The aim of this thesis entitled "The application of product placement in music videos and its perception by target groups" to contribute to the understanding of the product placement in the music industry and to analyze the attitude of the target group to it. The theoretical part includes the various forms of marketing communication and definition of product placement. The brief history of this tool and its advantages and disadvantages are also described, including its legal definition and ethical aspects. There is also the classification of forms of product placement, where more attention is paid to the importance of product placement in music videos. Another part of the theory is an analysis of the effectiveness of product placement with a focus on the factors affecting its effectiveness. The practical part is based on the analysis of music videos and interviews in focus group. Conclusion should bring confirm or refute the hypothesis, that there is a likelihood of changes in audience perceptions and attitude towards the brand after seeing a video, which contains product placement. Also, the aim is to determine whether this discovery may even affect consumer behavior.

Cette recherche part des profondes modifications de l’espace sociétal cristallisées par la crise économique et sociale de 2008 dans nos sociétés occidentales. L’objectif de cette étude est d’inscrire la crise de la publicité et des marques dans une mutation sociétale plus profonde, avec une remise en cause du modèle capitaliste de consommation de masse. Dans un contexte de crises, nous sommes en droit de nous interroger sur l’avenir de la marque : va-t-elle évoluer vers un modèle alternatif correspondant davantage aux mutations sociétales en cours ? Notre réflexion s’inscrit dans le champ des sciences de l’information et de la communication en étudiant l’évolution du concept de marque d’un point de vue sociosémiotique, c’est-à-dire en considérant le contexte économique et social comme un cadre primaire analytique au sens de Goffman. Il s’agit de partir d’occurrences concrètes de communication (alter-marque, insertions de produits et de marques dans la série The Big Bang Theory, webséries de marque, publicité native dans le Huffington Post) pour mieux comprendre la société qui constitue leur espace de mutation. Nos travaux mettent en évidence la capacité de la marque à s’extraire du cadre commercial à travers des procédés d’insertion ou de mimétisme médiatique. En mettant en perspective des concepts issus des recherches en sciences de l’information et de la communication contemporaines avec les interprétations de certains experts en stratégie des marques, nous avançons l’hypothèse d’un nouvel ordre de la marque, médiatique et culturel. En effet, la marque mute progressivement vers un modèle culturel et médiatique pour répondre à sa « crise de sens » (Semprini, 2005), notamment en instaurant un imaginaire de marque davantage ancré dans la culture médiatique du public. McLuhan (1967) affirmait dans les années 60 que le médium était le message : aujourd’hui, la marque ne tend-elle pas à devenir elle aussi un média et faire sens en tant que tel dans l’espace public ? / This research emanates from the deep the social changes that our Western societies faced in a context of economic and social crisis, which peaked in 2008. The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the media and brand crisis is part of a deeper social mutation and question the capitalist model of mass consumption. In this context of crisis, we can question the future of brand marketing: is it going to evolve towards an alternative model, more in line with current social changes? Through our study of the evolution of the brand concept from a socio-semiotics angle, we will consider the economic and social environment from the analytical primary framework as defined by Goffman. Therefore, our research is firmly anchored in the field of information and communication sciences. We focus on specific communication occurrences (alter-brand, brand placements in The Big Bang Theory series, brand webseries, native advertising in The Huffington Post) in order to better understand the society that constitutes their environment of transformation. Our research highlights the capacity of the brand to extricate itself from a commercial aspect through insertion or media imitation processes. By focusing on concepts emerging from research in contemporary information and communication sciences, and by putting in perspective experts’ interpretations of brand strategy, we explore the hypothesis of the emergence of a new order of media and cultural brand. Indeed, the brand gradually shifts towards a cultural and media model in order to respond to its “meaning crisis” (Semprini, 2005), in particular by establishing an imaginary around the brand, more anchored in media culture. McLuhan (1967) suggested in the sixties that the medium was the message: today, the brand seems to tend to become a media and establish itself as an integral part of the public sphere

Though research has shown that social context influences behavior, research on product placement is yet to incorporate such effects. This is a very significant research gap since product placements are often consumed as part of a shared viewing experience. To address this gap, this dissertation examines social contextual influences on consumer behavior associated with the coviewing of product placements. Two aspects of social context were examined in a 2 (group composition: friends versus strangers) x 2 (coviewing context: interactive versus passive) experimental design. Data were collected during a laboratory experiment in which participants in dyads first viewed a 22-minute Seinfeld sitcom episode and then completed an online survey, designed to collect data on the variables in this study. Since the data were hierarchical in nature, i.e., individuals nested in groups, multilevel modeling was used to analyze the data. Results showed that friends recalled significantly more placed brands than did strangers. Friends also held significantly stronger, more positive attitudes toward the audiovisual, very prominently placed brand, Gore-Tex. However, there was no significant difference between interactive and passive coviewers on recall of and attitudes toward placed brands. Results suggest that the impact of individual-level variables on brand recall and on attitude toward placed brands did not significantly depend on social context. The exceptions were for the effects of: (1) brand familiarity on attitude toward Gore-Tex, which was stronger for strangers than friends, and (2) parasocial attachment on attitude toward the visual only, very subtly placed brand, Coca-Cola, which was stronger for interactive than passive coviewers. The results hold implications for marketing theory, methodology, and practice. Results suggest that to the extent marketers can create, encourage, and maintain social contexts that favor friendship effects, they stand to benefit with desired outcomes. Results also suggest that interaction during coviewing may not cause a significant enhancement in or decrement to recall of and attitude toward placed brands. This study is the stepping stone for research on social contextual influences in product placement research. There is still much to be done on research in this area, particularly since social contextual influences are expected to play a major role in the future of marketing.

The so-called family-viewing hour, the eight to nine o’clock hour of prime time, is one of the most watched hours of television by both adults and children. Advertisers, of course, favor shows that draw large audiences so their product presentations or commercials are witnessed by masses of people. Now, because of videocassette recorders and other similar control devices, viewers are eliminating commercials from their viewing experience1 and advertisers are clamoring for new ways to get their products into the mind of the consumer.2 To counteract this commercial avoidance by consumers, advertisers are embedding products within television programming thereby hindering the viewer’s ability to eliminate commercials or product promotions. The result is that products that are normally not viewed become part of the viewing experience. This study revealed that the family-viewing hour is laden with product placements that include a variety of different types of products and brands.

Advertisement is funding a lot of the digital landscape we interact with on a day-to-day basis. As our digital landscape evolve and the field of Cross Reality is maturing, it is of value to examine its compatibility with this mean of monetization. With the perspective of three major stakeholders in mind (advertisers, developers and end-users) this study examines the impact of two different sets of advertisements, one set from a variety of brands and one set from a single brand, in a Virtual Reality experience. A user study is conducted with data being collected through a questionnairesupported interview as well as the advertisement software within the virtual experience. The results show very little impact on the user experience in general, however the data suggests a significant advantage for a variety of advertisement in terms of subconsciously reaching the user. / Reklam finanansierar stora delar av det digitala landskap vi interagerar med dagligen. Allt eftersom tekniken utvecklas och området Cross Reality mognar, är det av värde att undersöka dess kompabilitet med denna typ av finansiering. Ur perspektivet av tre huvudintressenter (annonsörer, utvecklare och slutanvändare), undersöker denna studie inverkan från två olika uppsättningar av reklam. Den ena uppsättningen består av reklam från en variation av varumärken och den andra uppsättningen består av reklam från ett enskilt varumärke. En användarstudie genomförs med data som insamlas via en enkät-stöttad intervju samt genom mjukvaran som levererar reklamen inom den virtuella upplevelsen. Resultaten visar väldigt liten inverkan på den generella användarupplevelsen, dock antyder datan att det finns en signifikant fördel för en variation av reklam när det gäller aspekten att undermedvetet nå användarna.

No / Mobile television environments offer the potential for the repurposing of media content and services, and also the introduction of new forms of commercial advertising which are more accurately targeted towards a user’s profile, as per an advertiser’s requirements. This modality can include non-commercial information provision. The Google model for linking search terms and keywords to advertisements demonstrates that ‘intelligent’, context-aware, targeted advertisements are more responsive to user profiles. Advertiser practices such as product placement need re-examination in this context. Prototype mobile TV interfaces, as alternatives to the well-established TV model of viewing content, are presented, in order to evaluate the relationship between television content and mobile devices and to understand the key factors determining possible directions, for the future of mobile television. Changes need to be made to content display, interaction paradigms and device parameters, as social and cultural expectations are re-negotiated.

Yes / Toy industry in the US is product driven and full of challenges. This case presents an overview of the California-based Micro Games of America (MGA) Entertainment, which is a consumer entertainment products company, engaged in innovative lines of proprietary and licensed products including toys and games, dolls, consumer electronics, home decor, stationery and sporting goods. It had more than 200 licences. In 2001, MGA launched a fashion doll called ‘Bratz’, and it sold 150 million Bratz dolls all over the world. Bratz line surpassed the legendary brand ‘Barbie’—Mattel, Inc.’s flagship brand—in a short span of time through many innovative marketing strategies and different product placement, roll-outs, tie-ins and other promotional tactics, despite facing many challenges, such as, fast-changing demographics, shorter product life cycle (PLC) and negative perceptions about brand. This case can be used to address two issues: first, structural change drivers and trends that shaped the toy industry in developed economies and, second, how to develop effective marketing strategies for product with shorter PLC in highly product-driven market?

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No. of bitstreams: 1 MPCC - AMADEU NOGUEIRA DE PAULA PÓS-BANCA.pdf: 2959871 bytes, checksum: db8244204552cd74638fc99974651f32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / This study presents an analysis of the general elements in the subtle or non-subtle testemonials represented by individuals hired by advertisers for the promotion of their brands in the mass media, specifically television. The historical definition of product placement had, at first, the clarification that the advertising message should be carried out subtly, incorporating itself in the content so that consumers did not perceive it; because if this perception happened, the tendency would be to reject the advertisement. This argument remained for some time, however a significant variable emerged in the context of women’s television programs, in which the brand presenter dialogues in a non-subtle way, endorsing the consumer experience, strengthening the narrative with lived stories of sucessful experiences. It is the materialization of the product in people’s lives, through entertainment and information, which is a reference for the viewers present in the audience of the program. The main objective of this research was to analyze the use of brands’ testemonials advertisement as a communication tool in women’s programs of open television presented in a non-subtle way by brand communicators, called merchandetes. Thus, the research focused on the analysis of the product placement – better known in Brazil as merchandising – in the television program Mulheres, from TV Gazeta, in São Paulo, setting up a case study in a women’s program broadcast in the afternoon. In addition, it was interviewed managers advertisers of frequent testemonials announcements, merchandetes of others women’s programs and a commnunication manager in social network. The investigation showed the importance and commercial strength of merchandising not only as part of the content of women’s programs, but also in relation to the others formats of advertising. The study emphasizes the importance of the endorsement carried out, either by the merchandete or the program’s TV host, as a fundamental tool to generate the immediate sales of the announced products in real time. The originality of this study consists in the understanding of the permanence in the context of the testimonial merchandising as an effective advertising format in Brazilian television from its origin, where the placement of products was made exclusively through the so-called “brand’s speakers”, who existed because of the transmissions performed exclusively live. The interviews revealed that all the participants in the commercial and artistic structure of the broadcaster that generates the women’s program seek to monetize the arguments and quality of the messages in order to effectively achieve the goals of their advertisers when the ads are broadcasted. This study also demonstrates technically, through audience data, investments and number of insertions, the intense presence of the testemonials advertisers broadcasting in the daytime, where are the greater participation of the investments and concentration of viewers conformed by the audience surveys predominate. / Este estudo apresenta uma análise dos elementos gerais dos testemunhais sutis ou não sutis representados por indivíduos contratados por anunciantes para a divulgação de suas marcas na mídia de massa, especificamente a televisiva. A definição histórica do product placement teve, no início, o esclarecimento de que a mensagem publicitária devia ser realizada de maneira sutil, incorporando-se ao conteúdo para que os consumidores não a percebessem; pois, caso isso ocorresse, a tendência seria de rejeição do anúncio. Permaneceu por algum tempo esse raciocínio, no entanto, surgiu uma variável significativa no contexto dos programas femininos de televisão, na qual o apresentador de marcas dialoga de forma não sutil, endossando a respeito da experiência de consumo, fortalecendo a narrativa com histórias vividas de experiências de sucesso. É a materialização do produto na vida das pessoas, através do entretenimento e da informação, que é referência para os telespectadores presentes na audiência do programa. O objetivo central desta pesquisa consistiu em analisar a utilização das marcas de anúncios testemunhais como ferramenta de comunicação em programas femininos da televisão aberta, apresentados de forma não sutil por comunicadores das marcas, chamados de merchandetes. Desse modo, a investigação centrou-se na análise do product placement – mais conhecido no Brasil como merchandising – no programa Mulheres, da TV Gazeta, de São Paulo, configurando um estudo de caso em um programa feminino transmitido no horário da tarde. Adicionalmente foram entrevistados gestores de anunciantes frequentes dos anúncios testemunhais, merchandetes de outros programasfemininos e uma gestora de comunicação em redes sociais. A investigação permitiu constatar a importância e a força comercial do merchandising não só como parte do conteúdo dos programas femininos, mas também em relação a outros formatos de veiculação. O estudo ressalta a importância do endosso realizado, seja pela merchandete ou pela âncora do programa, como ferramenta fundamental para gerar as vendas imediatas dos produtos anunciados em tempo real. A originalidade deste estudo consiste no entendimento da permanência do contexto do merchandising testemunhal como formato de anúncio eficiente na televisão brasileira desde a sua origem, onde a colocação de produtos era feita exclusivamente através das chamadas “garotas-propaganda”, que existiram em razão das transmissões serem realizadas exclusivamente ao vivo. As entrevistas revelaram que todos os participantes da estrutura comercial e artística da emissora geradora do programa feminino buscam rentabilizar argumentos e qualidade das mensagens para efetivamente alcançar objetivos de seus anunciantes no momento de transmissão dos anúncios. Este estudo evidencia ainda tecnicamente, através de dados de audiência, de investimentos e quantidade de inserções, a intensa presença dos anunciantes de testemunhais veiculando no horário diurno, onde predominam a maior participação dos investimentos e concentração de telespectadoras constatadas nas pesquisas de audiência.

The purpose of this research was to compare the presence of product placement in movies across two different cultures, namely the U.S. and Thailand. In particular, this research examined the frequency of product placement in movies, the position of product placement in movies, and the target audiences in the U.S. and Thailand.

電視新聞置入性行銷雖是新興現象，但在新聞界蔓延已成為普遍現象，成為影響新聞產製的重要力量。電視新聞置入性行銷，以較為迂迴、精心設計，與新聞內容融合一體，使消費者難以區辨到底是新聞，還是為商品廣告的行銷訊息。國內目前研究，多是探討此種行銷方式，對新聞專業與新聞工作者的影響，尚未見對閱聽人接收與影響面向的研究。是故，本研究欲探究閱聽人對於產品置入性新聞之接收評價，在溝通效果中扮演的角色。 本研究以實驗法進行，採取三因子實驗設計，為2(置入型態：顯性/隱性)*2(論點品質：強論點/弱論點)*2(產品涉入度：高涉入/低涉入)*2=8個產品置入策略組合，為避免受試者觀看不同產品的效果差異，故讓每位受試者觀看分別看高低二種產品涉入度的實驗影片，形成4個實驗組別，共邀集185位受測者參與，回收有效問卷164份，有效回收率為88.65%。　 研究結果發現，「產品置入型態」對置入性新聞溝通效果未有顯著影響。「訊息論點品質」是影響產品置入性新聞的關鍵因素，對產品置入性新聞之溝通效果影響最為顯著；採取強論點訊息，能引發閱聽人較正向的接收評價，不論是訊息接受度、可信度與資訊性皆有較佳的評價，進而影響消費者對品牌的態度，對訊息的記憶程度亦有相對較佳的表現。閱聽人對「置入性行銷的既存態度」影響閱聽人接收不同論點品質的溝通效果：即置入性行銷持以高既存態度者，暴露於強論點品質之產品置入性新聞，比暴露於弱論點品質時產生更多支持性的想法、較高的記憶效果與較佳的訊息態度。 / Although being an emerging phenomenon, the product placement on TV News has spread into an universal phenomenon in the News circles, and become an important force influencing News production. With relatively roundabout and meticulous design, the Product Placement on TV News is well integrated with the News content, making consumers difficult to distinguish it from News and Marketing message of product. Present domestic researches are mainly investigating the impact of such marketing method on journalism and the News workers, but still haven’t focused on the reception and the influence of the audience. Therefore, this study is to investigate the audience’s reception comments on the Product Placemen on TV News and their roles in communication effect. This study adopts the experimentation of three-factor experimental design, which are 2 Placement Types (prominent/subtle) *2 Argument Qualities (strong /weak) *2 Product involvements (High /Low). A total of 185 participants were invited and all of them were randomized to watch the experimental films, and required to fill out the questionnaires after watching. A total of 164 effective questionnaires were returned, with a valid return rate of 88.65%. The results of this study show that the “Type of PPL” has no significant impact on the communication effect of the Product Placement on TV News. The “Message Argument Quality” is the key factor influencing the Product Placement on TV News. Using strong argument messages can trigger the audience’s relatively positive reception comments in message acceptability, News credibility and message informativeness and then impact the consumers’ attitudes towards brands. Also, it has relatively better performance on the recall degree towards messages.The audience’s existing attitudes towards the Placement Marketing impact their communication effects in receiving different argument qualities. The Placement Marketing with high existing attitudes will produce more supportive thoughts, higher recall effect and better message attitude when exposed in Product Placement on TV News of strong argument quality than that exposed in product placement news of weak argument quality.