An individual’s personality traits and characteristics have been found to have an important relationship with health behaviors. However, there has been minimal research conducted with personality types. The purpose of the study was to examine the predictive relationship among MBTI® personality preferences and types and both selected health-promoting and selected risk-taking behaviors among residential college students. Furthermore, several potential mediating demographic variables were added to the study to determine their predictive relationship and if they should be entered into a model for the selected health behaviors. The study used a cross-sectional design with two self-report instruments and demographic questionnaire. The two self-report instruments were the MBTI® and the HPLP II. A systematic random sample was employed to obtain the sample of full-time residential college students. A total of 406 subjects voluntarily completed the instruments. The subjects ranged in age from 18 to 28 with 98.3% reporting traditional college age. Descriptive and inferential statistics with an alpha level of .05 were used for data analysis. The results revealed that models incorporating MBTI® personality preferences and types had a significant predictive relationship with nutrition, interpersonal relations, spiritual growth, physical activity, aggregate health-promoting lifestyle, alcohol use, binge drinking, and heavy drinking. However, the variance explained by the models for each behavior was consistently low with the one exception of interpersonal relations. Health-responsibility, stress management, and cigarette smoking could not be predicted by models integrating MBTI® personality preferences and types. Nonetheless, specific personality preferences and types did have a significant relationship with health-responsibility, stress management, and cigarette smoking. In conclusion, MBTI® personality preferences and types provided valuable insight into explaining several of the selected health behaviors. The results revealed personality preferences and type can be useful in health research. Given the popularity of the MBTI®, future research incorporating the MBTI® and various health behaviors may offer valuable information used by health professionals and counselors to modify health behaviors.

社群媒體是現今主流的行銷管道，而Facebook更是其中的佼佼者。許多旅遊業者也試圖透過粉絲團作為與顧客交流的媒介，但是多數並不了解怎樣的行銷策略才是適合的。 我們的研究是為了了解性別是否對於旅遊類型粉絲團的行銷有不同的偏好，並且針對不同的旅遊產品是否也會有不同的偏好。我們收集了已經利用粉絲團作為行銷管道的旅遊業者的資料進行分析並驗證我們的假設。 我們證實了，男性會偏好理性的廣告訴求並且偏好sensation-seeking的旅遊產品而女性會偏好感性的廣告訴求並且偏好sensation-avoiding的旅遊產品。並且，若粉絲團的廣告貼文能適切的搭配性別對廣告訴求及旅遊產品的偏好，粉絲團的社群績效如品牌知名度、品牌參與度以及口碑都會有所提昇。 我們的研究提供了旅遊類型粉絲團的經營準則並提供適切衡量自身經營績效的方法。 / Social media is having a major impact on marketing today, and Facebook is one of the most popular social media platforms. The growing importance of social media in the online tourism domain has also been confirmed. Many travel agencies have started to use Facebook fan pages as a marketing platform to interact with their consumers; but these agencies are still seeking the most suitable marketing strategies. Our research aims to examine whether different genders have different preferences for tourism Facebook fan page marketing information. In addition, we are interested in exploring whether that preference would be affected by different tourism products. We collected Facebook post data from a tourism agency that had already used Facebook to promote its business and reach customers in recent years, and we used those data to test our hypothesis. We confirmed that male do prefer rational appeals advertisement and sensation-seeking tourist attractions while female do prefer emotional appeals advertisement and sensation-avoiding tourist attractions. Moreover, if we fit gender preferences in advertisement appeals and tourist attractions to promote suitable tourism products, the performance on Facebook fan page, brand awareness, brand engagement and word of mouth, will be improved. Our paper is expected to be a contribution to research in this field, to be the basis for a guide for Facebook fan page managers who do not know how to manage their Facebook fan pages and to provide a suitable method for measuring the impact of Facebook fan pages.

Sailivik is a story about the evolutionary process of planning a mental healing retreat for the Inuit of Pangnirtung, Nunavut. The story is created through community consultation related to site selection, development of program and facility lists, initial site planning, and the building of a qammaq. It offers insights to methods of community work, Inuit landscape preferences, contemporary Inuit culture, and the land-based nature of sociological and psychological healing in an Inuit context. Further, any ideas of a finite outcome are challenged as the project continues to evolve and grow with further community efforts.

Most membrane proteins are inserted into the membrane co-translationally utilizing the translocon, which allows a sufficiently long and hydrophobic stretch of amino acids to partition into the membrane. However, X-ray structures of membrane proteins have revealed that some transmembrane helices (TMHs) are surprisingly hydrophilic. These marginally hydrophobic transmembrane helices (mTMH) are not recognized as TMHs by the translocon in the absence of local sequence context. We have studied three native mTMHs, which were previously shown to depend on a subsequent TMH for membrane insertion. Their recognition was not due to specific interactions. Instead, the presence of basic amino acids in their cytoplasmic loop allowed membrane insertion of one of them. In the other two, basic residues are not sufficient unless followed by another, hydrophobic TMH. Post-insertional repositioning are another way to bring hydrophilic residues into the membrane. We show how four long TMHs with hydrophilic residues seen in X-ray structures, are initially inserted as much shorter membrane-embedded segments. Tilting is thus induced after membrane-insertion, probably through tertiary packing interactions within the protein. Aquaporin 1 illustrates how a mTMH can shape membrane protein folding and how repositioning can be important in post-insertional folding. It initially adopts a four-helical intermediate, where mTMH2 and TMH4 are not inserted into the membrane. Consequently, TMH3 is inserted in an inverted orientation. The final conformation with six TMHs is formed by TMH2 and 4 entering the membrane and TMH3 rotating 180°. Based on experimental and computational results, we propose a mechanism for the initial step in the folding of AQP1: A shift of TMH3 out from membrane core allows the preceding regions to enter the membrane, which provides flexibility for TMH3 to re-insert in its correct orientation. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.</p>

本研究依據美國P. R. McDaniel與Stanley. S. Surrey所提出之所得稅稅式支出規範準則重新評估檢討；其次，分析國際上稅式支出編製的經驗；再者，將稅式支出項目分類編製；最後，進行稅式支出政策評估。 主要研究發現如下： 一、所得稅稅式支出準則的判斷可以區分為：經濟理論觀點、個別國家觀點、個別稅式支出項目點加以判斷。 二、澳洲、加拿大、美國稅式支出報告比較：1、估計方法：主要均採稅收損失估計法，但美國兼採用收入效果、等量支出與現值的觀念。2、涵蓋範圍：（1）澳洲：所得稅及貨物稅；（2）加拿大：所得稅及財貨勞務稅；（3）美國：聯邦所得稅。3、分類方式：三個國家均就租稅類別進行分類，並以不同的經濟功能項目進行細項目的區分。 三、稅式支出報告及與中央政府總預算關係編製結果： 1、按稅式支出型態區分： （1）個人綜合所得稅：92年度稅收損失估計為：扣除額：68,424百萬元；免稅所得：61,350百萬元；70歲以上的年長者免稅額增加50﹪部分：4,499百萬元，投資抵減：4,144百萬元。 （2）營利事業所得稅：92年度稅收損失估計為：投資抵減：38,791百萬元；五年免稅：29,924百萬元；免稅所得：17,543百萬元。 2、按機關別區分： （1）個人綜合所得稅：92年度稅收損失估計為：財政部主管：132,249百萬元；經濟部工業局主管：3,886百萬元；交通部主管：2,560百萬元。 （2）營利事業所得稅：92年度稅收損失估計為：財政部主管：18,725百萬元；經濟部工業局主管：54,239百萬元；交通部主管：5,525.3百萬元；金融監理委員會主管：3,144百萬元。 3、按政事別區分：92年度稅式支出金額調整前的決算數總計為1,618,130百萬元，而所得稅稅式支出調整數為221,234.6百萬元，約為92年度調整前決算數的13.67﹪，故調整後之總計金額為1,839,364.6百萬元。 四、稅式支出政策評估及改進方向： （1）個人綜合所得稅：我國各項扣除額稅式支出，使得高所得者的租稅利益遠高於低所得者，而加深了不公平的現象。因此，建議採行線性所得稅的概念，以減少其不公平性。並增進效率面的效果。 （2）營利事業所得稅：政府的稅式支出政策或獎勵措施，應僅就具有「外部性利益」的現象給予獎勵，使其內在利益透過此些措施，而增加其供給量，並使社會生產量達到最適。 / An income tax system is composed of two different elements. One is the normative tax structure necessary to implement a normal tax and the other is the special preferences that departure from the normative tax structure. The term “tax expenditure” refers to departures from the normal tax structure designed to provide benefits to specific industry, group or activity by relieving their tax obligations. Tax expenditures are always excluded form traditional budget and not known in advance by the public, so these tax concessions should be considered as an “off budget” expenditure or indirect spending. In contrast, the standard government budget process is open and completed by monitoring and controlling in the government’s comprehensive annual budget report. Under the former, the purpose of tax expenditure report is to provide a useful tool in managing and controlling the governmental budget as direct spending to the administrative and legislative department.

Sammanfattning Den finansiella marknaden har under de senaste decennierna till stor del präglats av både stark ekonomisk tillväxt och stora kriser, detta har lett till att risken relaterad till sparande och investeringar har blivit allt viktigare att kontrollera och undersöka. Samtidigt visar statistik från SCB att de svenska hushållen investerar allt mindre i aktier vilket kan skapa problem, både för den finansiella branschen i sig och det framtida välståndet. Dagens pensionssystem riskerar att inte klara framtidens ökande utbetalningsnivåer som krävs för att underhålla en allt större, äldre befolkning, som även lever allt längre. Detta är ett problem som gäller för hela EU och därför blir det allt viktigare med ett privat sparande, och därigenom att investera rätt. För att hjälpa privatpersoner att investera rätt, genom att utnyttja sin nivå av risktolerans, samtidigt som man gör det lättare för kreditgivare och rådgivare att kunna erbjuda korrekta produkter och investeringsstrategier, syftar denna studie huvudsakligen till att undersöka om det finns samband mellan olika demografiska och socioekonomiska variabler och nivåer av risktolerans. Med hjälp av tidigare studier valdes följande variabler att undersökas: kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, relationsstatus, sysselsättning och inkomstnivå. Som verktyg för att mäta nivåer av risktolerans valdes Grable och Lyttons 13-items risk assessment instrument, vilken har genomgått ett flertal validitetsprövningar. Då majoriteten av forskningen inom finansiell risktolerans har genomförts på den amerikanska marknaden särskiljer sig denna studie då den riktar in sig på svenska individer, från 18 år till pension. Metoden för att få in svar har varit med hjälp av en enkätstudie, både via internet och genom pappersenkäter på ett antal arbetsplatser runt om i landet. Resultatet blev totalt 206 fullständiga enkäter och stark signifikans återfanns hos kön (99 procent konfidensintervall), där män i genomsnitt hade högre risktolerans än kvinnor. Även inkomstnivå var signifikant, med ett konfidensintervall på 90 procent, men visade att sambandet inte var perfekt positivt linjärt (låg inkomst = låg risktolerans, hög inkomst = hög risktolerans). Studien syftade även till att söka övriga förklaringar och samband som risktolerans också påverkar, med hänsyn till: sparande, pensionssparande, investeringsval, framtidsutsikt för den finansiella marknaden samt förändring av investeringsbeteende på grund av de senaste årens finansiella oro.Detta resulterade i att: 13,5 procent svarade att de inte hade något som helst privat sparande; mer än hälften av individerna uppgav att de inte har något privat pensionssparande; individer med högre inkomster valde oftare aktier som främsta investeringsval än de med lägre inkomster, som föredrog sparkonton; en övervägande majoritet har inte ändrat sitt investeringsbeteende men 25 procent av respondenterna angav att de investerar mindre nu till följd de senaste årens finansiella oro på marknaden samt att 40,6 procent angav att det är mer riskfyllt med värdepapper idag; mer än hälften av respondenterna angav att de känner en viss oro inför sin framtida pension.

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Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.

Today's children are a multi-billion dollar consumer market that not only has the power to spend their own money but directly influences the spending for household consumer purchases. They present an extremely healthy and potentially long term wealthy consumer market for marketers to target and reap the benefits from their loyalty. However, the area of young children's consumer behaviour is significantly under researched. Very little is known about how young children develop preferences, make brand choices, and develop equity towards a brand. This study investigates the brand knowledge elements associated with brand preference and brand equity for young children. An experimental procedure was employed utilising personal interviews and collecting data from five Australian Day Care facilities and four Australian Community Pre-school Centres. The respondents were three and four year old children, who performed a game involving questions about fast food brands. The hypotheses explored various aspects of brand knowledge (e.g., brand awareness) and, their influence on the child's initial preference between fast food choices (brand preference), and their loyalty when tempted by a toy and their second choice (brand equity). The study's analysis was divided into two parts. The first part determined whether there were any significant differences evident between three and four year old children in relation to the effect of brand awareness, affect toward, and brand image in brand preference and brand equity using chi-square analyses. The second part of the analysis employed binary logistic regression analyses to determine which elements of brand knowledge influenced a child's brand preference and brand equity regarding fast foods. 2 The study found there were no major differences between a three year old and a four year old in relation to the influences of brand awareness, affect toward, and brand image in brand preference or brand equity. The binary logistic regression analysis found that brand images provided the greatest effect in explaining and predicting brand preference and provided a contributing influence in brand equity. Brand awareness was found to provide the second greatest effect on brand preference and the greatest effect on brand equity, and affect towards the brand or main menu item provided the least amount of effect in explaining and predicting brand preference and brand equity for 3 and 4 year old children. The research also comments on the use of a toy as a marketing tool to lure children to a brand and provides suggestions for future research. Marketing, managerial and public policy implications are also provided.

Inbreeding can have profound negative effects on individuals by reducing fertility and viability. In populations, inbreeding depression can reduce growth rates and increases extinction risk. The aims of this thesis are to investigate inbreeding depression in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and to study the evolution of mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance in females, using guppies from a feral population in Queensland, Australia. Male guppies are highly polymorphic in their sexual ornamentation, indeed they show one of the most extreme polymorphisms observed in nature. Female guppies exhibit complex mate choice based on preferences for ornamentation, as well as social context. I aim is to examine how these factors of inbreeding avoidance alter sexual selection. In male guppies I found strong inbreeding depression in male sperm numbers, which is amplified under semi-natural compared to laboratory conditions (Chapter 2). Moreover, inbreeding depression results in low fertility under sperm competition: an experiment using artificial insemination techniques reveals that highly inbred males are heavily disadvantaged in gaining paternity (Chapter 3). On population level, inbreeding depression is manifest in reduced growth rates, predominantly in the early stages of inbreeding (Chapter 4). Population growth at inbreeding coefficients f=0.375-0.59 did not seem to lead to inbreeding depression, whereas lower levels of inbreeding reduced population growth. Although the growth rates in inbred populations appear normal, severe inbreeding depression is uncovered after outbred immigrants are added. Specifically, male immigrants are most efficient in short-term genetic rescue, probably due to insemination of large numbers of females whereas females are limited in the number of eggs they can produce (Chapter 4). Male ornamental traits show significant inbreeding depression in semi-natural conditions only (Chapters 2 & 3). Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms seem to have evolved in females: they prefer courtship displays of non-inbred males (Chapter 2), unfamiliar males (Chapter 5) and males with rare patterns (Chapter 6). This preference might increase the mating success of immigrants, and may have evolved to facilitate the avoidance of inbreeding. Together with context-independent preferences for ornament combinations (Chapter 6), it also offers an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism in this species.