O tema dessa Tese são as drogas que hoje são consideradas ilícitas e os processos sociais, culturais, políticos e econômicos que levaram ao proibicionismo. Partindo de uma revisão historiográfica e de um conjunto variado de fontes médicas, jurídicas, jornalística, literária e iconográfica foram reconstruídos os principais marcos da história da proibição das drogas no Brasil. A análise desse material mostrou que, mesmo estando em uma posição periférica do mercado mundial, o Brasil participou do fenômeno conhecido como revolução psicoativa. A maior disponibilidade de fármacos levou a uma difusão dos antálgicos, fato que foi combatido pela classe médica oficial. Ocorreram intercâmbios entre as concepções oficiais e as práticas populares graças à difusão das artes de formular e dos medicamentos de fórmula secretas. As drogas, apesar da crescente restrição, permaneceram como recursos terapêuticos utilizados durante toda a primeira metade do século XX. O Brasil apresentou uma política proibicionista autóctone, que dialogou com o contexto internacional plural de ascensão das políticas restritivas. A reconstituição das políticas sobre drogas mostrou as variações de objetivos existentes ao longo da história, questionando a visão unilateralista que percebe as leis sobre esse tema como uma única política que se perpetua ao longo de mais de cem anos em uma ascensão punitivista. / The themes of this thesis are the illicit drugs and the social, cultural, political and economic factors that resulted in prohibition. From a historiographical review and a varied set of sources - medical, legal, journalistic, literary and iconographic - this work rebuilds the main boundaries in the history of drug prohibition in Brazil. The analysis of this material showed that this country participated in the phenomenon known as psychoactive revolution despite being in a peripheral position in the world market. The greater availability of drugs has led to diffusion of analgesics. The official medical profession was against the popularization. There have been exchanges between official conceptions and popular practices through the dissemination of the pharmaceutical formulation and Patent Medicine. The drugs remain as therapeutic resources used during the first half of the twentieth century despite growing restrictions. Brazil presented autochthonous prohibitionist policy that dialogue with the plural international context of the rise of restrictive policies. The reconstitution of the drug policy showed variations of existent objectives throughout history with questioning of the unilateralist vision about increasing punishment law.

Over the past twenty years, the national beverage industry adapted to a growing interest in historic cocktails and classic recipes. Among the many rediscovered classics, New Orleans’ own century-old recipes, like the Sazerac cocktail, garnered praise, national attention, and consumer embrace – even legislative endorsement. However, for most of the past forty years, the city retained a reputation as a place for wild abandon doused in alcoholic beverages of mediocre pedigree. Rather than dismiss the evolution of drinking trends from elegant, classic recipes to indulgent, high-proof booze-bombs as an inherent choice of local drinkers, this paper explores evidence in historic menus and the scholarship in New Orleans tourism marketing. From a careful examination of bar guides, advertisements, newspaper articles, menus and reviews, it is apparent that New Orleans did not eschew its appreciation for traditional, old-time cocktail customs. Rather, two parallel stories unfold; locals continued to demand beverages from previous generations, while business owners recognized the need to accommodate visitors wanting to experience the city’s liberal relationship with liquor. Though the local community is not always harmonious with the dependency on tourism, local bar operators continually offered traditional, historic drink options while also catering to the needs of tourists who chose New Orleans for the escapist experience the city marketed.

This dissertation deals with temperance in rural economically backward communities in the county of Västerbotten in Northern Sweden. Most Swedish historians have related the rapid break-through of organized temperance to industrialization and industrial areas. The connection temperance - industrialization is indisputable. The question then arises: why did temperance establish its very strongholds in predominantly rural and backward areas of Northern Sweden? In the referendum over Prohibition in 1922, when the prohibitionists lost their case, the industralized part of Sweden took least interest in the question. In Norrland over 70% and in Vastebotten 81% of the population wanted and voted for Prohibition. The mechanisms of temperance in non-industral areas are dealt wich against this background. Was industrialization seen as a threat to the agrarian communities? How did the commercialization of liquor and wine after 1864 affect small peasant communities and pre-industrial towns, and in which ways and to what extent were these communities ready to defend themselves from the Demon Rum? In the town of Umeå and the southern part of the county of Västerbotten, temperance was able to dominate the left-wing factions of the regional populistic party variations of liberalism and social democracy. These populist parties were genuine prohibition parties and were often in opposition to their own central bureaucracy in Stockholm. They represented, like the American populist movement, a reaction against laissez-faire capitalism and commercialization. With the support of these political parties temperance succeeded in building up Sweden's most severe system of alcohol restrictions - the Umeå system - in 1923. / digitalisering@umu

Texte remanié de: Thèse Ph. D.--Montréal--Université du Québec, 2006. / Bibliogr. p. 345-372.

I artikel 4 i sjunde tilläggsprotokollet Europakonventionen och i artikel 50 EU:s rättighetsstadga regleras dubbelprövningsförbudet, principen om ne bis in idem. Det innebär att en person inte får bli prövad eller straffad två gånger för samma brott. I svensk rätt tillämpas dock ett system där den skattskyldige både kan påföras skattetillägg och dömas för skattebrott då han har lämnat en oriktig uppgift i sin deklaration. Detta har ansetts förenligt med Europakonventionen och EU:s rättighetsstadga då skattetillägget ansetts vara en administrativ avgift. Huruvida detta strider mot dubbelprövningsförbudet har diskuterats flitigt i både praxis från domstolarna och i doktrin. HD har dock NJA 2013 s. 502 fastställt att det svenska systemet med dubbla förfaranden inte längre kan anses förenligt med artikel 4 i sjunde tilläggsprotokollet Europakonventionen och i artikel 50 EU:s rättighetsstadga. Med anledning av detta har regeringen kommit med en proposition om att införa en spärreglering och ett samlat sanktionsförfarande för att på så sätt ändra det svenska systemet så att det inte längre strider mot Europakonventionen och EU:s rättighetsstadga. I propositionen föreslås att även parallella förfaranden ska förhindras, vilket även HD ansåg i sin dom. Dock har det genom Europadomstolens praxis inte varit helt tydligt ifall dubbelprövningsförbudet även förhindrar parallella förfaranden. Syftet med denna uppsats är alltså att utreda om det gör det. Efter att ha granskat praxis ifrån Europadomstolen och EU-domstolen kan det konstateras att artikel 4 i sjunde tilläggsprotokollet Europakonventionen och artikel 50 i EU:s rättighetsstadga inte utgör ett skydd mot lis pendens. Parallella förfaranden är förenligt med dubbelprövningsförbudet, dock sker en överträdelse i de fall då det ena förfarandet inte avslutas efter att det andra förfarandet meddelat ett slutligt beslut. / Article 4 of the Seventh Additional Protocol of the European Convention and Article 50 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights stipulates the principle of ne bis in idem. It means that a person may not be tried or convicted twice for the same crime. In Swedish law, however, a system where the taxpayer can both be imposed penalties and convicted of tax crimes is at hand. This has been considered compatible with the European Convention and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as tax surcharge was regarded as an administrative fee. Whether this is contrary to the double examination prohibition has been discussed extensively in both the courts and in literature. The supreme court, however, in NJA 2013 p. 502 established that the Swedish system of dual procedures can no longer be regarded as compatible with Article 4 of the Seventh Additional Protocol of the European Convention and Article 50 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. For this reason, the government has proposed a locked-regulation and a single sanctioning procedure to modify the Swedish system so that it no longer conflicts with the European Convention and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. It is proposed that parallel proceedings should be avoided, as the Supreme Court has considered in its judgment. However, the European court has not been entirely clear whether the double examination prohibition also prevents parallel proceedings. The purpose of this paper is therefore to investigate if it does. After reviewing the case law of the European Court and the European Court of Justice it can be noted that Article 4 of the Seventh Additional Protocol of the European Convention and Article 50 of EU Charter of Fundamental Rights not constitute a safeguard against lis pendens. Parallel proceedings are compatible with the double examination prohibition, however, is made an offense in cases where the first procedure is not ended after the second procedure announced a final decision.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanches_rr_me_assis.pdf: 1640251 bytes, checksum: fb0a7abb7340f316b00a41ab6c9f823f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em março de 2009, ano do centenário da existência das políticas internacionais de proibição de drogas, a 52ª Reunião da Comissão Especial de Narcóticos das Nações Unidas reiterou, para decepção de todo o bom senso, o fracassado paradigma de Guerra às Drogas como orientação geral das políticas públicas sobre drogas em nossa globalizada contemporaneidade. O objetivo da reunião, que congregou delegações de mais de 90% das nações do globo em Sessão Especial da Assembléia Geral das Nações Unidas, era avaliar o avanço nas metas do plano de ação acordado em 1998 que, pela via de um tour de force proibicionista de caráter jurídico, polícial e militar, visava erradicar ou reduzir consideravelmente os níveis mundiais de consumo e circulação de drogas ilícitas nos dez anos seguintes. Constatou-se, como era de se esperar, o absoluto fracasso em sequer limitar o avanço da disseminação das mazelas correlatas ao uso de drogas no âmbito da clandestinidade a que foi condenada essa milenar e pluricultural experiência do ser humano. A percepção do evidente desastre dessa estreita política de puritanismo guerreiro já levara, na própria Reunião de 2009, representações da União Européia, do Consórcio Internacional de Políticas sobre Drogas e da Comissão Latino-Americana de Drogas e Democracia a reunirem-se em torno da importância da adoção do enfoque da Redução de Danos como alternativa viável para redimensionar as políticas internacionais sobre a questão e oferecer base mais viável e racional para a administração da circulação dessas substâncias, bem como ao enfrentamento realista dos complexos desdobramentos na violência social e na saúde pública. Não obstante, por força da intransigência guerreira da ainda não obanizada... / In March, 2009 the International Drug prohibition existence centenary, the UN 52nd Special Narcotics Meeting reiterated, for the common sense disappointment, the failed war on drugs paradigm as a general guide to public policies on drugs in our contemporary globalized society. The meeting‗s purpose, which brought together delegations from more than 90% of globe‗s nations in the Special Session of UN General Assembly, was to evaluate the progress on the action plan targets agreed in 1998 which, through a juridical, police and military tour de force prohibitionist, aimed to eradicate or substantially reduce the global levels of consumption and circulation of illicit drugs in the next ten years. It was noted, as it was expected, the absolute failure to limit the advance of the spread of correlated misfortunes to drug use as part of the unlawful whereby ancient and multicultural human being experience was condemned. The perception of the apparent disaster of this narrow policy of Puritanism warrior has led, in the meeting of 2009 itself, representatives of the Union European, International Consortium on Drug Policy and Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy to gather aroundthe importance of the Harm Reduction‗s adopted focus as a viable alternative to resize international policies on the issue and offer more viable and rational basis for the administration of these substances circulation, as well as to realistically confront the complex developments in social violence and public health. Nevertheless, under the US warrior‗s intransigence delegation, the guidelines adopted at the end of the meeting reaffirmed the uncompromising tone of the policy to combat drugs in recent decades... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This thesis takes a discursive-rhetorical approach to becoming vegetarian and vegan. Previous studies have pointed to complexity and variety in definitions, types and criteria of vegetarianism, making `objective' studies difficult. Meat is also one of the most highly prized but ambivalently valued foodstuffs. The cultural and social meanings of diet in terms of `identities' are well established but the rhetorical approach taken here explores identity as accomplished through social practices of accounting. Rather than seeing variation and disagreement as problematic, analytic focus is on the complex and varied construction of social categories/identities in accounts and the practices of justification and criticism. Cultural ambivalences are recast as dilemmas of identity and account-giving. Diary and serial interview `case-material' was collected from 23 new and aspiring vegetarians and vegans. Participants' accounts are shown to handle a number of dilemmatic aspects of vegetarian/vegan identity; notably, a dilemma of moral superiority and a dilemma of abstinence. These dilemmas are discussed in terms of stereotype-avoidance, commitment, and the co-construction of self and Other. Such identity-management is argued to fundamentally involve relationships. Seen as contexts, texts and resources for account-giving, relationships highlight both local and biographical elements in self-construction, the inter-dependence of selfnarratives/ identities and the need for managing them, especially when identities are changed. A number of other rhetorical resources and practices used in the management of identity are also drawn out, including the discourses of lapsing, desire and temptation and accounts of suppression and repression. The management of dilemmas of accounting through presenting the self as ambivalent, conflicted and divided is underlined. Following recent work by Billig (e. g., 1999a), ambivalence and repression are further considered as discursive activities as well as claims. This leads to a discussion of identity, contradiction and repression in terms of prohibition, desire and transgression. It is suggested that becoming vegetarian or vegan may be characterised as a matter of narrating autobiographical change and the continued negotiation of various dilemmas of identity. Social psychological theories of identity and identity change are criticised and the importance of argumentation, ambivalence and commitment are emphasised. The value of a more `populated' case-study perspective within discursive psychology is also stressed and the study of discursive avoidance and repression is illustrated and recommended.

Magister Legum - LLM / The question to be addressed in this study is whether the government of South Africa is doing enough to protect the rights of the accused from torture. This study will seek to analyse South Africa’s constitution and its requirements to protect individual human rights, as well as South Africa’s current legislative framework including the Prevention and Combating of Torture of Persons Act.

O tema dessa Tese são as drogas que hoje são consideradas ilícitas e os processos sociais, culturais, políticos e econômicos que levaram ao proibicionismo. Partindo de uma revisão historiográfica e de um conjunto variado de fontes médicas, jurídicas, jornalística, literária e iconográfica foram reconstruídos os principais marcos da história da proibição das drogas no Brasil. A análise desse material mostrou que, mesmo estando em uma posição periférica do mercado mundial, o Brasil participou do fenômeno conhecido como revolução psicoativa. A maior disponibilidade de fármacos levou a uma difusão dos antálgicos, fato que foi combatido pela classe médica oficial. Ocorreram intercâmbios entre as concepções oficiais e as práticas populares graças à difusão das artes de formular e dos medicamentos de fórmula secretas. As drogas, apesar da crescente restrição, permaneceram como recursos terapêuticos utilizados durante toda a primeira metade do século XX. O Brasil apresentou uma política proibicionista autóctone, que dialogou com o contexto internacional plural de ascensão das políticas restritivas. A reconstituição das políticas sobre drogas mostrou as variações de objetivos existentes ao longo da história, questionando a visão unilateralista que percebe as leis sobre esse tema como uma única política que se perpetua ao longo de mais de cem anos em uma ascensão punitivista. / The themes of this thesis are the illicit drugs and the social, cultural, political and economic factors that resulted in prohibition. From a historiographical review and a varied set of sources - medical, legal, journalistic, literary and iconographic - this work rebuilds the main boundaries in the history of drug prohibition in Brazil. The analysis of this material showed that this country participated in the phenomenon known as psychoactive revolution despite being in a peripheral position in the world market. The greater availability of drugs has led to diffusion of analgesics. The official medical profession was against the popularization. There have been exchanges between official conceptions and popular practices through the dissemination of the pharmaceutical formulation and Patent Medicine. The drugs remain as therapeutic resources used during the first half of the twentieth century despite growing restrictions. Brazil presented autochthonous prohibitionist policy that dialogue with the plural international context of the rise of restrictive policies. The reconstitution of the drug policy showed variations of existent objectives throughout history with questioning of the unilateralist vision about increasing punishment law.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第20873号 / 経博第568号 / 新制||経||284(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)准教授 高野 久紀, 教授 三重野 文晴, 教授 久野 秀二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM