensive screen for cell killing activity, two lead molecules were exclusively studied: LCB2151 and LCB2132. These two molecules showed high efficacy in killing human cancer cells from three different human G.I. cell lines: BxPC3 and Capan-2, two pancreatic cell lines representative of K-Ras positive and negative tumors, as well as the liver cell line HepG2. LCB2151 showed high efficacy in killing Gemcitabine-resistant cancer cells, and a low toxicity in normal cells. Interestingly, results show that these prodrugs can efficiently bypass key resistance mechanisms developed by cancer cells. The results obtained in this project are promising and could pave the way for a more effective treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Yes / In each generation, the germline is tasked with producing somatic lineages that form the body, and segregating a population of cells for gametogenesis. During animal development, when do cells of the germline irreversibly commit to producing gametes? Integrating findings from diverse species, we conclude that the final commitment of the germline to gametogenesis - the process of germ cell determination - occurs after primordial germ cells (PGCs) colonize the gonads. Combining this understanding with medical findings, we present a model whereby germ cell tumors arise from cells that failed to undertake germ cell determination, regardless of their having colonized the gonads. We propose that the diversity of cell types present in these tumors reflects the broad developmental potential of migratory PGCs. / This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute where D.C.P. is an Investigator, and the Frontier Research Program from the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. P.K.N. is a recipient of the Hope Funds for Cancer Research Fellowship (HFCR-15-06-06) and an Early Career Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (GNT1053776).

Ligands of the human monoamine transporters encompass a wide range of both illicit and therapeutic drugs that act upon neural circuitry related to reward, motivation, and the processing of salient stimuli. The present study utilizes two methods for analyzing transporter substrates and inhibitors in order to characterize activity and assess potency. The first measures transient changes in intracellular calcium as a surrogate for transporter activity by harnessing the electrical coupling of monoamine transporters and L-type calcium channels. This is used to analyze novel chimera of the strong hDAT inhibitors methylphenidate and 𝛼-PPP in order to assess the contribution of specific moieties to potency. The observed reduction in potency suggests that methylphenidate may bind to the transporter in a manner distinct from 𝛼-PPP, as chimera would otherwise be expected to show similar activity to parent compounds. These results highlight the importance of 𝛼-carbon substituents and the relatively small contribution of beta-carbon groups to inhibitor potency at hDAT, while the lack of activity at hSERT suggests potency is not strongly influenced by beta-carbon or N-alkyl substituents. In order to further characterize drug-transporter interaction, a method was developed to analyze the kinetics of binding and unbinding using both known and novel hNET ligands, including a series of N-alkyl derivatives of 4-methylamphetamine. The study emphasizes the importance of both association and dissociation kinetics to affinity and sets up a methodological framework with two ways for determining Kd, with notable advantages over current models. The results indicate that lengthening the N-alkyl chain of 4-methylamphetamine leads to a decrease in potency and a shift in activity from substrate to blocker, with the results of N-propyl 4-methylamphetamine in particular indicating the potential existence of multiple low-affinity binding sites, each with distinct on and off kinetics. The implications of these results help elucidate the mechanism of action of transporter ligands and set up a framework for future studies that can more specifically classify the interaction between transporters and inhibitors or releasing agents.

Les composés organiques semi volatils (COSV) sont largement présents dans les environnements intérieurs et sont suspectés d’être repro- ou neurotoxiques, mais peu de données sont disponibles quant à leur toxicité en mélanges. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des indicateurs de toxicité cumulés pour les COSV détectés dans les logements français, dans un cadre d’évaluation des risques sanitaires cumulés. Les COSV ont été regroupés en fonction de leurs modes d’action communs, en lien avec les effets reprotoxiques (diminution de la concentration de testostérone sérique) et neurotoxiques (diminution de la viabilité neuronale). Des benchmark doses (BMD) ont ensuite été estimées par modélisation (modèle de Hill, PROAST, RIVM) des relations dose-réponse de la littérature décrivant la réponse d’intérêt. Des BMD comparables ont pu être estimées seulement pour 6 des 19 COSV reprotoxiques induisant une diminution de testostérone de 10 ou 50 % chez le rat adulte exposé par voie orale. Les facteurs de toxicité relatifs (RPF) estimés à partir des BMD sont sensiblement les mêmes en fonction du niveau de réponse (de 1600 pour le B(a)P à 0,1 pour le BBP), excepté pour le biphénol A qui passe de 7E+6 à 180. Considérant la mort neuronale in vitro, des BMD ont pu être estimées pour 13 COSV neurotoxiques, à partir de données provenant de différentes lignées et espèces. Les BMD équivalent à un niveau de réponse de 10 % s’échelonnent de 0,07 (PCB-153) à 95 µM (diazinon). L’originalité de ce travail repose sur le regroupement de composés de familles chimiques différentes qui constituent des contaminations réelles de notre environnement. Si l’estimation des quelques BMD a été possible à partir des données de la littérature, de nombreuses limites méthodologiques conduisent à émettre des recommandations en particulier sur la standardisation des protocoles expérimentaux et la disponibilité des résultats sous une forme adaptée à la modélisation de la relation dose-réponse. / Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are widely present in indoor environments and are suspected to be repro- or neurotoxic but little is known on the health impact on SVOC mixtures. The objective of this work is to derive cumulative toxicity indicators for SVOCs detected in French dwellings in carrying forward a cumulative health risk assessment. SVOCs were grouped according to their repro- and neurotoxic common modes of action (i.e. decrease in serum testosterone concentrations, decrease in neuronal viability). Benchmark doses (BMDs) were then estimated by modeling dose-response relationships from scientific literature (Hill models, PROAST, RIVM). Comparable BMDs were estimated only for 6 of the 19 reprotoxic SVOCs which are responsible to 10 or 50% decrease in testosterone in adult male rats orally exposed. Estimated relative potency factors (RPFs) from BMDs are similar according to the response level (from 1600 for the B(a)P to 0.1 for the BBP), excepted for bisphenol A moving from 7E+6 to 180. For in vitro neuronal death, BMDs were estimated for 13 neurotoxic SVOCs using data from different cell lines and species. BMDs equivalent to a 10% of response range from 0.07 (PCB-153) to 95 µM (diazinon). The originality of this work is the grouping of compounds from different chemical families which we are really exposed to. BMDs estimation from published data was possible but many methodological limitations lead us to put forward recommendations especially on the standardization of experimental protocols and the availability of results in adapted format for dose-response relationship modeling.

Class of 2012 Abstract / Specific Aims: Determine the difference in venom potency among Mohave Rattlesnakes in Cochise in Pima Counties and determine if those differences correlate to changes in clinical outcomes. Methods: Twenty-one Mohave rattlesnakes, C. s. scutulatus were collected from Arizona and New Mexico. Venom proteomes were analyzed using RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE. The toxicity of venoms was analyzed using LD50. Health severity outcomes between two Arizona counties, Pima and Cochise, were determined by retrospective chart review of the Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center database between 2002-2009. Main Results: Six phenotypes were identified based on three venom proteins; Mojave toxin, SVMP PI and PIII, and myotoxin. Venom changed geographically from SVMP-rich to Mojave toxin-rich phenotypes from south central to southeastern Arizona. Phenotypes containing myotoxins were only found in the transitional zone between the SVMP and Mojave toxin phenotypes. Venom samples containing the largest amounts of SVMP or Mojave toxin had highest and lowest LD50s, respectively. Conclusions: There was a significant difference when comparing the presence of CNS affects between Pima and Cochise counties (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found when comparing severity number of antivenom vials administered, days spent in a health care facility or envenomation per 100,000 population. Although not part of the original data to be collected, death and intubations, were also noted. There is a 10x and 50x increased risk of death or intubations if envenomated in Cochise County.

The general purpose of the current study was to evaluate the potency of different categories of reinforcers with young children diagnosed with developmental delays. The participants were two boys and one girl who were between the ages of seven and eight. In Phase 1, we evaluated the reinforcing potency of tokens, edible items, and leisure items by using a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. For two participants, we found that tokens resulted in the highest PR break points. For one participant, edibles resulted in the highest break points (tokens were found to have the lowest break points). In Phase 2, we evaluated the effects of presession access on the break points of edibles and tokens. This manipulation served as a preliminary analysis of the extent to which tokens might function as generalized conditioned reinforcers. During Phase 2, presession access altered the break points of edibles, but not tokens. The findings of the current study suggest that PR schedules may be useful as a means to better assess certain dimensions of tasks and how they affect reinforcer effectiveness (e.g., amount of effort the client is willing to exert, the duration at which the client willing to work, how many responses the client will emit, etc.), and to evaluate to what extent tokens actually function as generalized conditioned reinforcers.

Com a intenção de estabelecer métodos físico-químicos como uma alternativa ao bioensaio in vivo para determinação de atividade biológica, o conteúdo de hFSH, hTSH e hLH de diferentes preparações, nativas e recombinantes, foi determinado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa (RP-HPLC) e comparado ao dado obtido pelo clássico bioensaio in vivo em camundongos ou ratos (BA). Para estes hormônios foi encontrada uma relação linear entre os dois métodos: hFSH BAUI = 0,9925 RP-HPLCUI - 1,3165, r = 0,9371, p < 0,001, n = 24; hTSH BA&mu;g = 0,9790 RP-HPLC&mu;g - 0,052, r = 0,8725 , p < 0,001, n = 14; hLH BAUI = 0,8771 RP-HPLCUI + 12,41; r = 0,9786, p < 0,01, n = 5. Para outras nove preparações de hFSH e onze preparações de hTSH foi determinada a diferença média (d) entre a bioatividade predita pela RP-HPLC através destas equações e da média das bioatividades obtidas com os dois métodos. Para o hLH não foi possível determinar esta diferença em virtude das poucas amostras disponíveis. No caso do hFSH, d ± DP = -2,11 ± 3,49 % sendo a precisão de 1,16% e no caso do hTSH, d ± DP = -2,01 ± 5,56 % com precisão de 1,68%. Amostras parcialmente alteradas apresentaram diferentes graus de atividade de hFSH, hTSH e hLH que puderam ser preditas por RP-HPLC com uma aceitável concordância com os bioensaios in vivo. Estes resultados demonstraram que o emprego de um ensaio físico-químico sem o uso de animais, tal como a RP-HPLC, é uma alternativa viável ao uso do bioensaio in vivo para a determinação da potência de hFSH e hTSH, reduzindo assim o número de animais em geral utilizados para assegurar a qualidade e eficácia de um produto farmacêutico. / With the intention of setting up physico-chemical methods as an alternative to in vivo bioassay for determining biological activity, the hFSH, hTSH and hLH content of native and recombinant preparations was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and compared with the data obtained by the classical mouse or rat in vivo bioassays (BA). A linear relationship between the two methods was found for these hormones: hFSH BAIU = 0.9925 RP-HPLCIU 1.3165, r = 0.9371, p < 0.001, n = 24; hTSH BA&mu;g = 0.9790 RP-HPLC&mu;g - 0.052, r = 0.8725, p < 0.001, n = 14; hLH BAIU = 0.8771 RP-HPLCIU + 12.41, r = 0.9786, p < 0.01, n = 5. For nine other hFSH and eleven hTSH preparations, the mean difference (d) between the bioactivity predicted from RP-HPLC data via these equations and the mean of the bioactivities obtained with the two methods was as follows. For hLH this difference could not be estimated due to lack of different samples. In the case of hFSH, d ± SD = -2.11 ± 3.49% with a precision of 1.16% and in the case of hTSH, d ± SD = -2.01 ± 5.56 %, with precision of 1.68%. Partly-degraded hFSH, hTSH and hLH samples presented different activity degrees that could be predicted by RP-HPLC, with an acceptable agreement with the in vivo bioassays. These results demonstrate that the employment of a non-animal physico-chemical assay, such as RP-HPLC, is a viable alternative to the use of an in vivo bioassay for hFSH and hTSH potency determination, thus reducing the number of animals currently used for assuring quality and efficacy of a pharmaceutical product.

Com a intenção de estabelecer métodos físico-químicos como uma alternativa ao bioensaio in vivo para determinação de atividade biológica, o conteúdo de hFSH, hTSH e hLH de diferentes preparações, nativas e recombinantes, foi determinado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa (RP-HPLC) e comparado ao dado obtido pelo clássico bioensaio in vivo em camundongos ou ratos (BA). Para estes hormônios foi encontrada uma relação linear entre os dois métodos: hFSH BAUI = 0,9925 RP-HPLCUI - 1,3165, r = 0,9371, p < 0,001, n = 24; hTSH BA&mu;g = 0,9790 RP-HPLC&mu;g - 0,052, r = 0,8725 , p < 0,001, n = 14; hLH BAUI = 0,8771 RP-HPLCUI + 12,41; r = 0,9786, p < 0,01, n = 5. Para outras nove preparações de hFSH e onze preparações de hTSH foi determinada a diferença média (d) entre a bioatividade predita pela RP-HPLC através destas equações e da média das bioatividades obtidas com os dois métodos. Para o hLH não foi possível determinar esta diferença em virtude das poucas amostras disponíveis. No caso do hFSH, d ± DP = -2,11 ± 3,49 % sendo a precisão de 1,16% e no caso do hTSH, d ± DP = -2,01 ± 5,56 % com precisão de 1,68%. Amostras parcialmente alteradas apresentaram diferentes graus de atividade de hFSH, hTSH e hLH que puderam ser preditas por RP-HPLC com uma aceitável concordância com os bioensaios in vivo. Estes resultados demonstraram que o emprego de um ensaio físico-químico sem o uso de animais, tal como a RP-HPLC, é uma alternativa viável ao uso do bioensaio in vivo para a determinação da potência de hFSH e hTSH, reduzindo assim o número de animais em geral utilizados para assegurar a qualidade e eficácia de um produto farmacêutico. / With the intention of setting up physico-chemical methods as an alternative to in vivo bioassay for determining biological activity, the hFSH, hTSH and hLH content of native and recombinant preparations was determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and compared with the data obtained by the classical mouse or rat in vivo bioassays (BA). A linear relationship between the two methods was found for these hormones: hFSH BAIU = 0.9925 RP-HPLCIU 1.3165, r = 0.9371, p < 0.001, n = 24; hTSH BA&mu;g = 0.9790 RP-HPLC&mu;g - 0.052, r = 0.8725, p < 0.001, n = 14; hLH BAIU = 0.8771 RP-HPLCIU + 12.41, r = 0.9786, p < 0.01, n = 5. For nine other hFSH and eleven hTSH preparations, the mean difference (d) between the bioactivity predicted from RP-HPLC data via these equations and the mean of the bioactivities obtained with the two methods was as follows. For hLH this difference could not be estimated due to lack of different samples. In the case of hFSH, d ± SD = -2.11 ± 3.49% with a precision of 1.16% and in the case of hTSH, d ± SD = -2.01 ± 5.56 %, with precision of 1.68%. Partly-degraded hFSH, hTSH and hLH samples presented different activity degrees that could be predicted by RP-HPLC, with an acceptable agreement with the in vivo bioassays. These results demonstrate that the employment of a non-animal physico-chemical assay, such as RP-HPLC, is a viable alternative to the use of an in vivo bioassay for hFSH and hTSH potency determination, thus reducing the number of animals currently used for assuring quality and efficacy of a pharmaceutical product.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Iafelice.pdf: 1062721 bytes, checksum: ce4214794975f637a135dfc430b91712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This work investigates the theory of affects presented by Baruch Spinoza in the light of the reading of Gilles Deleuze. The meeting with these two philosophers opens new and different perspectives to think about education and culture as well, which are less subject to the major power forces. The morality based on the man s impotence, in other words, in the production and investment of passive affects sad and reactives - imposes values and behaviors that ultimately work very well for the subjectivities formations aligned to obedience and control. Denouncing every moral structure, Gilles Deleuze speaks of philosophy (or ethics) as an exercise of thought whose function is to drawn a line to flight. He presents Spinoza as the prince of philosophers, ethics of potency s creator that goes against the different forms of moral philosophy, based on the obligation, the duty and guilt / Este trabalho procura investigar a teoria dos afectos de Baruch Spinoza à luz da leitura de Gilles Deleuze. O encontro com estes dois filósofos abre novas e diferentes perspectivas para se pensar a Educação, e também a cultura, que estejam menos submetidas com as forças majoritárias do poder. A moral baseada na impotência do homem, ou seja, na produção e no investimento de afectos passivos, reativos e tristes impõe valores e comportamentos que, em última instância, funcionam muito bem para a formação de subjetividades alinhadas à obediência e ao controle. Denunciando toda ordem moral, Gilles Deleuze nos fala da Filosofia (ou da ética) como um exercício de pensamento cuja função é traçar uma linha de fuga. Ele nos apresenta Spinoza como o príncipe dos filósofos, criador da ética da potência que vai de encontro com todas as diferentes formas de filosofia moral, baseadas na obrigação, no dever e na culpa