Este estudo versou sobre os caminhos da formação do Direito Comercial brasileiro a partir das reformas pombalinas no século XVIII até a promulgação do Código Comercial brasileiro de 1850, procurando expor em quais pontos em se diferenciou do Direito Civil. Para tanto, no primeiro capítulo, expôs-se de que forma se deu a penetração das ideias Iluministas em Portugal, especialmente por meio da obra de LUÍS ANTÓNIO VERNEY. Em seguida, procurou-se demonstrar como essas ideias informaram as reformas levadas a efeito pelo Marquês de Pombal no século XVIII. No segundo capítulo, objetivou-se evidenciar as alterações na sociedade e na estrutra do império luso-brasileiro a partir da abertura dos portos em 1808 e de que forma estas alterações tiveram impacto na História do Direito Comercial nacional. O terceiro capítulo destinou-se a provar o influxo de ideias jusracionalistas no Direito Comercial brasileiro por meio da adoção da teoria subjetiva da causa, consagrada legislativamente no Código Civil francês de 1804. O trabalho, portanto, destinou-se a por em relevo um aspecto da História do Direito privado brasileiro que não se coaduna com a tradição jurídica luso-brasileira / This study refers to the formation of Brazilian Commercial Law from the pombalinas reforms until the promulgation of the Brazilian Code of Commerce in 1850. Throughout the work we tried to demonstrate how the Commercial Law followed a different tradition comparing with the Civil Law in Brazil. Thus, the first chapter demonstrates the Enlightenment influx in Portugal, specially through the work of LUÍS ANTÓNIO VERNEY. Then, the influence of VERNEYS ideas and the reforms that took place by the hands of the Marquês de Pombal in Portugal was showed. The second chapter demonstrates the social and political modifications that happened in the Portuguese Empire after the opening of the Brazilian ports to the trade of the world. At this point, there was also a study on the impact of the these developments in the History of the Brazilian Commercial Law. The third and last chapter attempts to prove the influx of Enlightenment demonstrating that the Code of Commerce of 1850 adopts the subjective theory of cause which is the same as in the French Code Civil of 1804. Therefore, this work demonstrated how the Brazilian Commercial Law followed different juridical tradition in comparison with the Brazilian Civil Law.

Nous sommes partis, dans notre recherche, d’une analyse étymologique du mot persona. Ainsi,nous avons commencé notre recherche avec la tentative d'en circonscrire l’objet entre les limitesd’une dynamique linguistique de la subjectivité juridique. Dans cette perspective, nous avonschoisi une définition fondamentalement normative de subjectivité juridique: dans un senspurement normatif, les personnes morales sont des entités capables d’agir et de produire desfaits juridiquement significatifs. Le droit pénal est un droit des “faits”2. Autrement dit, un droitqui prend pour objet de sa discipline les faits dérivants des actions ou des omissions matérielles.Ainsi, nous devrions en déduire que les personnes morales devraient être considérées commedes sujets provenant d’un phénomène autonome pré-juridique. Cette dérivation, en tant quephénomène pré-juridique, trouve son évidence dans la constatation historique de l’existence desentités collectives créées de fait et de la constatation que leur existence, ainsi déterminée, donnelieu à des faits sociaux objectivement constatables. Certes, dans l’histoire de la définitiondoctrinaire des personnes morales, l’observation selon laquelle ce sont les personnes physiquesqui agissent matériellement au sein des personnes morales a suscité nombreuses difficultés. Ils’agit ici de savoir si, lorsque l'on parle de la personne morale, nous entendons fictivement faireréférence à l’ensemble des individus qui la constitue par le biais d’un mécanisme pratique desimplification juridique ou, au contraire, si nous faisons référence plutôt à une unité collectivedotée d’une autonomie propre par rapport aux individualités humaines qui la composent. / This juridic inquiry aim at definition of model of penal responsibility (or para-penal) forcorporations, trough a theoretical analyse of corporation’s personality nature. It hasdeveloped a responsibility model, with the purpose of combining the theoretical coherencewith an adequate generalization degree, for launch of harmonized rules to this matter in theEU. This purpose has run into certains difficulties, in particular it needed to: 1) convergecriminologies reasons with contemporaries concepts concerning risk, precaution's andprevention's principles; 2) face the problem of State’s legal person and his membersresponsibility; 3) to exceed deeps differences among nationals pragmatic systems andnationals systems most keen to doctrinal elaborations. In order to face this problems, i haveoperated a theoretical analyse of legals person’s responsibility, for a better definition of aimof the research (Cap. I). Forwards (Cap. II) it have ahead in a construction of a legalperson's model responsibility for European Union, with a particular attention for acomparative analyse systems (Cap. III) assumed in certains europeans nations (with aparticularly attention for Italian and France systems). The end result of this system isoriented to corporates responsibilities that, after a mass transfer of general interest frompublic service to privates services, corporates have to attend to relatives guarantees.Established the increase of social's insecurity level, i have produce a subjectif model ofcorporation’s organisation incorporated to an engagement of security position, that exceedthe traditional criterions of culpability.

Les navires et les aéronefs sont des biens dont la valeur vénale est telle qu’ils sont extrêmement difficiles à financer. Ces biens qui ont un lien très fort avec les États ont un rôle crucial pour les échanges commerciaux. Ils bénéficient de dispositions très particulières qui permet de leur appliquer des dispositions prenant en compte les spécificités de leur nature. La matière fait face à de nombreuses difficultés, d’une part celles liées au nombre de suretés réelles existantes et au fait qu’elles ne sont pas identiques dans les différents États d’autre part du fait que les sûretés réelles sont tributaires du droit des voies d’exécution.En conséquence, ce travail est à la croisée nombreuses matières qui permettent de dégager l’efficacité des sûretés réelles qui quoi que l’on en dise sont une source importante de garanties des opérations internationales ainsi que de démontrer le rôle essentiel des voies d’exécution en matière de financement. / Ships and aircrafs are valuable assets but their financements are really hard to set up. Unlike most of the goods, ships and aircrafts are linked to a State and are essential for trades. They are submit to special laws which considere their specific nature. Those registrated goods require securites interest which are found on real rights. Thoses securities are différent in each State and they need a judicial execution proceeding to be effective.This study is at the crossroad of different specialities which are needed to allow the efficiency of the real rights. Thoses rights are essential to securite international trade. This study proves that judicial execution proceedings have a role in international trades.

O início do século XXI reservou às associações de interesse privado (AIPs) um novo papel. Além de coordenar os sistemas agroindustriais para sua competitividade, os órgãos de representação passaram a ser cobrados por sua iniciativa e liderança na área de sustentabilidade. Essa nova mudança ambiental traz novamente a necessidade de re-planejamento das associações setoriais com desenvolvimento de novas competências. Para o entendimento desse processo, definiu-se como problema de pesquisa a seguinte questão: Como as associações de interesse privado no agronegócio coordenam suas cadeias de valor? Como elas se planejam e organizam internamente para atingir esse objetivo central? A pesquisa empírica fez uso do método do estudo de caso para estudar oito associações setoriais no Brasil, Argentina e Colômbia, relacionados às cadeias produtivas da soja, cana e café. A análise dos casos e o contraste com o referencial teórico permitiu a compreensão de como pode se organizar uma associação de interesse privado para exercer o seu papel de coordenação setorial com eficiência e eficácia. A sobrevivência no longo prazo de uma AIP depende da garantia de que o benefício entregue individualmente a um associado seja superior a sua taxa associativa. Para evitar os conflitos internos e os custos de \"agência\", a AIP precisa oferecer uma estrutura de governança adequada bem como dividir os incentivos seletivamente por grupo estratégico representado. Deve para tanto ter um sistema de inteligência competitiva para fazer uma análise do ambiente de negócios e da cadeia de valor, mas também cuidar da análise interna, para que os associados estejam satisfeitos em termos de participação no processo de tomada de decisão e, principalmente, com os benefícios recebidos. / The beginning of 21st century presents a new role for private interest associations. Beyond the coordination of agribusiness systems´ competitiveness, these representative boards started to be demanded by their initiatives and leadership in the sustainability issue. This new environmental change brought again the need of strategic planning by the organizations with the development of new competences. For understanding this process, the research problem was defined as: How do the private interest associations in the agribusiness coordinate their value chains? How do they plan and organize themselves to reach that main objective? The empirical research has used the case study method to analyze eight sector associations in Brazil, Argentina and Colombia, related to soybean, sugarcane and coffee agribusiness systems. The analysis of the case studies and the contrast with the theoretical framework have allowed the comprehension about how a private interest association can organize itself to perfom its role of sector coordination with efficiency and effectiveness. The private interest association survival in the long run depends on the quality assurance that the individual benefits delivered to the associates are higher than the associative fee. In order to avoid the internal conflicts and the \"agency\" costs, the private interest association has to provide an appropriate governance structure as well as to divide the incentives selectively by the strategic group represented. In this sense, it should have a business intelligence system to do an analysis of the business environment and the value chain, but also conditions to do a continuous internal analysis to guarantee the participation of the associates in the decision process, and mainly the satisfaction with the received benefits.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the protection of children under the international private law. Currently, influenced by globalization and the free movement of persons, it is a relatively recent issue. It is not possible to cover the whole area of the child protection, therefore, this diploma thesis focuses on the question of the procedural status of the child, parental responsibility, maintenance obligations and international adoption. The objective of this thesis is to present to the readers a comprehensive view of child protection under the international private law in the areas above. The diploma thesis is written with using the descriptive research method and primary and secondary sources were used. The diploma thesis is divided into five chapters, introduction and ending. For readers convenience, chapters are further divided into subchapters. The intorductory chapter contains a historical sketch of the protection of children, for example in the period of ancient Rome and in the Czech in modern times, further it deals with the act on private international law and the history of czech legislation on private international law, the issue of determining the boundaries of adulthood and definition of child and about the Office for International Legal Protection of Children in the Czech Republic....

This work examines the compatibility of prohibition of discrimination in private law and the principle of autonomy of will which is the leading principle of private law. For this purpose, the work analyses both principles and their limits, examines their conflict and possible coexistence. First of all, this work deals with the prohibition of discrimination in private relationships and the extend of its effect. This extend is limited by the scope of the Antidiscrimination Act as well as by certain exceptions from equal treatment. Considering the fact that antidiscrimination law does not have a long tradition in the Czech Republic, this work uses international law and EU law, as well as relevant case law, to interpret the norms of antidiscrimination law. Further, this work focuses on the principle of autonomy of will which is the fundamental prerequisite for realization of the will of individuals in private law. Besides the content of the principle of autonomy of will, this work analyses its limitations given by private law acts, especially Civil Code and Labour Code. The conflict of prohibition of discrimination and the autonomy of will is can be perceived from different perspectives. Some of them are mentioned in this work. In essence, this conflict is a conflict of two fundamental rights, equality...

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the issue of horizontal effect of human rights, i.e. whether and how they affect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals in private law relationships. With the development of society associated with expansion of the catalogue of human rights and with strengthening of their protection, we are witnessing infiltration of human rights into other legal areas than they were present in previously. This raises many questions about their application in such areas, especially questions about the holders of the obligations resulting from those rights. The thesis is divided into three chapters. In the introductory chapter the author describes the theoretical basis of human rights, the concept, development, and especially their specific nature and function compared to conventional legal norms, which is relevant for subsequent correct understanding of their application in horizontal relationships, which is the theme of the second chapter of the thesis. In the second chapter, the author focuses on the horizontal effect of human rights itself. The chapter describes the application of human rights in horizontal relationships, and then focuses on horizontal legal relationships and recipients of human rights as holders of the obligations resulting from those rights. The...

Europeanisation of civil law Abstract This diploma thesis aims to discuss the phenomenon of Europeanization of civil law. This is a contemporary phenomenon in the law of the member states of the European Union. Its substance is the process of influencing the sphere of private law and civil law respectivelly, as a result of the ongoing process of European integration. The first chapter deals with the definition of basic concepts. The second chapter briefly discusses the history of the whole process and then discusses the underlying theoretical questions: whether Europeanization is at all necessary and, if so, whether it is feasible and what methods thereof are being used. It aims to introduce and confront different approaches. The third chapter gives an overview of the current state of hard law in the field of civil law at the EU level. The fourth chapter focuses on the soft law in the field of European civil law and provides an overview of some of the most important academic initiatives in that field. It also demonstrates how some of the academic projects had influence on the current Czech Civil Code. The fifth chapter then specifically focuses on one area of civil law at EU level - the European tort law, which it seeks to discuss in a synthetic way. The final part of the thesis summarizes key facts and...

The diploma thesis is focused on assessment of changes in tax law arisen in connection with private law recodification. The first part is focused on private law development in the Czech Republic because the new Civil Code follows historical private law regulation in many ways. The second part is focused on description of possible situation that could occur if the tax law has not been adjusted to private law recodification. The key issue is the assessment of tax solution of chosen recodification changes with pointing out possible obscurities in the tax law.

Relationship Between Private and Public Law: Past and Present Abstract This dissertation addresses the dualism of private and public law from Roman times to the present. It focuses on developments in the content of these concepts in a historical context. The dissertation examines primary sources from Roman law and highlights the significant difference between the distinction between private and public law in Roman law and later misinterpretations of the same. Particular attention is paid to the approach legal science takes to private and public law through the various phases of reception of Roman law, noting the political circumstances that led to the use of the dual concepts of ius publicum and ius privatum from Roman law as well as the change in content of those concepts. The dissertation compares the main differences between modern society and the earlier social system, especially with reference to the socio-legal structure of relationships. It describes the modern ideological sources of values on which modern society is based and traces the ways these values are reflected in modern legal systems. Constitutionalism, emphasis on the legal code as the written source of law, the concept of natural rights, and the concept of the legal state (Rechtsstaat) all made their mark on private and public law in...